Corresponding author: Robert Thornhill (
Academic editor: Dimitrios Koureas
Shaken Creek Preserve (“SCP”) is a 2,448 ha (6,050 ac) natural area in Pender and Onslow Counties, North Carolina (U.S.A). Best known for its high-quality longleaf pine savanna habitat, the site contains seven savanna or savanna-like plant community types (i.e., flatwoods or sandhills), three of which are globally critically imperiled (G1): Sandy Pine Savanna (Rush Featherling subtype), Wet Loamy Pine Savanna, and Very Wet Loamy Pine Savanna. SCP hosts three Federally Endangered plant species and six Federal Species of Concern. Formerly a private hunting club, the site was virtually unknown to scientists until the 1990s; consequently, few biological inventories of SCP have been conducted. In particular, no systematic floristic inventories of the species-rich savannas have been undertaken, despite the fact that floristic data is critical to the effective management of any natural area. The goals of this study were to (1) inventory the vascular flora of the savannas, flatwoods, and sandhill community types on site through the collection of voucher specimens; (2) provide a comprehensive checklist of the flora based on collections and reports made from the site and from the same or similar habitats in the vicinity (i.e., within 2 miles of SCP); and (3) create an illustrated guide based on the checklist. In order to increase the usefulness of the guide, taxa not currently known from SCP but collected or reported from the same or similar habitats within two miles of SCP, are included in the guide. Eighty-three families containing 450 taxa, including thirty-two Significantly Rare and thirty-eight Watch List taxa, were collected or reported from SCP; an additional seven families containing a total of 102 taxa, including eighteen Significantly Rare and seven Watch List taxa, were collected or reported from the vicinity. In total, ninety families containing 552 taxa, including fifty Significantly Rare and forty-five Watch List taxa, are treated in the guide. Dichotomous keys are provided to all vouchered or reported families, genera, and species. The following features are provided for all species and infraspecific taxa: flowering and fruiting phenology; synonymy with
Shaken Creek Preserve (“SCP”) contains among the highest-quality savanna and flatwoods habitats known throughout the range of longleaf pine (
SCP is a 2,448 ha (6,050 ac) tract located between 34.566° and 34.611°N and 77. 614° and 77.720°W in northeastern Pender County, North Carolina, with a small portion extending approximately 0.3 km into Onslow County (Fig.
A small portion of SCP extends to the south of Shaken Creek, which otherwise forms the southern boundary of the property. The northeastern boundary follows Shelter Swamp Creek, while Flo Road west of its intersection with Williams Road forms the northwestern boundary (Fig.
Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area (“Sandy Run”) is a 1,214 ha (3,000 ac) site north of SCP (Fig.
Holly Shelter Game Land is a 26,200 ha (64,742 ac) property south of SCP (Fig.
Prior to its purchase by The Nature Conservancy, the land comprising SCP was owned mostly by members of the Wallace Deer Club, a private hunting group established in the 1920s. The site was virtually unknown to scientists until 1997, when William Blanchard, a member of the Wallace Deer Club and part owner of the land, introduced it to Hervey McIver, a land manager and project coordinator with The Nature Conservancy. With permission from Blanchard, McIver and Richard LeBlond, then a botanist with the NC Natural Heritage Program, undertook the first preliminary surveys of the area and realized quickly that the site contained exceptionally high-quality savannas and numerous rare species. At the time, McIver was working with Blanchard to complete a deed to The Nature Conservancy for fifty acres Blanchard owned in the nearby Neck Savanna, now a tract within Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area. Blanchard suggested that the land now comprising SCP should also be permanently conserved and eventually agreed to sell his shares of the property. However, purchasing SCP required not just the approval of Blanchard, but of all the approximately fifty landowners who inherited or purchased property rights to the site. After three years of negotiations, The Nature Conservancy closed on the property in 2007. Members of the Wallace Deer Club retained hunting rights to the property, but the site is now owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy.
The excellent quality of many of the savannas on site, as evidenced by the abundance of rare species, the high species richness, and the absence of invasive species, can be directly attributed to the Wallace Deer Club, whose members frequently burned particular areas in order to maintain both the hunting quality and the aesthetic of the land. Evidence of disturbances other than fire in the savannas and flatwoods on site is limited to a few ditches and occasional “borrow pits”, relatively small holes dug to “borrow” the soil in order to regrade and maintain the dirt roads on the property. Based on the size of the canopy trees, many savannas and flatwoods appear to have been logged as recently as the 1980s, though few or no effects on the ground layer are apparent today. Overall, the habitat quality of the site (especially those areas historically burned by members of the hunting club) remains excellent (
The climate at SCP is warm, temperate, and humid for much of the year. The nearest weather station is approximately 29 km away in Jacksonville (Onslow County:
The annual growing season, defined as the number of days in five years out of ten during which the daily minimum temperatures exceed 28 °F (-2.2 °C), is 235 days in Pender County and 210 days in Onslow County (
Elevation at SCP ranges from 4 m (13 ft) to 12.9 m (42 ft) above sea level (NC Department of Transportation,
Twelve soil types representing five soil orders are mapped at SCP (
A brief synopsis of each of the twelve soil types, arranged by soil order, is provided below.
Poorly-drained soils on floodplains. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is loam in the upper 30 cm and sandy loam with thin strata of loamy sand or sand from 30 cm to 150 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 15 cm and 46 cm below the soil surface and are frequently flooded for brief periods (
Moderately well-drained or somewhat poorly-drained soils in slight depressions in uplands and on low ridges on terraces. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is fine sand to 200 cm below the soil surface. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 46 cm and 76 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Very poorly-drained soils on interstream divides. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is muck in the upper 89 cm, fine sandy loam between 89 cm and 114 cm, sandy clay loam between 114 cm and 191 cm, and fine sandy loam between 191 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table at or near the soil surface for about six months and are rarely flooded for brief periods (
Very poorly-drained soils on interstream areas and on stream terraces. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is mucky fine sandy loam in the upper 8 cm, fine sandy loam between 8 cm and 152 cm, and sandy loam and sand to 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 15 cm and 46 cm below the soil surface and are rarely flooded for brief periods (
Poorly-drained soils on interstream areas. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is fine sand to 200 cm below the soil surface. These soils have a seasonal high water table less than 30 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Somewhat poorly-drained soils on moderately elevated areas in interstream divides. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is fine sand in the upper 101 cm and sand between 101 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 46 cm and 107 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Very poorly-drained soils on interstream areas and in depressions. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is muck in the upper 8 cm, mucky fine sand between 8 cm and 28 cm, fine sand between 28 cm and 124 cm, loamy fine sand between 124 cm and 140 cm, and fine sand between 140 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table less than 30 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Well-drained soils on low ridges and convex slopes in uplands. Slopes are 1–4%. Typical soil texture is fine sand in the upper 64 cm, fine sandy loam between 64 cm and 148 cm, and fine sand between 148 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 122 cm and 152 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Moderately well-drained soils on slightly convex interstream divides near shallow drainageways. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is loamy fine sand in the upper 33 cm, fine sandy loam between 33 cm and 102 cm, fine sandy loam with pockets of loamy fine sand between 102 cm and 140 cm, fine sandy loam with strata of loamy sand between 140 cm and 168 cm, and sandy clay loam with strata of sand and sandy loam between 168 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 76 cm and 107 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Very poorly-drained soils on interstream areas. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is mucky fine sandy loam in the upper 25 cm, fine sandy loam between 25 cm and 61 cm, sandy clay loam between 61 cm and 150 cm, clay loam with strata of sandy clay loam between 150 cm and 183 cm, and sandy clay loam with thin strata of loamy sand between 183 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table within 46 cm of the soil surface and are rarely flooded for brief periods (
Somewhat poorly-drained soils on interstream areas and in shallow depressions on convex divides. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is loamy fine sand in the upper 30 cm, fine sandy loam between 30 cm and 114 cm, fine sandy loam with pockets of sandy clay loam between 114 cm and 168 cm, and sandy clay loam with thin layers of fine sandy loam between 168 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 46 cm and 76 cm below the soil surface and are not subject to flooding (
Poorly-drained soils on interstream areas and in depressions near drainageways. Slopes are 0–2%. Typical soil texture is fine sandy loam in the upper 43 cm and fine sandy loam with pockets or strata of loamy fine sand between 43 cm and 200 cm. These soils have a seasonal high water table between 15 cm and 30 cm below the soil surface and are not generally subject to flooding, though low areas may be subject to ponding for brief periods (
Seven savanna, flatwoods, or sandhill plant community types were distinguished at SCP following
As is true of most longleaf pine-dominated communities, all the community types treated herein are dependent on frequent, low-intensity fires to maintain their integrity (Figs
Though this work examines only savanna or savanna-like community types, it is worth noting that numerous other plant community types are present at SCP. Examples include Blackwater Bottomland Hardwoods (High subtype) along Shaken Creek and Shelter Swamp Creek, High Pocosin (Typic subtype) along the domed west-central portion of the property, and Pond Pine Woodland (Typic subtype and Canebrake subtype) along portions of Williams Road and Half Moon Road (Fig.
In the following discussion community types are presented in order from driest to wettest (i.e., according to increasing soil moisture). For each community type the most similar NatureServe association (see
The canopy is dominated by
This community type is similar to and grades into Mesic Pine Savanna (Coastal Plain Subtype), from which it is distinguished by a substantial component of scrub oaks and by a less diverse herbaceous layer that generally contains fewer legume species. Most examples on site are fire-suppressed; in some cases, fire has not occurred in at least twenty years. To what extent the abundance of oaks in these cases is due simply to fire suppression rather than other environmental factors is unclear. Overall, this community type is not degraded as quickly in the absence of fire as other, wetter community types, which are subject to more rapid shrub invasion.
The canopy is dominated by
This community type is similar to
The canopy consists of
The use of the terms “flatwoods” and “savannas” is notoriously variable, and sometimes contradictory, from person to person. In general “flatwoods” has been used to designate savanna-like areas that are shrubbier and/or less floristically diverse than true savannas. This work follows
Canopy species are
While
This community type is very similar to Sandy Pine Savanna (Typic subtype); both share the same canopy and vine species and most of the same herb species. However, the Rush Featherling subtype is distinguished by the dominance of
The canopy is dominated by
As their names imply, both Loamy Pine Savanna community types are distinguished from Sandy Pine Savanna community types by somewhat finer-textured soils. In general, finer-textured soils are more fertile than and have a higher water-holding capacity than coarser-textured soils—conditions that would seem to be favorable to the growth of most plant species. These environmental factors may explain, at least partially, the exceptionally high species richness of the Loamy Pine Savanna communities (
Canopy species include those of other Wet Pine Savannas, though
Globally, Very Wet Loamy Pine Savannas have a small, patchy distribution, and the environmental factors responsible for their occurrence are unclear. As noted by
A preliminary list of plant taxa reported from SCP by
Field work began in August 2010 and continued through October 2012. In order to capture the floristic diversity of SCP throughout the growing season, collecting trips (N=81) were made approximately weekly from mid-March 2011 through November 2011, biweekly from December 2011 to February 2012, weekly from early March 2012 through early September 2012, and biweekly from early September 2012 through mid-October 2012. Collecting efforts in 2011 centered on the extensive Wet Pine Savanna and Wet Pine Flatwoods community types along Flo Road and Half Moon Road (Fig.
Following the completion of field work, herbarium research, and a digital querying of rare taxa reports within 2 miles of SCP (using the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program's MapViewer application
Six taxa included in this guide bear numeric "placeholder" epithets, as currently listed in
Dichotomous keys were created to all taxa collected or reported from savannas, flatwoods, or sandhill community types in SCP and the vicinity (i.e., in areas within two miles of SCP, including all tracts within Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area). The order of the keys follows that of the checklist (i.e., a key is first provided to four main vascular plant groups, then within each of these groups, keys proceed alphabetically by family and then genus). In addition, three “auxiliary keys” are provided: a vegetative key to common savanna bunchgrasses (following the key to genera of
During herbarium searches, vouchers of taxa collected by others in SCP or in the vicinity but not collected by the senior author in SCP were carefully examined. In five cases the senior author disagreed with the determinations of such vouchers. Nevertheless, since the original determinations were always of taxa whose habitat and distribution make them plausible components of the flora, these taxa were included in the keys, where indicated by a plus (+) symbol. These taxa are not, however, formally treated in this work (i.e., they do not appear in the checklist) and are not included in summary statistics. Additionally, forty-four taxa that are not known from the habitats treated in this work but that often occur in roadsides or other disturbed areas immediately adjacent to such habitats, are also included in the keys, where indicated by a double-dagger (‡) symbol. These taxa, too, are neither formally treated in this work nor included in the summary statistics. Finally, though only one exotic taxon is reported in this work, several of the forty-four aforementioned taxa (those strictly of roadsides or disturbed areas) are exotic (i.e., not native to the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, sensu
Dichotomous keys were adapted from
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Occasional. May-Sep. Thornhill 752, 876 (NCSU). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 78 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley].
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), borrow pits, ditches, roadsides.
Frequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 570, 597, 616, 798 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 149 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), roadsides.
Abundant. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 836, 1425 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 148 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA; =
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 232, 785, 850 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 509 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 810, 851 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 515 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 758, 958 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 508 (WNC!).
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), ditches.
Occasional. Mar–Jun. Thornhill 202, 300 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 112 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–May. Thornhill 201, 223, 255 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 75 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 67806 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 1480 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 124 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Sorrie 6385 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in pine savannas, ditches, borrow pits.
Rare. Mar–Apr; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 757 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Sieren 3676 (WNC!), Taggart SARU 69 (WNC!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Weakley 7219 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Thickets along roadside edges of wet pine savannas.
Rare. Jan–Feb; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 1381 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), ditches, borrow pits.
Frequent. Mar–Apr; Oct. Thornhill 474 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53703 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 245 (WNC!). [= RAB; =
nonnative
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Jan–Feb.; Oct–Nov. Planted on site as a timber tree prior to site’s purchase by The Nature Conservancy. Thornhill 1554 (NCSC). [<
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Mar–Apr; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1066, 1067 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 20 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Apr; Aug (or any time of the year in response to fire). Thornhill 472 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 63779 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 18 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–Apr; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 471, 1026 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 53 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Infrequent. Late Apr–early Jun; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1011 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 157 (WNC!). [=
SR-L, FSC; S1S2, G1G2.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Late Aug–early Oct; late Sep–Nov. Thornhill 839, 1009 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: LeBlond 6362 (NCU!); Sandy Run: LeBlond 5541, 6361, 6363, 6370, 6377 (NCU!), Leonard 7581, 7582, 7584 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 452 (WNC!). [= Weakley]
Swampy margins of wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Apr–Jun. Thornhill 190 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 436 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS), borrow pits, roadsides.
Infrequent. Jul–Nov. Thornhill 1472 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 651 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Early Apr–early May; Aug–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 46 (WNC!; as
Pine savannas.
Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53633 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G3.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Apr–May. Reported from Sandy Run by
Depressions in wet pine savannas (SPS-T), borrow pits, ditches.
Infrequent. May–Jun. Thornhill 532, 1271 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 275 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 12, 620, 692, 1100 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 486 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53685 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Jun. Reported from Sandy Run [Watkins] by
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. May–Jul. Thornhill 369, 456, 462, 463, 1395 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 606 (WNC!). [=
State E, Fed E; S2, G2.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. May–early Jun. Sorrie 10149 (NCU!), Thornhill 1277 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 88, SARU 701, SARU 702, SARU 703 (WNC!). [= FNA, Weakley]
W1; S2S3, G5T5.
Dry woodlands.
Late Mar–May. Reported from Sandy Run by
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Occasional. May–Jun. Thornhill 1272, 1280, 1290 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 607 (WNC!; as
Boggy depressions in pine savannas.
May–Jun. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve (in pertinent habitats) by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Sorrie 6395 (NCU!; as
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1361 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 575 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SR-O; S3, G5.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. Jul–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve (in perintent habitats) by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 659 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53635 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine savannas (WLPS), ditches.
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1387, 1532 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 232 (WNC!). [<
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), ditches, and borrow pits.
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 1462, 1512, 1523 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G4.
Borrow pits.
Rare. Jun–Sep. LeBlond 4988 (NCU!), Thornhill 279 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 18, 505, 723, 1432 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 621 (WNC!). [<
Depressions in pine savannas, ditches, other wet, disturbed areas.
Jun–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55285 (DUKE!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, VWLPS), ditches, roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1305, 1493 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 555 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 326, 373, 518 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 194 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 736, 737, 852 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 381 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53687 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1533 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SR-P; S1, G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. May–Jun. Thornhill 1263 (NCSC). [=
Disturbed areas in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), roadsides.
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 1363 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 442 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS)
Infrequent. Jul–Aug. Thornhill 629 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 729, 733, 868, 959, 1345 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 369 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53656, 53657, 53683 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), ditches.
Frequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 9, 661, 721, 735, 783, 796, 822 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 385 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 15, 814, 901 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 505 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57612, 57615 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 777, 809, 1505 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 518 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57616, 57622 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 397, 506, 511, 654 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 386 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57609 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. May–Sep. Thornhill 319, 328, 441, 484, 684 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 173 (WNC!). [=
Cypress savannas, other wetlands.
Jul–Sep. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2260 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
State T, FSC; S1S2, G3G4.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Jul–Aug. Thornhill 1390 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 659 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 516 (WNC!; as
SR-P; S2, G4.
Pine savannas.
May–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 4586 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 612 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Jun–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 396, 635, 697, 727, 811 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SR-P; S2S3, G3G4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. LeBlond 6111 (NCU); Thornhill 784 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 666 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 252 (NCSC). [< RAB; =
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 533 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 626, 1096, 1103 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 473 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 633, 645, 652, 655, 695 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53640, 53670 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 519 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), ditches, borrow pits.
Occasional. May–Sep. Thornhill 11, 356, 451, 529 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 185 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), borrow pits.
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 918 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 256 (WNC!; as
SR-P; S2, G5.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Aug. Thornhill 517, 731 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2387 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine savannas (VWLPS), ditches.
Rare. Jun–Aug. More commonly a species of swamps and marshes,
W1; S3, G4?.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), ditches, borrow pits.
Occasional. Jul–Aug. Thornhill 17, 931 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 415 (WNC!). [=
W1; S3, G4.
Pine savannas.
Jul–Aug. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 554 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G3.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 14, 663 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 215 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SR-T; S2, G5?T3?.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 515 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 473 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Aug. Thornhill 313, 357, 443, 467, 468, 726, 772, 778, 929 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 239 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart 27 (NCU!); Wilbur 57623 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 24, 504, 507, 566, 860 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 372 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 516, 579, 1102, 1355 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G4.
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Wilbur 57613 (DUKE!), Wilbur 57619 (DUKE!). [=
SC-V, FSC; S2, G3.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. LeBlond 6127 (NCU!). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 2851 (DUKE!), LeBlond 5514 (NCSC!), Taggart SARU 634 (WNC!). [= FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 8, 775, 779 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 317 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53638, 53646, 53647 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 16 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Mid-May–Jun; Jun–Sep. Thornhill 767 (NCSC). [<
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), borrow pits, ditches.
Rare. (Jul–)Aug–Sep. Thornhill 543, 1061 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 313 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53662 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
State T; S2, G4.
Pine savannas.
May–Jul. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 670 (WNC!). [=
State T; S2, G4.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Jul. Thornhill 433, 576, 1091 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. May–Aug. Thornhill 1138, 1318, 1514 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
May–Aug. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
W1; S3, G4.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Jun–Aug. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 786, 1406, 1582 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 253 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2058 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 927, 939, 1107 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 667 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1413 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 370 (WNC!). [<
SR-L, FSC; S1, G1.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 5722B (NCU!), Taggart SARU 316 (WNC!). [= Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. May–Sep. Thornhill 1321, 1322, 1323, 1360 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 329 (WNC!). [<
SR-P; S2, G5.
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 2373 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Swampy margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Apr–Jun; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 975 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 501 (WNC!). [>
Pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Apr–Oct. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 437, 466, 499, 512, 634, 660, 662, 717, 802 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55306 (DUKE!; as
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 338, 438, 446, 452, 464, 498, 586 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 120 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55298 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 217 (WNC!; as
W1; S3, G5.
Pine savannas, flatwoods, and adjacent ditches.
May–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Holly Shelter: LeGrand s.n. (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), ditches.
Frequent. Jun–early Sep; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 370, 447, 493, 494, 495, 496 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Wyland s.n. (NCSC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53676 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 221 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W5B; S5, G5.
Ecotone between mesic pine savanna (MPS-CP) and pond pine woodland.
Rare. Mar–May; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1274 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS).
Mar–Jun; May–Jul. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Mar–Jun; May–Jul. Thornhill 105, 140, 254 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 34 (WNC!). [=
SR-P; SH, G4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr(–later, especially in response to fire); May(–later, especially in response to fire). The specimens collected by the author lack seeds, which are the most accurate means of distinguishing this species from
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Mar–Apr(–later, especially in response tofire); Apr–May(–later, especially in response to fire). Thornhill 36, 157, 244 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 255 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Late May–Jun; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 317, 351, 380, 384, 1300 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 175 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!), Wilbur 55316 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–May; May–Jun. Thornhill 76, 77, 89, 99, 100 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 45 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 60085 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Margins of wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS) and adjacent swamps, borrow pits, ditches.
Occasional. Apr–May; Jul–Sep. Thornhill 241 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 110 (WNC!). [<
Pine savannas.
Mar–Jun; May–Jun. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mar–Jun; May–Jul. Thornhill 195, 1401 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas and adjacent roadsides.
Mar–Jun; Jun–Aug.). Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55244, 55281, 55323, 55324 (DUKE!). [<
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mar–Jun; Jun–Aug. Thornhill 187, 196, 221, 372, 394 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 74 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mar–Jun; May–Jun. Thornhill 111, 127, 138, 191, 192, 194, 208 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 178 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Aug. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55304 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 455, 461, 627, 853, 1372 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 318 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 632 (WNC!; as
Margins of wet pine savannas (SPS-T) and adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Nov. Thornhill 297 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 300 (WNC!; as
Depressions and borrow pits in wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Rare. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 19 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 618 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 957 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 610 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 286, 339, 340, 453, 575 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 259 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53663 (DUKE!). [>
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55286 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Disturbed areas in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1339 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 257 (WNC!). [<
Margins of wet pine savannas (WLPS) and adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. May–Sep. Thornhill 333, 336 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1374 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53693, 57628 (DUKE!). [= RAB; <
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 405, 519, 574, 732 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 298 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53666, 55284 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine savannas (VWLPS), borrow pits.
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 854, 933, 1125, 1191 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57693 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 247, 344, 780 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 167 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53714 (DUKE!). [=
Depressions in wet pine savannas (SPS-RF), borrow pits.
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 410, 713 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 229 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 934 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 781 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 633 (WNC!). [<
Borrow pits in pine savannas, ditches.
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 968 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Disturbed, wet areas in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), roadsides, ditches.
Occasional. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 465, 856 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57630 (DUKE!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mid Jun–mid Sep; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 664, 673 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 463 (WNC!). [>
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. May–Jul; Jul–Sep. Thornhill 1400 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr–early Jun; late May–Jul. Thornhill 275, 354, 487, 492 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 174 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Aug; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1010 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 646 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57658 (DUKE!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Frequent. Late Jun–early Sep; Aug–Nov. Thornhill 678, 714, 797, 915 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9426 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 365 (WNC!), Wilbur 53706, 57661 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mid May–Jul; Aug. Thornhill 426, 535, 536 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 309 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck] Wilbur 53674 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W5B; S5, G5.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Late Apr–early Jun; Jul–Aug. Thornhill 248, 274, 291, 324, 382, 385 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 121 (WNC!), Wilbur 55294 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Apr–mid Jun; May–Jul. Thornhill 556 (NCSC). [= FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr–early May. Thornhill 162, 188, 189, 193, 206 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 105 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. May–Jul. Thornhill 322, 399, 408 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 179 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Apr–Jul. Thornhill 421 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 187 (WNC!). [=
W1; S3, G4.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. May–mid Jun. Thornhill 386 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 587 (WNC!; as
W7; S2, G3?.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
May–Jul. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by LeBlond (2000; as
W1; S3?, G4G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Rare. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 1521 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9425 (DUKE!); Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 424 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Jul–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Rare. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 1448 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9438 (DUKE!; as
SC-V; S2, G3G4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Jul–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
State T; S1, G5.
Pine savannas.
May–Sep. Reported from Sandy Run by
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS).
Rare. Mar–Jun. Thornhill 1286 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 190 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Nov. Thornhill 489, 1173, 1356 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 543 (WNC!). [=
State E; S2, G2G4.
Pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Feb–May. Thornhill 483, 1303, 1377 (NCSC). [= FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Aug–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 285 (WNC!). [=
SC-V; S2, G4G5.
Pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. May–Aug. Thornhill 390, 477 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 177 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
State E; S1, G3.
Pine savannas.
Late Oct–Dec. Reported within a two-mile radius of Shaken Creek Preserve by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (
Pine savannas (SPS-T, VWLPS).
Rare. Mar–Jul. Thornhill 1301 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 589 (WNC!). [<
Pine savannas (WLPS) and adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Mar–Jul. Thornhill 1556 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SR-T; S2, G4.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Oct–Nov. Thornhill 1060, 1076, 1132, 1164, 1192 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 2595, 4655, 4672 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 550 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Mar–Jul. Thornhill 226, 287, 299, 332, 406, 413 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Old Maple Hilll Road: Wilbur 55268 (DUKE!). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1021 (NCSC). [<
W1; S3, G4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 23, 821 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 538 (NCU!). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, VWLPS).
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1113, 1118, 1196 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 647 (as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 690, 848, 1040, 1098 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 408 (WNC!), Wilbur 8391 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 21, 1119, 1160 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 489 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1064, 1151, 1157, 1162, 1218, 1219, 1241, 1243, 1244 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 541 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1065, 1154, 1165, 1200 (NCSC). [<
State T; S2, G4?.
Pine savannas.
Sep–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 539 (WNC!). [= RAB; =
W1; S2S3, G4.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1051, 1246 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1193, 1247 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57638 (DUKE!; as
W7; S1S2, G5T4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 20, 1112, 1194, 1195, 1217 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 808, 1216, 1245 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 3 (WNC!). [<
W1; S2, G5.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), and adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 53, 687, 812, 857, 878, 981 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 433 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 631, 776, 788, 1059 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2586 (NCU!). [=
State E; S1S2, G3G4.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. Aug–Oct. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Sep–Nov. Thornhill 653, 820, 1020, 1072 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9429 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 1 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 641, 787, 858, 912, 913, 964 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 451 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 551 (WNC!; as
Wet pine flatwoods.
Apr–Jul. AI199Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve (in the relevant habitats) by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 564 (WNC!). [< RAB; = FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr–Jul. Thornhill 916, 917, 1281 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 161 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 865, 973, 1033, 1094, 1242 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 432 (WNC!; as
W1; S3, G4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 640, 648, 963, 1063 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9424 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 647, 738, 774, 1198 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 273 (WNC!). [=
W1; S3, G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 813, 877 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 490 (WNC!), Wilbur 57655 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 962, 1108, 1474 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 435 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 782, 1054, 1110 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 980, 1107, 1127, 1152 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 13, 26, 936, 1126, 1159, 1221 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 540 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Jun–Aug(–later in response to fire). Thornhill 318, 449, 539, 649, 877 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9430 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Ahles 58375 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 242 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!), Wilbur 53694 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Infrequent. Apr–Jun. Thornhill 1288 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Old Maple Hill Road: Wilbur 67108 (DUKE!). [=
Pine savannas.
May–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 653 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. May–Aug. Thornhill 272 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55307 (DUKE!; as
Borrow pits within and roadsides adjacent to wet pine savannas.
May–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
State E; S1S2, G2G3.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Rare. Jun–Oct. LeBlond 4851 (NCU); Thornhill 1308 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Apr–Sep. Thornhill 1297 (NCSC). [<
Margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and adjacent swamps.
Rare. May–Oct. Thornhill 1494 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr–Sep. Thornhill 246, 285, 296, 1295 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 312 (NCSC). [<
W1; S2, G5T4?.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. May–Oct. Thornhill 273, 347, 960 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Sorrie 6381 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 609 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Oct. Reported from near Sandy Run by
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), roadsides.
Frequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 276, 288, 361, 400, 1161, 1294 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 268, 402, 928, 1293, 1309 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent ditches.
Occasional. May–Sep. Thornhill 250, 401, 440, 1220, 1306, 1310, 1347 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 654 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. May–Oct. Thornhill 257, 279, 289, 1313, 1506 (NCSC). [<
Dry to damp, sandy woods and fields.
May–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
W1; S2S3, G5T5.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. May–Oct. Thornhill 1401 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 537 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides, ditches.
Frequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 407, 618, 688, 691, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 544 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), adjacent roadsides, ditches.
Occasional. May–Oct. Thornhill 571, 643, 791 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53642 (DUKE!). [=
Pine savannas.
May–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 609 (WNC!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. May–Sep. Thornhill 1298, 1315, 1325 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55275 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 773, 1416 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 542 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2262 (NCU!), Wilbur 55280 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
May–Oct. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 1414 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. May–Oct. Thornhill 301, 1307, 1326, 1411, 1415 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Apr–Sep. Thornhill 1324 (NCSC). [=
W1; S3, GNR.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF)
Occasional. May–Aug. Thornhill 961, 1314, 1316 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1093, 1190 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 524 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 22, 815, 816, 862 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 416 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1056, 1071, 1153, 1156 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Roadside immediately adjacent and scraped area within wet pine savanna (VWLPS).
Rare. Late Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1114, 1199 (NCSC). [< RAB; = FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Late Aug–Oct. Thornhill 771, 864, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 434 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57656, 57666 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SC-V; S2, G3.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. Aug–Nov. LeBlond 4859 (NCU!), Sorrie 9501 (NCU!), Thornhill 1053 (NCSC). [= FNA, Weakley]
SR-P; S1, G5T4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Rare. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 935 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Jul. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 241 (WNC!). Though reported by
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1062, 1109, 1124 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 611 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), ditches.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 789, 790, 866, 869 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 248 (WNC!; as
Pine savannas.
Aug–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53652, 57639 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S2S3, G4 (as P. praecox)
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 403, 434, 450, 572, 577, 1055, 1088, 1099, 1163 (NCSC). [= RAB; <
W1; S2S3, G4 (as P. praecox).
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. May–Jul. Thornhill 734 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 195 (WNC!). [= RAB; <
Pine savannas.
Jun–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 545 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 646, 1077 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 549, 1531 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1111, 1189 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine flatwoods.
Late Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 477 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), ditches.
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1019, 1249 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), ditches.
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1023, 1187, 1188, 1215 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 4 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57647, 57670 (DUKE!; as
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. (Jun–)Aug–Oct. Thornhill 769, 849, 863, 867, 914, 926, 1248 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9431 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 536 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 711, 768, 855, 1373 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 240 (WNC!). [=
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1095, 1158 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 465 (WNC!), Wilbur 57654 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G3.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Jun–Sep(–later in response to fire). Thornhill 651, 656, 694, 699, 724, 770, 818, 1018 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9430 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), adjacent roadsides.
Rare (in pertinent habitats). Late Apr–May; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1409, 1485 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 414 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Late Apr–early Jun; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 294, 395, 837, 1052, 1235 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 282 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Aug; Sep–Oct. (of 2nd year). Thornhill 168, 181, 262 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 159 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Apr–May; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1359 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 170 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and swamp forests.
Occasional. Jun–Jul; Apr–Jun (of 2nd year). Thornhill 1182, 1492 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent (abundant in SPS-RF). Sep–Oct. Thornhill 27 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 469 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57623A (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, VWLPS).
Infrequent. (Late Aug–)late Sep–Oct; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 1121, 1202, 1208 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 507 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57649 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–early Aug; late Sep–Oct. Thornhill 551, 604, 667, 682 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 348 (WNC!), Wyland s.n. (NCSC!; as
State E, FSC; S2, G3T2.
Margins of pine savannas and adjacent swamps.
Late Mar–May; Jun–Jul. Reported from Sandy Run by
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS) and borrow pits.
Frequent. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 573, 588, 628, 669, 685, 708, 719, 801 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 384 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Rare. Jun–Jul. Thornhill 528 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 236 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S3, G4G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Infrequent. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 37, 800 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 350 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), roadsides.
Frequent. Jun–Jul. Thornhill 578, 587, 677 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 303 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Aug. Thornhill 748, 793, 1507 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 649 (WNC!). [= RAB; =
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T), borrow pits.
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 31, 919 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W1; S1, G4.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Jun. Reported from Sandy Run by
SR-P; S1, G5T4T5.
Pine savannas, flatwoods, and adjacent ditches.
Aug. Reported from Sandy Run by
W7; S2, G4G5T4T5.
Borrow pits and local depressions within pine savannas, ditches.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 658 (WNC!; as
Borrow pits within pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
SC-V, FSC; S2, G3.
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: McMillan 1788 (NCU!). [< FNA; = Weakley]
W2; S2, G2.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Rare. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 902 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 650 (WNC!). [<
Ditches within and adjacent to wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Apr–May; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 239, 1330 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 91 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional (frequent only in areas not recently burned). Apr–May; Aug–Sep. Thornhill 346, 432 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Old Maple Hill Road: Wilbur 55264 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 164 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 329, 954 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!; as
Swampy margins of wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Late Apr–May; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 136 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 199 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), margins of borrow pits, roadsides.
Frequent. Jun–Aug; Jul–Sep. Thornhill 832, 879 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 450 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 842, 1537, 1548 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 661 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
SR-P; S1, G4T2T4Q.
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 5425 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 411 (WNC!), Wilbur 57680 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 7, 951 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 421 (WNC!); Sandy Run[Neck]: Wilbur 57676 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W2; S2, G5T5.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 689, 703 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Levy s.n. (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 830 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 340 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Aug–Oct; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 1043 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 484 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Sep–Oct; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 1070, 1128 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 494 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent ditches.
Rare. Jun–Aug; Jul–Sep. Thornhill 622 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 346 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), ditches, borrow pits.
Occasional. Jul–Aug; Aug–Sep. Thornhill 742, 833, 983, 1039 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 347 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Aug; Aug–Sep. Thornhill 1, 378, 423 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 150 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55303 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W1; S2S3, G4G5.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. May–Jun; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 249, 278, 355 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 137 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
SC-V; S3, G4.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Rare. Jul–Aug. [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods.
Jun–Jul; Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 277 (WNC!), Wilbur 55302, 55326 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. Apr–May; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 261, 309 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53668, 63782 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 104 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. May–Jun; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 43, 135, 171, 186, 237 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53701 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 50 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. May–Jun; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 271, 284, 435, 1185 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 131 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Rare. Apr–Jun; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 97 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 102 (WNC!). [<
Mesic pine savannas.
Jun–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 428 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas, sandhills, sandy woodlands, and disturbed areas.
Late Mar–early Jun. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
SR-P; S2, G4G5.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Late Jul–Oct. Thornhill 943 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 376 (WNC!). [=
SC-H; S1, G4.
Ecotone of pine savannas and swamp forests.
Rare. Oct–Nov. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 668, SARU 669 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), roadsides.
Occasional. Late Jul–Sep. Thornhill 870 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 409 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53637 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 750, 967, 1081, 1082 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 418 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57614, 57667 (DUKE!). [<
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1542 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 491 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1000, 1120, 1519 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 461 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57620 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Feb–May. Thornhill 87, 94 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 9 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Late Jun–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 495 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. Late Mar–early Jun. Thornhill 245 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 24 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. May–Jul. Thornhill 377 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: LeBlond 4252 (NCU!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 592 (WNC!). [=
SC-V; S2, G2G3.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Rare. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 1454 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 250 (WNC!). [=
Pine savannas.
Feb–May. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 342 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 923, 945 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 455 (WNC!), Wilbur 57657 (DUKE!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), borrow pits, adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Early May–early Jul(–later). Thornhill 219, 352, 367, 368, 392 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 145 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55321 (DUKE!). [= RAB; <
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), borrow pits, adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Early Jul–late Oct. Thornhill 6, 38, 841, 875, 976, 978, 979, 1044 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 456 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57677 (DUKE!; as
SR-P; S1S2, G3G4Q.
Pine savannas.
Sep–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 422 (WNC!; as
SR-L; S1, G1?.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1171 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 4600, 4654, 5424 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 504 (WNC!). [= Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), adjacent roadsdies.
Occasional. Late Jul–Sep. Thornhill 1045, 1086 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 398 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Disturbed areas in pine savannas, dry edges of borrow pits, roadsides.
Rare. Late Jul–Nov. Thornhill 938, 1370 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 407 (WNC!). [< RAB; =
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Late Mar–Jun. Thornhill 112, 177, 213, 217, 766 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart 185 (NCU!), Wilbur 55318, 67091 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Disturbed (sometimes only slightly so) areas in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Rare (frequent in more disturbed areas). Sep–Nov. Thornhill 952, 1143 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart 503 (NCU!). [=
Pine savannas.
Late Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 639 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57618 (DUKE!). [< RAB; =
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 828, 925, 982, 1213 (NCSC). Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 357 (WNC!). [< RAB; <
Pine savannas.
Aug–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 403 (WNC!). [<
Pine savannas.
Aug–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 466 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57642, 57657 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 947, 1520 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 356 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53712 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W7; S1?, G3G4Q.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS).
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1122, 1146, 1206, 1237 (NCSC). [< RAB; <
Wet pine savannas (WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 759 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 349 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Late Jul–Oct. Thornhill 50, 969, 1522 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 448 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 102, 924, 969, 1041, 1209, 1522 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 347 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57664 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Sep–Dec. Thornhill 1123, 1129, 1144 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 480 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57634 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1029, 1087, 1550 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 460 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57631 (as
SR-P; S2, G4.
Pine savannas and adjacent ditches.
Apr–May. Reported from Sandy Run by
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. (Jul–)Sep–Oct(–frost). Thornhill 51, 1140, 1141 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 405 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57668 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 989, 1090 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 459 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. Jul–Nov. Thornhill 1549 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 397 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Aug–Nov. Thornhill 1186 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 492 (WNC!). [=
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. (Aug–)Sep–Oct(–Nov). Thornhill 52, 1176, 1545 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. (Jul–)Aug–Oct(–Nov). Thornhill 829, 874, 956 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 410 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Late Jul–mid Oct. Thornhill 5, 701, 741, 807 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 362 (WNC!). [= RAB; <
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent swamps.
Infrequent. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 824, 834 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 312 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SR-T; S1, G2G3 (as
Pine savannas.
Apr–May. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 6409 (NCU!; as
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 761, 922, 985, 1145 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 363 (WNC!). [>
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Jun–Jul. Reported from Sandy Run [O’Berry Tract] by
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), borrow pits.
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 672, 686, 955 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 354 (WNC!), Wilbur 53659 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Rare. Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1174, 1232 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 549 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), adjacent roadsides and disturbed areas.
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1530 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 566 (WNC!). [=
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Occasional. May–Jun. Thornhill 387, 1296 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!), Taggart SARU 278 (WNC!), Wilbur 53637, 55274 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Roadside margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and roadsides.
Occasional. Mar–Jun. Thornhill 481, 657 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 63 (WNC!). [>
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Rare. Jun–Jul. Thornhill 1003 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 264 (WNC!; as S. tortifolius). [=
Pine savannas.
May–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 470 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Aug–Nov. Reported from Sandy Run [O’Berry Tract] by
W1; S3, G4?.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 942, 1078, 1130, 1236 (NCSC). [= RAB; =
Pine savannas.
Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 476 (WNC!). [= RAB; =
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 496 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1038 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 354 (WNC!). [= RAB; =
W1; S3, G3.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 39, 40, 909, 1036, 1495 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 401 (WNC!), Wilbur 57672 (DUKE!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS).
Infrequent. Late Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1136 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 512 (WNC!). [< RAB; =
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Late Aug–Oct. Thornhill 46, 1131, 1170, 1184, 1210, 1211, 1212 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 391 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57673 (DUKE!; as
In a wide variety of dry to moist habitats.
Sep–Nov. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2590 (NCU!; as
Pine savannas and marshes.
Late Sep–Nov. Reported from Sandy Run [Haw’s Run] by
Woodland borders, old fields, disturbed areas.
Sep–Nov. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57641, 57643 (DUKE!; as
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Infrequent. Oct–Dec. Thornhill 971 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 552 (WNC!). [=
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. Late Jul–Oct; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1518 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 497 (WNC!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Infrequent. Aug–Oct; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1540 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 530 (WNC!; as
Sandhills.
Late Jun–early Sep; Sep–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Pine savannas.
Jul–Sep; Aug–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 355 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Margins of wet pine savannas (WLPS) and adjacent swamps.
Infrequent. Apr–May; Jul–Aug. Thornhill 1148 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 323 (WNC!). [=
Margins of wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and adjacent swamps.
Infrequent. Jun–Jul; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1482 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 198 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Nov. Thornhill 34, 49, 740, 804, 840, 873 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 446 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Sep–Oct. Thornhill 35, 921 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 478 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Nov. Thornhill 3, 337, 427, 479, 488, 526 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 152 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53644, 55299 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Dry forests and woodlands.
Mar–Jul(–Nov); Jul–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53654 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. Jul–Aug; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 1551 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jun–Aug; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 623, 751 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 364 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jun–Jul; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 585, 613, 670, 715 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 258 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53648, 53702 (DUKE!). [=
Margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and adjacent swamps.
Rare. Grows on a wide variety of hosts, both herbaceous and woody (
Pine savannas.
Usually found on low-growing herbaceous hosts (
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Rare. Apr–May; Jul–Aug. Thornhill 1491 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53653, 53655, 67087 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 211 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Jul; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 430, 448, 540, 614 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53681 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 229 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. Mar–Apr; May–Jun. Thornhill 81, 83 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 19 (WNC!). [=
SC-V, FSC; S3, G3.
Depressions in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. May–Jun; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 314, 381, 383 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Bell 17110 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 114 (WNC!), Wilbur 55289 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Apr–May. Thornhill 104, 159 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 82 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Aug. Thornhill 292, 371, 411 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 172 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Frequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 29, 161, 666 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 144 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55301 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Jun; Sep–Dec. Thornhill 283, 709 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 213 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Mar–Apr; Jun–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Holly Shelter: Fox 158 (NCSC!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 15 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. Late Mar–early Jun; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1291, 1471, 1511, 1546 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55259 (DUKE!; as
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Mar–Jun; Jun–Oct. Thornhill 165, 197, 210, 214, 228, 233, 258, 592, 806 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 113 (WNC!). [< RAB; = FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Late Mar–May; Jun–Aug. Thornhill 120, 146, 204, 212, 215, 229, 234, 290 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53650, 55288, 55291, 63768, 63781, 67097 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 106 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. Apr–May(–Sep); Sep–Oct. Thornhill 164, 182 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 68 (WNC!), Weakley 7218 (NCU!). [=
Pine savannas.
Late Mar–May; Sep–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 669 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Late Apr–Jul; Sep–Oct. If one chooses to recognize varieties, the material collected by the author would generally be referable to var.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr–early Jun; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 116, 133, 167, 180 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Holly Shelter: Fox 160 (NCSC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53667, 63770, 63783, 63784, 63785, 67088 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 71 (WNC!), Weakley 7221 (NCU!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr–May; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 118, 178, 236 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 96 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55308, 63766, 67096 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Occasional. Apr–May(–later). Thornhill 113, 179 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 62 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!), Wilbur 63767, 67098 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Occasional. Late May–Jul; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 225, 266, 308 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 4972 (NCU; as
Mesic pine savannas.
Late Apr–Jun; Sep–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 219 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Apr–May; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 117, 153, 160, 185 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 76 (WNC!). [= RAB; < FNA; = Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. Late Feb–May; Jun–Aug. Thornhill 147, 150, 166, 173, 183, 264, 303, 305 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 23 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Late Feb–May; Jun–Aug. Thornhill 78, 79, 82, 92, 101, 267, 277, 302, 763 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 216 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Apr–Jun; Aug–Oct. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Abundant. Late Mar–early May; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 145, 184, 755, 1222, 1423, 1424 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Holly Shelter: Fox 161 (NCSC!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Ahles 28232 (NCU!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 63769, 63775 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 73 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. Apr–Jun; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 231, 259, 307, 508 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 181 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. Late Mar–Aug; May–Sep. Thornhill 1275 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 220 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Infrequent. Feb–May. Thornhill 1418 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55277 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Rare. May–Oct. Thornhill 1419 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Ahles 28231A (NCU!; one duplicate specimen labeled as
State E, FSC; S2, G3.
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. Apr–Jun; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1073, 1239 (NCSC); Thornhill 1177 (NCU). [< RAB; = Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. May–Jul; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1541 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55279 (DUKE!). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Rare. Jun–Aug; Jul–Sep. Thornhill 1179 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Late Apr–Jun; Jun–Jul. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 129 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas and wet pine flatwoods.
Apr–Aug; Jul–Nov. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 176 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Occasional. Jun–Aug; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 972 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 423 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas, wet pine flatwoods.
Jun–Sep; Jul–Nov. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 406 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jun–Oct; Jul–Nov. Thornhill 1172 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 643 (WNC!). [<
Mesic to dry pinelands, sandy openings, roadsides.
Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Fields, woodland borders, disturbed areas.
Jun–Sep; Aug–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Sandhills and other dry forests and woodlands.
Jun–Sep; Aug–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Pine savannas and flatwoods, fields, woodland borders, disturbed areas.
Jun–Sep; Aug–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jul–Aug; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 827, 1046, 1084 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Ahles 32702 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 447 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Jul–Sep; Aug–Oct. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Mesic pine savannas.
Jun–Aug; Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 389 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. Aug–Oct; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1553 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine savannas (WLPS), roadsides.
Infrequent. Aug–Oct; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1031, 1075 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 467 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57632 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Rare. Aug–Oct; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1539 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 475 (WNC!). [<
Dry, sandy woodlands.
Jun–Sep; Aug–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Rare. Jun–Aug; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 1473 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
May–Jul; Jun–Sep. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Occasional. May–Aug; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 416, 553, 602, 702 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 321 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Woodlands and roadsides.
Jun–Aug; Jul–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Flatwoods, sandhills, sandy roadsides.
Jun–Aug; Jul–Oct. Reported from Sandy Run [Neck] by
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Infrequent. Apr; Sep–Nov (of second year). Thornhill 1543 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Infrequent. Apr; Sep–Nov (of second year). Thornhill 1329 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 297, (WNC!), Wilbur 55278 (DUKE!). [=
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Infrequent. Apr; Sep–Nov (of second year). Thornhill 1327 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 295 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–Apr; Sep–Nov (of second year). Thornhill 429, 1022 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 206 (WNC!). [< RAB; = FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Infrequent. Apr; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1328 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 296 (WNC!). [=
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT).
Infrequent. Apr; Sep–Nov (of second year). Thornhill 1317 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr; Sep–Nov (of second year). Thornhill 203, 207, 282, 362 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55257 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 212 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Upland forests and woodlands.
Apr; Sep–Nov (of same year). Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55283 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods.
Apr; Sep–Oct (of second year). Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 584 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. Mar–early May; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 84 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 11 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W1; S2, G5?.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Infrequent. (Nov–)Feb–Apr(–Jun); Apr–Jun. Thornhill 1250 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 572 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-PF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Oct; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 749, 907 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 493 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Late Sep–mid Jan. Thornhill 47, 1234 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 510 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Late Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1204, 1230, 1233 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 548 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Rare. Sep–Nov. Thornhill 1183, 1231 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Forests, woodlands, marshes, fields.
Jul–Aug; Sep–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53669, 53672 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas and flatwoods.
Late May–Jul; Aug–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Ahles 28234 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 260 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Aug; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 550, 560, 609, 619 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 314 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Sep; Sep–Dec. Thornhill 420, 485, 521, 525, 555, 582, 583, 584, 706 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 247 (WNC!), Wilbur 53689 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Jul–Aug; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1450 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 375 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Depressions in pine savannas (WLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 358, 509, 621 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 271 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Margins of wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and pocosins.
Infrequent. Mar–May; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1273 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 51 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
SC-V; S1S2, G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jul–Sep. LeBlond 4989, 5736A (NCSC!); Thornhill 415, 478, 527, 606, 615, 716 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 5771 (NCSC!), Taggart SARU 247 (WNC!). [= Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF), adjacent roadsides.
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 707, 720, 795, 803, 904, 940 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 459, 607, 683, 718, 799, 805, 843 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 700, 746 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 308 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 910, 953, 1205 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 325 (WNC!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Infrequent. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 762, 9665 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 436, 563, 632, 747, 831, 944 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 628 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2252 (NCU!), Sorrie 5884 (NCU!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 513, 599, 636 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 246 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1278, 1453 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 292 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. May–Aug. Thornhill 460, 846, 1147 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 103 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Jun–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 378 (WNC!; determination by the senior author of this specimen is tentative; the voucher may represent merely a branch of
Roadsides adjacent to and scrapes within pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 1340, 1461, 1464, 1487 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. May–Sep. Thornhill 1479 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 420 (WNC!). [= RAB; Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1312, 1319 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 261 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53686 (DUKE!). [=
Boggy depressions within or near flatwoods or savannas.
Jul–Sep. No specimens have been seen on site by the senior author; however, one specimen (Thornhill 1479, NCSC) was collected in a boggy depression adjacent to a flatwoods just north (< 1 mile) of Shaken Creek Preserve. The presence of this species may be expected in boggy areas on site. [= RAB; Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas.
Apr–May; Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 223 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Late Jun–Sep. Thornhill 705, 826, 946 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 404 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57669 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W1; S3, G5.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Jun–Nov. Thornhill 1089 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 4848, 5069 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 468 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. Jun–Nov. Thornhill 1150 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 498 (WNC; see note preceding genus key). [=
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Late May–early Aug; Jun–Sep. Thornhill 419, 422, 425, 564 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 238 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jun–Sep; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 603, 679, 704, 948, 1547 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 191 (WNC!), Wilbur 53641, 53699 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
SR-T; S2, G4.
Dry pinelands.
Mid Jun–Aug; Aug–Oct. The specimen for this report (Thornhill 1547, NCSC), which was collected by the author at the edge of a dirt road and powerline savanna in Shaken Creek Preserve, has calyx lobes somewhat shorter and leaves somewhat narrower than is typical for
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Jul; Jul–Aug. Thornhill 316, 363 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 117 (WNC!), Wilbur 55319 (DUKE!). [>
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. May–Jun; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 497, 542 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 154 (WNC!). [<
Pine/scrub oak sandhills (PSOS-MT), mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP).
Infrequent. Mar–Apr; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 1534 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 222 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr–May. Thornhill 103, 126, 141 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 55 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 63790, 67099 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
State E; S2, G4.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Apr–May. Thornhill 108, 125, 143, 163 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 574 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T), borrow pits.
Rare. Jul–Sep. Thornhill 32 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 645 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–Jul(–later). Thornhill 107, 158, 216 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 143 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 63791 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
State T; S1S2, G5?T3?.
Pine savannas.
Jun–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 2536 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 565 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 374, 569, 605, 753, 823 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 525 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 486 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 568 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 8390 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 970 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Rare. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1510 (NCSC). [=
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Jul–Sep; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 844 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 374 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53688 (DUKE!). [= Cynoctonum mitreola (L.) Britton sensu RAB; = Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), ditches.
Infrequent. Late Jun–Aug; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 558, 681 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 334 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53700 (DUKE!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods, ditches, other wet places.
Jul–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2831 (NCU!), Wilbur 57640 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas, wet pine flatwoods.
Apr–Jun; Sep–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 162 (WNC!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Frequent. Apr–Jul; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 235, 263 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 160 (WNC!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. May–Sep. Thornhill 524, 557, 580 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 263 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53691 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr–Jul(–later in response to fire). Thornhill 311, 320, 353, 393 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 188 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Levy s.n. (DUKE!), Wilbur 53679, 55314 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 501, 520, 567, 593, 668 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. May–Oct. Thornhill 617 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 224 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Frequent. May–Oct. Thornhill 595, 739, 794, 906 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 429 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53643 (DUKE!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 665, 675, 792 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 414 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53675 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 121, 134, 149, 154, 169 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 8388 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 131, 132, 148, 170 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 16 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53682 (DUKE!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Frequent. Apr; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 119, 152, 172 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 60088 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Occasional. Apr–Jun; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 230, 256 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 235 (WNC!). [=
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Apr–Jun; Aug–Oct. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Swampy margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS), borrow pits, ditches.
Infrequent. May; Jul–Oct. Thornhill 242 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 155 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1446 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 306 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF), borrow pits.
Infrequent. Jun–Sep. Two varieties are recognized by
W7; S2S3, G5.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF), adjacent roadsides.
Rare. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 1207 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 652 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jul–Oct. Thornhill 559, 845, 1440, 1524 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53660, 53690, 57653, 57665 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 417 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 546, 554, 608, 624, 674 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53677 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 304 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W7; S2S3, G5T2T3.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Apr–Aug. LeBlond 4976 (NCU!); Thornhill 364, 376, 424, 480, 565, 1050 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 4575, 4978 (NCU!); Taggart SARU 95 (WNC!). [<
W1; S3, G3G4.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Sep–Oct; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 44, 1008, 1047 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Holly Shelter: Sorrie 8623 (NCU!); Sandy Run: Leonard 7601 (NCU!), Taggart SARU 458 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF).
Rare. Aug–Oct; Oct. Thornhill 1544 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 521 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 2587 (NCU!), Wilbur 57627 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W1; S3, G4?.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Aug–Sep; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 965, 977, 1037 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 454 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
W1; S2S3, G4G5Q.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Sep–Oct; Oct–Nov. Thornhill 1083, 1264 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 471 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Aug–Oct; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 45, 1116, 1134, 1139, 1201 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 522 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 57644, 57662 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Sep–Oct; Oct–Nov. Reported from Shaken Creek by
SR-P; S2, G3G4Q.
Pine savannas.
Sep–Oct; Oct–Nov. Reported from Sandy Run by
Pine savannas.
Apr–May; May–Jul. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 577 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 28, 33, 1048 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Taggart SARU 502 (WNC!); Wilbur 57650 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
State T, FSC; S2, G3.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), particularly along margins of adjacent swamps.
Frequent. Sep–Nov(–Dec). Thornhill 48, 1175 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 529 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas.
Jun–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 453 (WNC!). [<
Roadside margins of wet pine savannas (SPS-T).
Infrequent. Mar–May. Thornhill 224 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 42 (WNC!). [<
Pine savannas, wet pine flatwoods.
May–Jul; Jul–Aug. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 55337 (DUKE!). [< RAB; = Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
May–Jun; Jul–Aug. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 118 (WNC!; as
State T, FSC; S1S2, G3.
Pine savannas, adjacent roadsides.
Apr–Oct. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: LeBlond 4564 (NCU!); Leonard 8428 (NCU!); Leonard 8515 (DUKE!, NCSC!); Levy s.n. (DUKE!); Taggart SARU 108 (WNC!); Wilbur 53777, 55315 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 538, 1304 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 648 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53645, 53671, 53680, 57636 (DUKE!; as
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS).
Infrequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 712, 908 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 400 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Jun–Oct. Thornhill 414, 552, 598, 680, 744 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Highway 50: Wilbur 9427 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 266 (WNC!; as
SC-V; S2S3, G3.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Aug. Thornhill 4, 476, 612 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 322 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Jun–Jul. Thornhill 544, 710, 760 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 184 (WNC!), Wilbur 53705 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Abundant. Apr–Oct. Thornhill 2, 199, 260, 315, 321, 412 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 80 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53707 (DUKE!), Wyland s.n. (NCSC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Occasional. Jun–Sep. Thornhill 365, 404, 610, 671 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 135 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53715 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Dry woodlands, woodland borders, and openings.
Jun–Sep. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Bradley 3388 (NCU!). [=
State E, Fed E; S3, G3.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and wet pine savannas (SPS-T), usually along margins of adjacent pond pine woodlands or pocosins.
Rare. May–Jun; Aug–Oct. Since only sterile individuals were seen on site by the senior author, no vouchers specimens were taken. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Holly Shelter: Sorrie 8452 (NCU!). [=
W1; S3, G3.
Wet pine savannas (WLPS).
Rare. May–Jun; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 310, 345 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Cooper 425 (WNC!), Taggart SARU 168 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent swamp margins.
Infrequent. Apr–Aug. Thornhill 561, 838 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 66 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
State E, Fed E; S2, G2.
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Late Jun–early Jul; Aug–Oct. LeBlond 474 (stored in personal collection of the collector), Sorrie 9502 (NCU!). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Ahles 58369 (NCU!), Gardner s.n. (NCU!), Taggart SARU 193 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), adjacent swamp margins.
Infrequent. Apr–May; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 950, 1137 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 171 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 67085 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T) and adjacent roadsides.
Rare. Mar–Apr; May–Jun. Thornhill 1258 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 111 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Dry, acidic, rocky sites.
Mar–Apr; May–Jun. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 60087 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–May; Sep–Nov. Thornhill 93, 96, 155 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [O’Berry]: Taggart SARU 17 (WNC!). [=
Pine savannas.
Apr–Jun; Apr–Jul. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 83 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Mesic pine savannas.
Apr–May; Jul–Aug. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 558 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 63776 (DUKE!). [< RAB; = Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (VWLPS), particularly along margins of adjacent swamps.
Rare. May–Jul; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 1251 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 330 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55296 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods, mesic pine savannas.
Late Apr–early Jun; Jun–Jul. Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve by the senior author. Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 227 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), particularly along roadsides or disturbed areas.
Infrequent. Apr–May; late May–Jul. Thornhill 200, 220, 1285, 123, 198, 444 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 335 (WNC!; as R. argutus). [>
Scrapes in wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), roadsides, and other dryish, disturbed areas.
Infrequent. Jun–Dec. Thornhill 900 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 351 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), particularly along or near adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Jun–Dec. Thornhill 280, 596, 984 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 136 (WNC!), Wilbur 53698 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and adjacent swamps.
Infrequent. May–Jun; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 835, 1262 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [RMK]: Taggart SARU 133 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF), adjacent roadsides, margins of borrow pits.
Infrequent. Aug–Oct. Thornhill 903, 1115 (NCSC). [= RAB, Weakley]
Borrow pits within and roadside thickets adjacent to wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Rare. Mar–Apr. Thornhill 243 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 254 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 63778, 63786, 63789, 67090 (DUKE!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Parasitic on various trees (frequently on
Infrequent. Oct–Nov(–Mar); Nov–Jan(–May). Thornhill 90 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 562 (WNC!; as
Mesic pine savannas (MPS-CP), wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS), roadsides.
Abundant. Jan–Mar; Apr–Jul. If one chooses to recognize varieties within
W5B; S3S4, G5?.
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent Mar–Apr; May–Jun. Thornhill 115, 137, 342, 343, 359, 391 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run: Taggart SARU 56 (WNC!), Wyland s.n. (NCSC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Apr–May; Jun–Jul. Thornhill 114, 130, 174 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 81 (WNC!), Wyland s.n. (NCSC!). [<
W5B; S3, G4T3T4.
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T).
Apr–May; Jun–Jul. Reported from Shaken Creek Preserve by
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mar–May; Aug–Sep. Thornhill 144, 765 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 55258 (DUKE!); Sandy Run [Patterson]: Taggart SARU 52 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (SPS-RF, VWLPS), adjacent roadsides.
Frequent. Late May–Sep; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 482, 547, 594, 949 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 373 (WNC!); Sandy Run [Neck]: Wilbur 53634, 57633 (DUKE!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF).
Occasional. Jul–Sep; Sep–Oct. Thornhill 306 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 214 (WNC!). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
W7; S2?, G4G5.
Margin of pine savanna (VWLPS) and adjacent swamp.
Rare. Apr–May. Thornhill 1261 (NCSC). [>
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mar–May. Thornhill 109, 1254 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 109 (WNC!). [<
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Feb–May. Thornhill 85 (NCSC). [<
Wet pine savannas (SPS-T, SPS-RF, WLPS, VWLPS).
Frequent. Mar–May. Thornhill 75, 91, 175 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 5 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (VWLPS).
Infrequent. Apr. Thornhill 86, 88, 106, 110 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Haw’s Run]: Taggart SARU 54 (WNC!; as
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Infrequent. Late Mar–early May. Thornhill 95, 139 (NCSC). [< RAB; = Weakley]
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS).
Occasional. Mar–May. Thornhill 122, 1257, 1260 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Neck]: LeBlond 1938 (NCU!; as
Wet pine flatwoods (WPF-T), margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and adjacent swamps.
Infrequent. May–Jul; Jul–Aug. Thornhill 974 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 200 (WNC!). [= RAB, Weakley]
Wet pine savannas (WLPS, VWLPS), particularly along swamp margins or near roadsides.
Infrequent. May–Jun; Aug–Oct. Thornhill 331, 1092, 1240 (NCSC). Specimens seen in the vicinity: Sandy Run [Hancock]: Taggart SARU 203 (WNC!). [<
1 | Plant reproducing by spores |
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– | Plant reproducing by seeds |
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2 | (1’.) Seeds borne on cones (fleshy and berry-like in |
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– | Seeds borne in fruits; leaves various |
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3 | (2’.) Plant exhibiting ≥ 2 of the following characters: cotyledon 1; stem vascular bundles scattered; leaves parallel veined; floral parts in 3s |
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– | Plant exhibiting ≥ 2 of the following characters: cotyledons 2; stem vascular bundles in a ring; leaves not parallel veined; floral parts in 4s or 5s |
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Key adapted from
1 | Leaves simple, scale-like, < 2 cm long, each leaf with 1, unbranched vein; sporangia borne in strobili at the tips of shoots |
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– | Leaves pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, “ferny”, > 2 cm long, each leaf bearing numerous pinnately-branched veins; sporangia borne in sori on the undersides of modified or unmodified pinnae |
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2 | (1.) Strobili cylindrical, 3–20 mm wide; spores of one size; sporophylls of similar size |
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– | Strobili quadrangular or flattened, 1–2.5(–3.5) mm wide; spores dimorphic, megaspores larger and borne in larger sporangia than microspores; sporophylls somewhat dimorphic, the basal (megasporophylls) usually larger than proximal (microsporophylls) | |
3 | (1’.) Stipules present, wing-like; sori and indusia lacking |
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– | Stipules absent; sori and indusia present (only false indusia apparent in |
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4 | Sori borne along midribs of pinnae and pinnules, discrete, in chainlike rows, with true indusia; leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid, pinnae lacking distinct caudate tips | |
– | Sori marginal, essentially continuous, covered by false indusia; leaves triangular to ovate in outline, 2-pinnate, pinnae with distinct caudate tips |
Key adapted from
Note: Understanding some basic terminology is critical to the successful use of the following keys to Pteridophytes families, genera, and species.
1 | Sterile and fertile leaves dissimilar, fertile taller and with much narrower pinnae; sterile leaves pinnatifid, pinnae therefore appearing connected at the bases; sterile pinnae finely serrate, unlobed, with veins forming two or more rows of areoles (interconnecting loops) between the midribs and the margins |
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– | Sterile and fertile leaves similar; sterile leaves pinnate, pinnae therefore separate; sterile pinnae entire, pinnatifid, with veins forming a single row of areoles between the midribs and the margins |
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Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Erect stems not strongly differentiated, peduncle bearing leaves of similar size to (or only slightly smaller than) those of the strobilus; leaves of the erect stem spirally arranged, not reduced to scales, spreading, overlapping; leaves of the horizontal stem 0.5–1.2 mm wide, ciliate-denticulate or entire |
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– | Erect stems strongly differentiated into a nearly bare peduncle and a leafy strobilus; leaves of the erect stem whorled, reduced, scale-like, usually appressed, not overlapping; leaves of the horizontal stem 1.3–2.1 mm wide, entire |
Key adapted from
1 | Fertile leaves of strobilus spreading at maturity, toothed, some or all teeth ≥ 0.3 mm long; strobili 12–20 mm wide, 3–6 mm wider than subtending stem; horizontal stems strongly arching |
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– | Fertile leaves of strobilus appressed at maturity, entire or with teeth < 0.3 mm long; strobili 3–6 mm wide, 0–2 mm wider than subtending stem; horizontal stems appressed to ground throughout their length |
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Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Fertile leaves dimorphic, lower pinnae sterile, relatively broad, upper pinnae fertile, reduced; sterile leaves 2-pinnate, lacking tufts of orangish hairs near base of pinnae | |
– | Fertile leaves monomorphic, all pinnae fertile, reduced; sterile leaves pinnate-pinnatifid, with persistent tufts of orangish hairs near base of pinnae |
Key adapted from
1 | Leaves scale-like or needle-like, < 1.5 cm long, not in fascicles; cones berry-like or woody, scales valvate or imbricate, if imbricate then leaves opposite and scale-like; seeds 1–3 per scale |
|
– | Leaves needle-like, (10–)12–45 cm long, in fascicles of 2–3 leaves; cones woody, scales imbricate; seeds 2 per scale |
Key adapted from
1 | Leaves linear, 3–17 mm long, alternate, deciduous; cones woody; seeds (1–)2 per scale |
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– | Leaves scale-like, 1–3 mm long, opposite or whorled, evergreen; cones berry-like or woody; seeds 1–2(–3) per scale |
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2 | Plants monoecious; mature female cones woody, 4–9 mm broad; branchlets generally arrayed in one plane, creating a “fan-like” appearance | |
– | Plants dioecious; mature female cones fleshy and berry-like, 3–6(–7) mm broad; branchlets arrayed in numerous planes, creating a “bushy” appearance |
Key adapted from
1 | Leaves mostly vertically ascending, appressed and overlapping, spirally arranged; branchlets ascending from twigs, secundly erect; bark 1–2.5 cm thick, furrowed, dark-brown, not exfoliating; larger knees short, rarely > 4 dm tall, with thick, compact bark on top; trees of isolated depressions, wet savannas, pocosins, other wet peaty habitats, and, less commonly, blackwater swamps |
|
– | Leaves pendent to horizontally spreading to laterally divergent, spirally arranged but generally appearing distichous (“featherlike”); bark < 1 cm thick, exfoliating in shreddy, orange-brown strips; larger knees often tall, frequently > 4 dm tall, with thin, shreddy bark on top; trees of blackwater swamps (and other habitats outside of SCP, including brownwater swamps, natural lakes, and millponds) |
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Cones about as broad as long, top-shaped, 3–6 cm long, serotinous; trunks typically producing adventitious sprouts (“epicormic branches”), especially in reponse to fire |
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– | Cones distinctly longer than broad, not top-shaped, collectively (5–)6–25 cm long, not serotinous; trunks not producing adventitious sprouts |
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2 | (1’.) Leaves 20–45 cm long; mature seed cones 15–25 cm long; terminal buds ovoid, 3–4 cm long, scales silvery white, margins fringed |
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– | Leaves (10–)12–20(–23) cm long; mature seed cones 6–18(–20) cm long; terminal buds cylindric, 1–2 cm long, silvery brown or reddish brown, margins fringed or entire |
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3 | (2’.) Seed cones glossy, on stalks 1.5–3 cm long; leaves dark green, glossy, in fascicles of 2 and 3 | * |
– | Seed cones dull, sessile; leaves yellowish-green, dull, in fascicles of (2)3 |
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Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant an epiphyte; roots absent | |
– | Plant terrestrial or aquatic, not an epiphyte; roots present |
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2 | (1’.) Plant a vine or liana, climbing by twining or by stipular tendrils |
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– | Plant an herb or shrub, erect or prostrate, but not climbing |
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3 | (2.) Plant climbing by twining; leaves with 9–11 palmate veins; ovary inferior; fruit a capsule | |
– | Plant climbing by stipular tendrils; leaves with 3–5 palmate veins; ovary superior; fruit a berry | |
4 | (2’.) Primary inflorescences of (1–)2–many-flowered spikelets (consisting of reduced flowers, each subtended by 1–many scales, scales spirally or distichously arranged), spikelets variously arranged in dense to diffuse spikes, racemes, or panicles; perianth absent or reduced to chaff, scales, bristles, or paddle-like structures; fruit 1-seeded; [grasses and sedges] |
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– | Primary inflorescences not of spikelets; perianth present, large or small but not reduced to chaff, scales, bristles, or paddle-like structures (reduced to scales in |
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5 | (4.) Margins of leaf sheaths fused from base to apex, not split apically (rarely and irregularly split in age); culms solid, usually triangular in cross-section; leaves 3-ranked (reduced to sheaths and not evidently 3-ranked in |
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– | Margins of leaf sheaths not fused from base to apex, split (and generally overlapping) apically; culms usually solid, terete in cross-section; leaves usually 2-ranked; fruit usually subtended by 2 scales (lemma and palea) |
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6 | (4’.) Leaves terminating in a stiff, spinose apex, margins fraying into twisted, filamentous threads; plants woody or suffrutescent | Agavacaeae [ |
– | Leaves not terminating in a stiff, spinose apex, margins not fraying into filamentous threads; plants herbaceous |
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7 | (6’.) Leaves 3, whorled at apex of stem, closely subtending flower; flowers solitary | |
– | Leaves various but not as above; flowers usually numerous, rarely solitary |
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8 | (7’.) Inflorescences of dense, white, gray, or yellowish-tan heads; flowers small, individually indistinct |
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– | Inflorescences various, not of dense, white or grayish heads; flowers relatively large, or small but individually distinct |
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9 | (8’.) Inflorescence of variously shaped, compact spikes terminating a scape; flowers and fruits subtended by imbricate scales; petals yellow, strongly clawed, blade flat, opening and withering within 1 day | |
– | Inflorescence not as above; flowers and fruits not subtended by imbricate scales; petals not yellow, or if yellow then campanulate and remaining open > 1 day |
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10 | (9’.) Ovary superior or partly inferior |
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– | Ovary inferior |
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11 | (10.) Sepals and petals bract-like, chartaceous (with a dry, papery texture), persistent and not withering even after fruiting | |
– | Sepals and petals not bract-like, membranous to subcoriaceous, not persistent, or persistent but withering before fruiting, variously colored but not brown or green (green or greenish-yellow in |
|
12 | (11’.) Sepals and petals conspicuously clawed, predominantly crimson (rarely pinkish), bases yellow and often with purplish spots | |
– | Sepals and petals not clawed, white, yellow, green, blue, purple, or pinkish, bases not differentiated in color, lacking purplish spots |
|
13 | (12’.) Flowers axillary, 1–3 per stem; perianth green or greenish-yellow | |
– | Flowers borne in spikes, racemes, panicles, thyrses, or umbels, many per stem; perianth white, yellow, blue, purple, or pinkish |
|
14 | (13’.) Inflorescence an umbel; perianth purple to pinkish | |
– | Inflorescence a spike, raceme, panicle, or thyrse; perianth white, yellow, or orange |
|
15 | (14’.) Flowers imperfect, plants dioecious; staminate inflorescence a raceme (rarely a spike), pistillate inflorescence a raceme or spike; leaves oblanceolate, 1.5–6 cm wide | |
– | Flowers perfect, plants hermaphroditic; inflorescence a raceme, thyrse, or panicle; leaves linear or lanceolate, < 2.8 cm wide |
|
16 | (15’.) Perianth campanulate, outer surface farinose (with a mealy texture) | |
– | Perianth broadly spreading, outer surface not farinose |
|
17 | (16’.) Leaves radial, to 32 mm wide; inflorescences panicles or racemes; tepals with greenish or yellow glands at base, or glands absent |
|
– | Leaves equitant (sometimes somewhat radial in |
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18 | (10’.) Roots and rhizomes red; perianth densely wooly | |
– | Roots and rhizomes brown, black, white, or yellowish; perianth glabrous or pilose basally, not densely wooly |
|
19 | (18’.) Perianth zygomorphic |
|
– | Perianth actinomorphic |
|
20 | (19’.) Perianth yellow | |
– | Perianth blue, purple, or white |
|
21 | (20’.) Plants very slender, inconspicuous even when flowering; perianth 2–6 mm long, connate from base to near apex, lobes 0.3–0.5 mm long; flowers in capitate clusters or solitary | |
– | Plants somewhat slender to robust, conspicuous, at least when flowering; perianth 5–100+ mm long, distinct, or connate only basally with perianth lobes ≥ 5 mm long; flowers in spikes, in fascicles within spathes, or solitary |
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Key adapted from
1 | Achenes enclosed in a perigynium; flowers unisexual |
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– | Achenes not enclosed in a perigynium; flowers unisexual or bisexual |
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2 | (1’.) Achene white or grayish, subtended by a hypogynium (a distinctive collar or ridge of a different texture or color than the achene body) or not |
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– | Achene brown, red, or tannish, not subtended by a hypogynium |
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3 | (2’.) Leaves absent; spikes 1 per culm, terminal |
|
– | Leaves present; spikes ≥ 1 per culm, terminal or axillary |
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4 | (3’.) Spikelet scales distichous |
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– | Spikelet scales spirally arranged, imbricate |
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5 | (4.) Inflorescence axillary; leaves prominently 3-ranked, cauline; perianth bristles 6–9 | |
– | Inflorescence terminal; leaves not noticeably 3-ranked, predominantly basal; perianth bristles absent |
|
6 | (5’.) Inflorescence unbranched; spikes 1–4, sessile; spikelet scales 1–3, conspicuously keeled | |
– | Inflorescence branched; spikes usually numerous, pedunculate; spikelet scales 5–many, rounded |
|
7 | (4’.) Style base hardened, differentiated from achene body, persistent as a tubercle at apex of achene |
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– | Style base not as above; tubercle absent |
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8 | (7.) Apex of leaf sheaths fimbriate-ciliate; perianth bristles absent; leaves capillary, 0.5 mm wide |
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– | Apex of leaf sheaths glabrous; perianth bristles usually present; leaves capillary or broad, 0.5–15 mm wide |
|
9 | (7’.) Perianth bristles present |
|
– | Perianth bristles absent |
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10 | (9.) Perianth scales 3, stalked, paddle-shaped; perianth bristles 3 |
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– | Perianth scales absent; perianth bristles usually 4–8 |
|
11 | 11. (10’.) Culm strongly 3-sided, edges sharp; cauline leaves absent; inflorescence congested; inflorescence bract 1, appearing as a continuation of the culm | |
– | Culms terete or with rounded edges; cauline leaves 5–10; inflorescence diffuse, nodding; inflorescence bracts numerous, the largest appearing similar to cauline leaves |
|
12 | (9’.) Style fringed along margins |
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– | Style entire along margins |
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13 | (12’.) Culms > 50 cm tall; inflorescence branched; spikes numerous, some pedunculate; plant perennial |
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– | Culm 1–25 cm tall; inflorescence unbranched; spikes 1–3, sessile; plant annual |
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Key adapted from
1 | Inflorescence diffuse, umbelliform, not exceeded by bracts; spikelets pedicellate, fertile scales 1–1.3 mm long | |
– | Inflorescence compact, more-or-less capitate, exceeded by at least some bracts; spikelets typically sessile (rarely a few short-pedicellate), fertile scales 3–4 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
1 | Perigynia and leaf sheaths glaucous; plants fruiting Jul–Aug |
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– | Perigynia and leaf sheaths not glaucous; plants collectively fruiting late Mar–Jul |
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2 | (1’.) Style deciduous, jointed at base |
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– | Style persistent, not jointed at base |
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3 | (2.) Spikes solitary, similar, androgynous (staminate flowers above the pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence); perigynia 0.8–1.3 mm wide; pistillate scales whitish |
|
– | Spikes numerous, dissimilar, terminal spikes staminate or rarely gynecandrous (staminate flowers below the pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence), narrow, lateral spikes pistillate, broader; perigynia 1.2–3.3 mm wide; pistillate scales reddish, yellow, brown, or green (margins white in |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaf blades 12–14 mm wide; perigynia 25–32-veined |
|
– | Leaf blades 0.8–7.2 mm wide; perigynia 0–22-veined |
|
5 | (4’.) Perigynia veinless, 2.7–3.1 mm long, 0.8–1.1 mm wide; pistillate scale margins white, differentiated from scale body; culms 10–45 cm long |
|
– | Perigynia 8–22-veined, 3.5–9 mm long, 1.2–3.3 mm wide; pistillate scale margins yellowish, brown or green, not distinctly whitened and differentiated from scale body; culms 30–110(–125) cm long |
|
6 | (5’.) Perigynia conspicuously red-dotted, well-spaced along rachis, 1–3 mm apart, rachis clearly visible between perigynia; spikes nodding or erect |
|
– | Perigynia not red-dotted, congested on rachis, rachis not visible between perigynia; spikes erect |
|
7 | (6’.) All perigynia ascending; pistillate spikes cylindrical, 2.5–3.5 cm long |
|
– | Basal perigynia strongly reflexed; pistillate spikes subgloblose to short-cylindric, 0.8–1.1 cm long |
|
8 | (2’.) Perigynia narrowly ovate, tapering somewhat abruptly and forming a distinct, narrowed beak, 7–11-veined, 5.6–8.8 mm long, 2.5–3.5 times as long as wide |
|
– | Perigynia lanceolate, gradually tapering to the apex and not forming a distinct, narrowed beak, 20–26 veined, (8.3–)10.5–13.5(–15) mm long, 4–7 times as long as wide |
|
Key adapted from
References:
Fig.
1 | Culms 1–3 m tall, 5–10 mm wide; leaf blades 5–11 mm wide, margins harshly scabrous, the teeth apparent without magnification; rhizomes short, upright stems therefore forming dense clumps |
|
– | Culms 0.3–1 m tall, 1–2 mm wide; leaf blades 2–3 mm wide, margins and lower surface of midvein smooth to slightly scabrous, the teeth (when present) visible only with magnification; rhizomes creeping, the upright stems therefore scattered in loose colonies |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Spikelets borne in open, digitate clusters; leaves usually reduced to sheaths |
|
– | Spikelets borne in dense, headlike clusters or spicately along a conspicuous rachis (rachis only 2–5 mm long and therefore somewhat inconspicuous in |
|
2 | (1’.) Culms obtusely trigonous to terete, scaberulous; adaxial leaf blade surface densely hirtellous (bearing small, stiff hairs); spikes turbinate (top-shaped: broadest at apex, narrowing to base), most spikelets reflexed (distalmost may be spreading), proximal nearly parallel to inflorescence ray (peduncle), inflorescence rays scaberulous | |
– | Culms sharply trigonous, glabrous; adaxial leaf blade surface glabrous; spikes cylindric or globose, spikelets spreading or ascending (proximal spikelets may be somewhat reflexed but never nearly parallel to inflorescence ray), inflorescence rays glabrous |
|
3 | (2’.) Spikelets with (8–)16–36(–42) scales, scales strongly distichous, spreading, deciduous | |
– | Spikelets with (1–)2–5(–6) scales, scales not strongly distichous, appressed, persistent |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaf blades flat in cross-section; spikelets (10–)30–50, 4–8 mm long; achene 2–2.4 mm long | |
– | Leaf blades V- or M-shaped in cross section; spikelets 40–120, 2.2–4(–4.5) mm long; achene 1.2–1.7 mm long |
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Culm as broad or broader than spike, nodose-septate |
|
– | Culm narrower than spike, not nodose-septate |
|
2 | (1’.) Achenes coarsely reticulate, tubercle at least as long and wide as achene, 0.9–1.7(–2.4) mm long, 0.7–2(–2.2) mm wide; plants not producing vegetative proliferations at the tips of arching culms |
|
– | Achenes smooth to finely reticulate, tubercle not nearly as long and wide as achene, 0.1–0.5 mm long, 0.1–0.8 mm wide; plants producing vegetative proliferations at the tips of arching culms or not |
|
3 | (2’.) Spike (2–)5–13 mm long, (2–)3–4 mm wide; styles 2- or 3-fid; perianth bristles exceeding tubercle; achenes lenticular, 0.9–1.2(–1.3) mm long, 0.7–0.9 mm wide |
|
– | Spike 1–2 mm long, 0.5–2 mm wide; styles 3-fid; perianth bristles shorter than or equaling achene; achenes trigonous or subterete, 0.5–0.9 mm long, 0.1–0.5 mm wide |
|
4 | (3’.) Floral scales distichous, (1.5–)2–5 mm long |
|
– | Floral scales spirally imbricate, 0.8–1.5 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plants perennial, rhizomatous; culms to 100 cm tall, bases swollen; fertile scales 2.5–3.5 mm long, puberulent at least distally |
|
– | Plants annual, not rhizomatous; culms 5–50 cm tall, bases not swollen; fertile scales 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous |
|
2 | (1’.) Styles 2-fid; achene lenticular; culms 5–50 cm tall; leaf blades 1–1.5(–2) mm wide | |
– | Styles 3-fid; achene trigonous; culms 5–20(–30) cm tall; leaf blades 1–3 mm wide |
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Plants perennial, rhizomatous; perianth bristles < ½ length of achene body, usually smooth |
|
– | Plants annual, cespitose; perianth bristles > ½ length of achene body, retrorsely-barbellate |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Tubercle 10–20(–21) mm long; styles simple or bifid apically; plants robust, 0.8–2 m tall |
|
– | Tubercle < 3 mm long; styles 2; plants slender, usually ≤ 1 m tall |
|
2 | (1.) Bristles shorter than achene body |
|
– | Bristles greatly exceeding (ca. 2× longer than) achene body |
|
3 | (1’.) Inflorescence bracts basally white, apically green, broad, numerous |
|
– | Inflorescence bracts green throughout (golden or brown in age), slender to broad, 1–numerous |
|
4 | (3.) Basal inflorescence bract (1.4–)2–5 mm wide, the white portion (2.5–)9–25 mm long, forming a diffuse, irregular boundary at junction with green portion; achene 1.0–1.2 mm wide, tubercle decurrent onto margins of achene; plants to 0.7 m tall |
|
– | Basal inflorescence bract 5–12 mm wide, the white portion 22–55 mm long, forming an abrupt boundary at junction with green portion; achene 1.2–1.5 mm wide, tubercle truncate at base; plants to 1 m tall |
|
5 | (3’.) Bristles plumose at least basally; leaf blades ≤ 1.5 mm wide |
|
– | Bristles not plumose, or bristles absent; leaf blades of various widths, 0.2–7 mm wide |
|
6 | (5.) Spikelets 2–4 mm long, sessile, usually densely clustered; achene 1.4–1.8 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm wide; leaves filiform to linear, to 1.5 mm wide |
|
– | Spikelets (4–)5–8 mm long, at least some stalked, solitary or loosely clustered; achene 1.7–2.6 mm long, 1.2–2.0 mm wide; leaves filiform, 0.2–0.3 mm wide |
|
7 | (6’.) Achene 1.7–2.0 mm long, 1.2–1.5 mm wide, apex broadly rounded at tubercle base, bristles < ½ length of achene body |
|
– | Achene 1.9–2.6 mm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide, apex constricted at tubercle base, bristles ≥ ¾ length of achene body |
|
8 | (5’.) Bristles retrorsely barbed |
|
– | Bristles antrorsely barbed or entire, or bristles absent |
|
9 | (8.) Achene 1.1–1.8 mm wide |
|
– | Achene 0.65–0.95 mm wide |
|
10 | (9.) Achenes 1(2) per spikelet, 2.1–2.6 mm long; leaf blades 1.5–3 mm wide |
|
– | Achenes (1)2(3) per spikelet, 1.5–2.0 mm long; leaf blades 2.5–5 mm wide |
|
11 | (9’.) Spikelets mostly pale reddish-brown, spreading to erect, in turbinate to hemispheric clusters; achene 1.6–1.8 mm; tubercle < 0.5 mm wide at base |
|
– | Spikelets dark reddish-brown, lowest usually reflexed, in mostly globose clusters; achene 1.3–1.6 mm long; tubercle ≥ 0.5 mm wide at base |
|
12 | (8’.) Achene surface smooth, faintly striate, or remotely pitted |
|
– | Achene surface horizontally ridged or wrinkled, or faintly to strongly reticulate |
|
13 | (12.) Bristles 12 |
|
– | Bristles 0–6 |
|
14 | (13’.) Leaf margin long-ciliate, apex bluntly acute |
|
– | Leak margin entire or short-pubescent on the margins, apex long-acuminate | 15 |
15 | (14’.) Spikelet scales white or whitish; bristles absent, or bristles 1–3 and reduced |
|
– | Spikelet scales tan, reddish, or brown; bristles present, if reduced then 4–6 |
|
16 | (15.) Achene 1.0–1.2 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm wide, smooth; base of plant not bulbous, not enveloped in bladeless sheaths |
|
– | Achene 1.4–1.8 mm long, 1.2–1.5 mm wide, finely vertically striate; base of plant bulbous, enveloped in bladeless sheaths |
|
17 | (15’.) Achene 0.6–0.9 mm wide, tubercle margin setose |
|
– | Achene > 1 mm wide, tubercle margins entire or roughened but not setose |
|
18 | (17’.) Tubercle 1.0–2.6 mm long |
|
– | Tubercle 0.2–0.8 mm long |
|
19 | (18’.) Bristles ≤ ½ length of achene body |
|
– | Bristles > ½ length of achene body |
|
20 | (19.) Leaf blades ≤ 1 mm wide; culms 20–45 cm tall |
|
– | Leaf blades 2–4 mm wide; culms 100–150 cm tall | |
21 | (19’.) Basal leaf blades (at least some) nearly as long as the culm, ≤ 1.3 mm wide |
|
– | Basal leaf blades conspicuously shorter than culm, 1.3–4.0 mm wide |
|
22 | (21’.) Achene suborbicular, 1.2–1.5 mm wide, longer bristles less than half (rarely exceeding) length of achene body; larger basal leaves 1.3–2.5 mm wide |
|
– | Achene elliptic, 1.1–1.3 mm wide, longer bristles equaling or exceeding length of achene body; larger basal leaf blades 2–4 mm wide | |
23 | (12’.) Culm and leaf blades filiform, 0.2–0.5 mm wide |
|
– | Culm and leaf blades broader, not filiform, > 0.5 mm wide |
|
24 | (23.) Achene 1.3–1.6 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm wide, tubercle triangular, 0.3–0.6 mm long, bristles present (readily apparent at 10× magnification) |
|
– | Achene 0.5–0.9 mm long, 0.5–0.7 mm wide; tubercle button-like or short conic, 0.1–0.2 mm long, bristles absent (or present in |
|
25 | (24’.) Achene elliptical, including tubercle 1.0–1.2 mm long, tubercle short conic, rounded apically, bristles present (though not readily apparent at 10× magnification) |
|
– | Achene obovate, including tubercle 0.6–0.9 mm long, tubercle button-like, flat or nearly so apically, bristles absent |
|
26 | (25’.) Achene smooth or weakly reticulate, not prominently transversely ridged |
|
– | Achene prominently horizontally ridged |
|
27 | (23’.) One or both achene faces flat to concave |
|
– | Both achene faces convex |
|
28 | (27.) Achene narrowly elliptical, ≥ 2× as long as broad, tubercle subulate, 0.8–1.2 mm long |
|
– | Achene broadly elliptical to obovate, ≤ 2× as long as broad, tubercle triangular, 0.2–0.4 mm long |
|
29 | (28’.) Achene 1.3–1.8 mm long, 0.9–1.2 mm wide, faces flat, 10–12-ridged |
|
– | Achene 0.8–1.4 mm long, 0.7–1.2 mm wide, faces slightly biconvex, 6–12-ridged |
|
30 | (29’.) Achene faces averaging 8–12 ridges, tubercle base usually convex upon achene, decurrent along achene margins; spikelet clusters elongate | |
– | Achene faces averaging 6–7 ridges, tubercle base usually flat across achene, not decurrent along achene margins; spikelet clusters usually congested | |
31 | (27’.) Achene 1.4–2.5 mm wide, apex ( |
|
– | Achene 0.7–1.5 mm wide, apex neither thickened nor rim-like ( |
|
32 | (31.) Achene 2.0–2.7 mm long, 2.0–2.5 mm wide | |
– | Achene 1.5–1.8 mm long, 1.4–1.7 mm wide | |
33 | (31’.) Bristles absent; achenes 0.7–1.0 mm long |
|
– | Bristles present (sometimes deciduous in |
|
34 | (33.) Tubercle crescent-shaped, broader than long, 0.1–0.3 mm long; achene strongly transversely rugose |
|
– | Tubercle conical to subulate, as long as broad or longer, ≥ 0.5 mm long; achene weakly transversely rugose |
|
35 | (33’.) Bristles longer than or equaling tubercle |
|
– | Bristles shorter than or equaling achene body |
|
36 | (35.) Tubercle 0.2–0.3 mm long, margins smooth | |
– | Tubercle 0.4–0.8 mm long, margins edges setose or bearing irregular, waxy protuberances |
|
37 | (36’.) Achene broadly obovoid to suborbicular, 1.2–1.6 mm wide, with prominent horizontal ridges; leaf blades 4–7 mm wide |
|
– | Achene narrowly obovoid, 0.8–1.1(–1.2) mm wide, lacking horizontal ridges or with horizontal ridges poorly developed; leaf blades 3–5 mm wide |
|
38 | (35’.) Achene lenticular in cross-section, faces slightly convex, bristles ≥ ½ as long as achene body (sometimes exceeding achene body in |
|
– | Achene narrowly to broadly elliptical in cross-section, faces broadly convex or round, bristles ≤ ¾ length of achene body |
|
39 | (38.) Achene faces averaging 8–12 ridges, tubercle base usually convex upon achene, decurrent along achene margins; spikelet clusters elongate | |
– | Achene faces averaging 6–7 ridges, tubercle base usually flat across achene, not decurrent along achene margins; spikelet clusters usually congested | |
40 | (38’.) Alveoli (surface cells of achene body) narrow, longer than wide, horizontal walls raised, forming horizontal ridges across achene body, tubercle 0.2–0.4 mm long, 0.5–0.7 mm wide at base |
|
– | Alveoli nearly as wide as long, horizontal walls not or only slightly raised, not forming ridges horizontal across achene body, tubercle 0.35–0.7 mm long, 0.7–0.9 mm wide at base |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Figs
1 | Fertile culms erect; sheaths of proximal leaves red-brown to green; inflorescence terminal; perianth bristles conspicuous, exceeding spikelet scales at maturity |
|
– | Fertile culms reclining; sheaths of proximal leaves whitish; inflorescence terminal and axillary in 2–3 distal leaves; perianth bristles inconspicuous, not or only slightly exceeding spikelet scales at maturity |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Achene base tapering, essentially continuous with achene body, indented or with small pits, hypogynium (a distinctive collar or ridge at achene base that differs in texture or color from achene body) absent |
|
– | Achene base rounded or truncate, abruptly differentiated from achene body by gap or zone of different color or texture, hypogynium present |
|
2 | (1.) Spikelet clusters 2–9, well-spaced along rachis; spikelets 2–3(–4) mm long |
|
– | Spikelet clusters 1, terminal; spikelets 4–10 mm long |
|
3 | (2’.) Achene 3–4 mm long, base lacking granular pits in concave sides |
|
– | Achene 2–3 mm long, base with granular pits in concave sides |
|
4 | (1’.) Hypogynium minutely papillose and forming a continuous band, not divided into distinct tubercles or lobes |
|
– | Hypogynium with 3 or 6 distinct tubercles or with 3 lanceolate lobes |
|
5 | (4.) Leaf blades 1–3 mm wide; achene 1.5–2 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades (3–)5–9 mm wide; achene 2.0–3.3 mm long |
|
6 | (4’.) Hypogynium with 3 lanceolate lobes appressed to achene base |
|
– | Hypogynium with 3 or 6 distinct, papillose tubercles |
|
7 | (6’.) Achenes 1.5–2.0 mm long, tubercles 6, paired but distinctly separate |
|
– | Achenes 2.0–3.6 mm long, tubercles 3, often 2-lobed but fused, or 6 and achene > 2.5 mm long (in |
|
8 | (7’.) Achene 2.6–3.3(–3.6) mm long, 2.0–2.6 mm wide; larger leaf blades 3–7 mm wide; tubercles 3, 2-lobed, or 6, separate | |
– | Achene 2.0–2.5(–3.0) mm long, 1.5–2.0(–2.3) mm wide; larger leaf blades 1–3.5 mm wide, sheaths pubescent between and on nerves; tubercles 3, 2-lobed |
|
9 | (8’.) Culms and/or sheaths pubescent; leaf blades ciliate, ca. 2 mm wide; bracts ciliate; plants usually of loamy sands (e.g., ultisols) |
|
– | Culms, sheaths, blades, and bracts glabrous; leaf blades 1–3.5 mm wide; plants usually of sandy soils (e.g., spodosols) |
|
Key adapted from
Note: Measurements of achene length in the key below are taken from the base of the achene and include the hypogynium when present.
Fig.
1 | Scapes glabrous, 20–110 cm tall; base of leaf blades with evident lacunae (air spaces); roots septate |
|
– | Scapes pilose at least proximally, 15–40 cm tall; base of leaf blades lacking evident lacunae; roots not septate |
|
2 | (1’.) Scapes pubescent with eglandular hairs; roots dark, branched; heads pale gray to white; leaf blades gradually tapering through most of their lengths, bases not abruptly flared |
|
– | Scapes pubescent with at least some glandular hairs, especially distally; roots pale, unbranched; heads yellowish-tan to gray; leaf blades narrowly linear, abruptly flared at base |
Key adapted from
1 | Heads soft, compressed and nearly flattened when squeezed; leaves pale green, seldom exceeding scape sheath, apex attenuate to subulate |
|
– | Heads hard, little compressed when squeezed; leaves dark green, mostly exceeding scape sheath, apex acute to obtuse |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Mature inflorescence 4–7(–9) mm wide; scapes pilose throughout; seeds dull, longitudinal striations prominent at 10× magnification; leaf blades linear, 2.5–6(–12) cm wide at widest point, tapering gradually to the tip |
|
– | Mature inflorescence 3.5–4(–5) mm wide; scapes glabrous or glabrate distally; seeds lustrous, longitudinal striations obscure at 10× magnification; leaf blades narrowly linear, 1.5–4 cm wide at widest point, tapering abruptly to the tip |
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Leaves glabrous or glabrate with a few scattered hairs near base |
|
– | Leaves sparsely to densely pubescent, at least near base |
|
2 | (1.) Pedicel usually shorter than bracts; tepals usually ≤ 2× as long as ovary; ovary cylindric, glabrate or sparsely pubescent |
|
– | Pedicel usually > 2× as long as bracts; tepals much longer than ovary; ovary obconic, densely pubescent |
|
3 | (1’.) Tepals 1.5–2× as long as ovaries; seeds black, covered by a loose, iridescent membrane, surface pebbled (with rounded projections), (1.3–)1.4–2 mm in diam.; leaf blades 0.9–5 mm wide |
|
– | Tepals < 1.5× as long as ovaries; seeds brown, not covered by a membrane, surface minutely muricate (with pointed projections), 0.9–1.1(–1.3) mm in diam.; leaf blades (0.5–)0.7–2.1(–2.6) mm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Sepals and petals dissimilar, sepals larger, conspicuously marked with a patch of contrasting color (“signal”), petals smaller, of uniform color; style branches broad, petaloid, arching over basal portion of sepals; stems not winged |
|
– | Sepals and petals similar; styles filiform, not broad and petaloid, not arching over basal portion of sepals; stems frequently winged (inconspicuously so or uwinged in |
|
Key adapted from and
1 | Stems 5–15 cm tall; basal leaves 3–15 cm long, 0.3–1.3 cm wide, glaucous; rhizomes branches cord-like, narrower than parent rhizome |
|
– | Stems 30–100 cm tall; basal leaves 30–80 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, glaucous or not; rhizomes branches thick, similar in size to parent rhizome |
|
2 | (1’.) Basal leaves 30–50 cm long, 1.5–2.3 cm wide, glaucous; petals inconspicuous, hidden among sepal bases, 1–1.5(–2) cm long, 0.3–0.5 cm wide |
|
– | Basal leaves 60–80 cm long, 2.5–3 cm wide, not glaucous; petals conspicuous, 3–7 cm long, 1–3 cm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Tepals distinctly campanulate basally, flaring apically, maroon, pink, lavender, or yellow, with a maroon patch near the base; plants annual, usually < 20 cm tall (rarely to 36 cm tall); capsules tan with purplish sutures (and sometimes apex) | |
– | Tepals rotate to subrotate, flaring basally, blue to violet, lacking a maroon patch near the base; plants perennial, usually > 20 cm tall (to 45 cm tall); capsules tan or brown, lacking purplish streaking on sutures |
|
2 | (1’.) Inflorescences paired at stem apex (rarely actually solitary but often appearing so by the concealing of the inner inflorescence by a large, leaf-like bract), sessile (rarely outer borne on branch-like peduncle to 7 mm long), closely subtended and often enveloped by large leaf-like bract (often appearing nearly as a continuation of the stem) that frequently conceals the inner inflorescence; outer spathe bract connate 0–1.5 mm at base; stems 0.5-3.4 mm wide |
|
– | Inflorescences solitary, terminating stem or branch-like peduncles, not closely subtended and enveloped by a leaf-like bract; outer spathe bract connate 2–6 mm at base; stems 0.8–5 mm wide |
|
3 | Stems 1.3–3.4 mm wide, obviously winged; leaf bases not persistent in fibrous tufts |
|
– | Stems 0.5–1.0 mm wide, not or only obscurely winged; leaf bases persistent in fibrous tufts |
|
4 | (2’.) Leaf bases persistent in fibrous tufts |
|
– | Leaf bases not persistent in fibrous tufts |
|
5 | (4’.) Stems 2.3–5 mm wide; capsules 4–7 mm in diam. |
|
– | Stems 0.8–1.9 mm wide; capsules 2–4.1 mm in diam. |
|
Key adapted from
NOTE: The inflorescence of
Several unusual
Fig.
1 | Inflorescence appearing lateral, inflorescence bract terete, erect, appearing as a continuation of the culm |
|
– | Inflorescences appearing terminal, inflorescence bract flat, involute, or terete, erect or ascending, not appearing as a continuation of the culm |
|
2 | (1.) At least some sheaths at base of plant with well-developed blades; inflorescence bract channeled (with a narrow groove marking point at which blade edges have rolled together); capsules 1-locular, widely ovoid to nearly globose, 3.5–5 mm long |
|
– | Sheaths at base of plant lacking blades; inflorescence bract not channeled; capsules 3-locular, broadly ellipsoid to oblate, 1.5–3.2 mm long |
|
3 | (1’.) Leaf blades not septate |
|
– | Leaf blades septate (often difficult to detect in |
|
4 | (3.) Flowers borne in glomerules of 2 or more, not subtended by 2 bracteoles (though with bracteole at base of pedicel) |
|
– | Flowers borne singly, subtended by 2 bracteoles (in addition to bracteole at base of pedicel) |
|
5 | (4.) Plant creeping or ascending, aquatic, submersed portions sterile, emersed portions fertile; perianth 6–10 mm long |
|
– | Plant erect, terrestrial in wet to moist habitats; perianth < 6 mm long |
|
6 | (5’.) Widest leaf blade (2.6–)3.1–4.5(–5.4) mm wide, sheath of lowest leaf (3.2–)4.3–7.8(–9.7) cm long; tallest culm (27.2–)50.8–81.2(–100.7) cm tall; anthers exserted beyond tepals, (0.5–)0.6–1.0(–1.3) mm long; stem base (3.4–)5.8–9.6(–12.0) mm wide |
|
– | Widest leaf blade (1.3–)1.6–2.6(–3.5) mm wide, sheath of lowest leaf (1.7–)2.2–3.8(–4.7) cm long; tallest culm (19.2–)26.0–44.0(–56.8) cm tall; anthers hidden by tepals, (0.2–)0.3–0.5(–0.7) mm long; stem base (0.4–)2.0–4.4(–6.0) mm wide |
|
7 | (4’.) Plant annual, 0.5–4 dm tall; rhizomes absent; leaves flat; cauline leaves present |
|
– | Plant perennial, to 0.7–10 (usually >4) dm tall; rhizomes present; leaves terete, slightly channeled, or flat; cauline leaves present or absent |
|
8 | (7’.) Rhizomes short; leaves terete, slightly channeled or flat; cauline leaves absent; flowers not replaced by bulbils |
|
– | Rhizomes elongate; cauline leaves present; leaves terete; cauline leaves present; flowers often replaced by bulbils | |
9 | (3’.) Seeds 1.1–2.6 mm long, conspicuously tailed at both ends |
|
– | Seeds < 0.7 mm long, not tailed at both ends |
|
10 | (9.) Mature capsules brown to reddish brown, 3.0–4.0(–4.5) mm long, < 1.5 mm longer than perianth; seeds (including tails) 1.1–1.9 mm long; heads 5–50-flowered |
|
– | Mature capsules dark reddish-purple, 4.0–5.0 mm long, 2 mm longer than perianth; seeds (including tails) 1.8–2.6 mm long; heads 3–7-flowered |
|
11 | (9’.) Flowers solitary, often aborted and replaced by bulbils; inflorescence diffuse | |
– | Flowers borne in glomerules of 3 or more, rarely aborted; inflorescence diffuse to congested |
|
12 | (11’.) Heads spherical or nearly so, 20–60-flowered, 6–15 mm in diam. |
|
– | Heads turbinate to hemispherical, (1)2–20-flowered (rarely to 50-flowered in |
|
13 | (12.) Leaves flat or nearly so, linear to narrowly elliptical in cross section |
|
– | Leaves terete, round in cross section |
|
14 | (13.) Leaf septa incomplete (individual septa not spanning the width of the blade); apex of capsule united at maturity |
|
– | Leaf septa complete (individual septa spanning the width of the blade); apex of capsule splitting at maturity |
|
15 | (13’.) Rhizomes absent; tepals lanceolate | |
– | Rhizomes present (sometimes inconspicuous, short, hard, knotty); tepals lanceolate-subulate |
|
16 | (15’.) Uppermost cauline leaf blade (below inflorescence bract) lacking septa, conspicuously shorter than its sheath; inner tepals shorter than outer tepals |
|
– | Uppermost cauline leaf blade (below inflorescence bract) septate, as long as or longer than its sheath; tepals of similar length |
|
17 | (16’.) Heads lobed; mature capsules 2.0–3.0 mm long |
|
– | Heads globose, not lobed; mature capsule 3.0–4.5 mm long |
|
18 | (12’.) Mature capsules ≥ 2 mm longer than perianth, 4.0–5.2 mm long |
|
– | Mature capsules < 1.5 mm longer than perianth, 2.4–3.5(–4.0) mm long |
|
19 | (18’.) Heads 5–50; capsules stramineous, 2.8–3.5(–4) mm long; inner and outer tepals of similar length, 2.6–3.5(–3.9) mm long | |
– | Heads 40–100(–200); capsules chestnut-brown, 2.4–2.9 mm long; inner tepals (1.8–)2.4–2.8 mm long, shorter than outer tepals, outer tepals (2.2–)2.6–2.9 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Figs
1 | Inflorescence racemose |
|
– | Inflorescence paniculate |
|
2 | (1.) Basal leaves usually ≥ 4, (5–)7–10(–28) mm wide, not enclosed basally by a sheath; capsule ca. as long as broad, 5–7 mm long, 5–7 mm wide | |
– | Basal leaves 1–3, 2–7 mm wide, enclosed at base by a purple sheath 3–8 cm long; capsule ≥ 2× as long as broad, 7–9 mm long, 3–4 mm wide | |
3 | (1’.) Inflorescence axes scurfy-pubescent, rough to the touch | |
– | Inflorescence axes glabrous, smooth to the touch |
Key adapted from
1 | Perianth white to creamy white |
|
– | Perianth yellow to golden yellow |
|
2 | (1’.) Perianth campanulate or short-cylindric, 6–7 mm long, ≤ 2× as long as broad, lobes erect |
|
– | Perianth long-cylindric, 8–12 mm long, > 2.5× as long as broad, lobes slightly to strongly spreading |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Lip spurred; flowers white, yellow, or orange, numerous |
|
– | Lip not spurred; flowers white, pink, magenta, or purple, solitary to few, or numerous |
|
2 | (1’.) Flowers arranged in distinct spirals (often appearing 3–4 ranked if spiral is “tight”), white, relatively small, 3–5 mm wide |
|
– | Flowers not in distinct spirals, pink, magenta, or purple (rarely white, then most commonly in |
|
3 | (2’.) Flowers non-resupinate, lip oriented upwards, bearing numerous orange or yellow clavellate trichomes reminiscent of stamens |
|
– | Flowers resupinate, lip oriented downwards, not bearing numerous stamen-like trichomes |
|
4 | (3’.) Sepals brown to purple, (2.4–)3.0–6.5 cm long; leaf coriaceous |
|
– | Sepals pink (rarely white), 1.4–2.3 cm long; leaf herbaceous |
Key adapted from
1 | Flowers spaced < 1 cm apart, not fragrant, opening nearly simultaneously; leaf appressed to inflorescence at flowering |
|
– | Flowers spaced > 1 cm apart, faintly fragrant, opening sequentially; leaf not appressed to inflorescence at flowering |
|
2 | (1’.) Lateral sepals strongly falcate, 10–15 mm long, 5–9 mm wide; petals lanceolate to weakly pandurate (fiddle-shaped), falcate, 9–18 mm long, 3–5.5 mm wide, lip 9–13 mm long |
|
– | Lateral sepals straight to slightly falcate, 13–26 mm long, 5–16 mm wide; petals obpandurate (inversely fiddle-shaped), straight, 15–28 mm long, 4–14 mm wide, lip 11–23 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Column 21–25(–29) mm long, lip (26–)34–55 mm long, central keel with 1–3 continuous basal ridges; fresh flower with daffodil-like odor |
|
– | Column 13–19 mm long, lip 21–33(–38.5) mm long, central keel with 5–7 discontinuous basal ridges; fresh flower with vanilla odor |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Lip entire or minutely crenulate |
|
– | Lip prominently fringed |
|
2 | (1.) Flowers golden-yellow, spur 4–8 mm long, lip minutely crenulate |
|
– | Flowers white, spur 11–23 mm long, lip entire |
|
3 | (1’.) Flowers white |
|
– | Flowers orange |
|
4 | (3’.) Spur 20–35 mm long, longer than ovary, undivided segment of lip 8–12 mm long; ovary 12–27 mm long |
|
– | Spur 4–10 mm long, shorter than ovary, undivided segment of lip 4–6 mm long; ovary 7–13 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Adaxial surface of lip glabrous, prominently veined, veins greenish (rarely cream-colored or yellowish), divergent, terminally widened, extending almost to lip apex; plants flowering Mar–Jul |
|
– | Adaxial surface of lip glabrous or pubescent, veins absent or present, if present then neither prominent nor terminally widened, green or white, divergent or straight, extending to lip apex or not; plants flowering collectively Feb–Dec |
|
2 | (1’.) Lateral sepals widely diverging from base, 8–10 mm long; lip distinctly dilated basally, yellow centrally; inflorescence secund to twisted usually no more than 180° from bottom to top; plants flowering late Oct–Dec |
|
– | Lateral sepals spreading to appressed, not widely diverging from base, 3.8–10 mm long; lip not distinctly dilated basally, white or creamy centrally; inflorescence usually with several spiral cycles (rarely nearly secund); plants flowering Feb–Nov |
|
3 | (2’.) Lip apex laciniate-dentate; leaves usually linear with length/width ratio > 30 (rarely broader on stout, leafy plants > 1 m tall), present at flowering; plants 20–95(–100+) cm tall |
|
– | Lip apex undulate to crisped, occasionally ragged, not laciniate-dentate; leaves lanceolate to ovate to obovate, with length/width ratio < 30, present or absent at flowering; plants 10–65 cm tall |
|
4 | (3’.) Flowers relatively large, perianth 5–12 mm long, lip often darker centrally but not green or greenish yellow |
|
– | Flowers relatively small, perianth 3–5 mm long, lip green centrally |
|
5 | (4’.) Lateral sepals spatulate, green basally, white apically; leaves oblanceolate, usually present (but withering) at anthesis; flowering Feb–May |
|
– | Lateral sepals acuminate, white throughout; leaves obovate, absent at anthesis; flowering Jul–Oct(–Nov) |
|
Key adapted from
Figs
1 | Culm perennial, woody, often developing complex branching systems from the upper nodes; [tribe |
|
– | Culm annual or facultatively perennial, herbaceous, not developing complex branching systems from the upper nodes |
|
2 | (1’.) Spikelets almost always with 2 florets, lower floret in spikelet always sterile or staminate, frequently reduced to lemma or absent, upper floret bisexual, staminate, or sterile, unawned or awned from the lemma apices or, if lemmas bilobed, from the sinuses; glumes membranous and upper lemma stiffer than lower lemma, or both florets reduced and concealed by firm to leathery glumes; rachilla not prolonged beyond the second floret; [tribes |
|
– | Spikelets |
|
3 | (2.) Spikelets in sessile-pedicellate pairs, not arranged in obvious rows on 1 side of rachis; glumes stiff, coriaceous to indurate, usually subequal in length, one or usually both exceeding the upper floret (excluding awn); lemmas hyaline; paleas hyaline or absent; [tribe |
|
– | Spikelets solitary or if paired, then forming 2–4 obvious rows on 1 side of rachis; glumes flexible, membranous, lower glumes usually shorter than upper glumes or absent, upper glumes usually shorter than or nearly equaling upper floret; lower lemmas membranous; upper lemmas typically coriaceous to indurate, occasionally membranous; upper paleas similar in texture to upper lemmas; [tribe |
|
4 | (3.) Spikelets embedded in a thickened rachis | |
– | Spikelets not embedded in a thickened rachis |
|
5 | (4’.) Pedicellate spikelet perfect |
|
– | Pedicellate spikelet staminate, vestigial, or absent |
|
6 | (5’.) Leaf sheath auriculate at apex; inflorescences terminal, with elongate rachises and branches with numerous racemes; peduncles and branches not subtended by a modified leaf | |
– | Leaf sheath not auriculate at apex; inflorescences terminal and axillary, composed of clusters of 1–7(–13) racemes on a common peduncle; peduncles subtended by and often partially included in a modified leaf |
|
7 | (6’.) Racemes 2–7(–13) per peduncle; summit of raceme internodes generally flat, not strongly cup-shaped; lower glumes of sessile spikelets flat or concave |
|
– | Racemes 1 per peduncle; summit of raceme internodes strongly cup-shaped; lower glumes of sessile spikelets convex | |
8 | (3’.) Subterranean spikelets fertile; aerial spikelets sterile; leaf sheaths and blade surfaces hirsute, margins ciliate | |
– | Subterranean spikelets absent, aerial spikelets fertile; leaf sheaths, blades, and margins glabrous or variously pubescent |
|
9 | (8’.) Spikelets subtended by an involucre of 4–12 bristles | |
– | Spikelets not subtended by an involucre of bristles |
|
10 | (9’.) Upper glumes and lower lemmas conspicuously villous, hairs 0.6–1.5 mm long, purplish at maturity; upper lemmas and upper paleas cartilaginous, flexible at maturity, dark brown; upper lemma margins flat, hyaline | |
– | Upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous or pubescent, if pubescent then not conspicuously villous with purplish hairs 0.6–1.5 mm long; upper lemmas and upper paleas chartaceous or indurate, rigid at maturity, white, stramineous, or golden brown; upper lemma margins typically involute, not hyaline |
|
11 | (10’.) Spikelets in racemes, arranged in 2–4 conspicuous rows on one side of rachis |
|
– | Spikelets in panicles, not arranged in conspicuous rows on one side of rachis |
|
12 | (11’.) Basal leaves distinctly shorter and broader than cauline leaves, ovate to lanceolate, forming an over-wintering rosette | |
– | Basal leaves similar to cauline leaves, usually linear to lanceolate but varying from filiform to ovate not forming an over-wintering rosette |
|
13 | (12’.) Plants producing terminal panicles in spring; culms branching usually from middle and lower cauline nodes in summer, these branches further branching once or more by fall; upper florets not disarticulating at maturity | |
– | Plants producing terminal terminal panicles in late summer or fall; culms usually not branching from middle and lower cauline nodes or, if so, branches rarely further branched; upper florets disarticulating or not at maturity |
|
14 | (13’.) Plants annual, lacking rhizomes or hard, knotty crowns; spikelets tuberculate or not | |
– | Plants perennial, with either rhizomes or hard, knotty crowns; spikelets smooth, not tuberculate |
|
15 | (14’.) Plants with hard, knotty crowns, lacking rhizomes; upper lemmas 1.2–1.6 mm long | |
– | Plants with rhizomes; upper lemmas 1.6–4 mm long |
|
16 | (15’.) Culms slightly compressed below; ligules ≤ 0.5 mm long; spikelets subsecund, usually some obliquely bent above first glume, pedicels appressed; apex of upper lemma lacking papillae, with minute tuft hairs | |
– | Culms terete; ligules 2–6 mm long; spikelets not secund, essentially straight (not obliquely bent above first glume), pedicels (at least some) spreading;apex of upper lemma with simple or compound papillae, glabrous |
|
17 | (2’.) Lemma awn 3-branched; spikelets with 1 floret; [tribe |
|
– | Lemma awn unbranched or absent; spikelets with ≥ 1 floret |
|
18 | (17’.) Spike solitary; awn of upper glume horizontal at maturity; spikelets in 2 rows on 1 side of rachis; [tribe |
|
– | Spikes numerous; awn of upper glume erect at maturity or absent; spikelets in 2 rows on 1 side of rachis (in |
|
19 | (18’.) Spikelets with (2–)3–5(–7) florets, basalmost floret sterile; [tribe |
|
– | Spikelets with either 1(–2) or (4–)6–30 florets, basalmost floret not sterile |
|
20 | (19’.) Spikelets with (4–)6–30 florets |
|
– | Spikelets with 1(–2) florets |
|
21 | (20.) Lemmas awned, awns geniculate, twisted; glumes longer than florets; plants flowering Apr–Jun; [tribe |
|
– | Lemmas unawned; glumes shorter than florets; plants flowering Jul–Oct; [tribe |
|
22 | (20’.) Glumes exceeding lemmas; [tribe |
|
– | Glumes shorter than or nearly equal to lemmas; [tribe |
|
23 | (22.) Callus beard absent |
|
– | Callus beard > ½ length of lemmas | |
24 | (22’.) Callus beard present |
|
– | Callus beard absent |
|
25 | (24.) Spikelets not strongly appressed to rachis; lemma unawned | |
– | Spikelets strongly appressed to rachis; lemma awned | |
26 | (24’.) Ligules membranous, 1.8–5(–10) mm long; lemmas awned or not | |
– | Ligules ciliate, 0.2–1 mm long; lemmas never awned |
|
27 | (26’.) Plants forming clonal patches of small, evenly-spaced tufts; rhizomes elongate, scaly; summit of leaf sheaths hardened into a cartilaginous rim |
|
– | Plants forming broad, dense tussocks; rhizomes absent; summit of leaf sheaths not hardened into a cartilaginous rim |
|
Key adapted from
1 | Leaf blades distinctly bi-colored, bluish on adaxial surface, bright green on abaxial surface, flat, (1–)3–5 mm wide; ligule 1–3 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades concolored, either yellowish, bluish green, or dark green on both surfaces, involute to flat, 0.75–3 mm long (to 5 mm long in |
|
2 | (1’.) Ligule 1–3 mm long, membranous; old leaf bases fibrous and curly, not at all hardened |
|
– | Ligule 0.2–0.5 mm long, ciliate; old leaf bases not fibrous and curly, more or less hardened |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blades flat, 2–5 mm wide, apex long-acuminate, base tapered, outer junction of leaf sheath and blade with a yellow annulum (band), leaf bases strongly hardened, shiny; plants forming large, clonal patches; culms coarse, to 1.5 m tall |
|
– | Leaf blades involute or flat, 0.75–2 mm wide, apex abruptly acute or gradually tapering, base not tapered, outer junction of leaf sheath and blade lacking a yellow annulum, leaf bases slightly to moderately hardened, shiny or dull; plants forming non-clonal clumps; culms relatively delicate, typically 0.6–1.2 m tall |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaf blades almost always involute, sparsely pilose basally (and often throughout length), margins entire, leaf bases slightly hardened, dull |
|
– | Leaf blades flat, becoming involute upon drying, glabrous, margins scaberulous (especially basally), best observed by running finger from apex to base of leaf, leaf bases moderately hardened, somewhat shiny |
|
Key adapted from notes provided by Richard LeBlond and from
1 | Spikelets ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.2–2 mm long, greenish or purplish; glumes 1–2 mm long; lemmas 0.8–1.2 mm long, never awned; flowering Mar–Jul |
|
– | Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, (1.8–)2.2–3.5(–3.7) mm long, green to tawny; glumes 1.8–3.2 mm long; lemmas 1.3–2.2 mm long, awned or awnless; flowering Jun–Nov |
|
2 | (1’.) Lemma 1.8–3 mm long, minutely but abundantly scabrous (as seen at ≥ 20× magnification); anthers 0.7–1.2 mm long; spikelets (2.3–)2.7–3.5(–3.7) mm long, usually clustered near the tips of the branchlets; panicle branches scabrous; culms to 15 dm tall |
|
– | Lemma 1.4–2 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.3–0.6 mm long; spikelets (1.8–)2.2–2.7(–3.2) mm long, usually not clustered near the tips of the branchlets; panicle branches glabrous to scabrous; culms to 10 dm tall |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Pedicellate spikelets staminate, 3.5–12 mm long; sessile spikelets 5–11 mm long |
|
– | Pedicellate spikelets sterile, vestigial, or absent; sessile spikelets 2.6–8.4 mm long |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves strongly glaucous (often appearing powdery-white and leaving a white residue on fingers when rubbed), glabrous |
|
– | Leaves not or only slightly glaucous (never appearing powdery-white, not leaving a white residue on fingers when rubbed), glabrous or pubescent |
|
3 | (2.) Ligules (0.9–)1.5(–2.0) mm long, apex entire or with ciliations to 0.2 mm long; leaf blades 33–75 cm long, averaging 40 cm; pubescence below raceme sheaths moderate to dense; raceme sheaths (1.3–)2.0–2.5(–3.0) mm wide |
|
– | Ligules (0.2–)0.4(–0.5) mm long, apex with ciliations 0.3–1.2 mm long; leaf blades 12–38 cm long, averaging 19 cm; pubescence below raceme sheaths absent to dense; raceme sheaths (2.7–)3.1–3.8(–5.5) mm wide |
|
4 | (3’.) Branchlet below attachment of raceme sheath glabrous at summit; raceme sheaths (2.1–)2.6–3.8(–4.9) cm long; spikelets (2.6–)3.2–3.5(–3.9) mm long; leaf blades 2–5 mm wide, averaging 3.5 mm | |
– | Branchlet below attachment of raceme sheath pubescent at summit, hairs 2–4 mm long; raceme sheaths (2.4–)3.2–4.8(–6.0) cm long; spikelets (3.0–)3.5–3.9(–4.4) mm long; leaf blades 2.5–6.5 mm wide, averaging 5 mm |
|
5 | (2’.) Inflorescence units with (2–)4–7(–13) racemes; raceme sheaths (4.1–)5.3–8.0(–10.1) mm wide; hairs of the rachis internodes and pedicels yellowish when dry |
|
– | Inflorescence units with 2–5(–7) racemes; raceme sheaths (1.5–)2.0–4.8(–6.3) mm wide; hairs of the rachis internode and pedicel gray to white when dry |
|
6 | (5’.) Culm sheaths antrorsely scabrous (and often hirsute); leaf blades usually > 35 cm long |
|
– | Culm sheaths not scabrous (though often hirsute); leaf blades < 35 cm long (except in |
|
7 | (6.) Keels of lower glume often scabrous below the middle; ligules (0.6–)0.8(–1.3) mm long (usually < 1 mm long), apex with ciliations 0.2–0.9 mm long; raceme sheaths (1.5–)2.0–2.5(–3.0) mm wide (usually < 2.5 mm wide) | |
– | Keels of lower glume scabrous only above the middle, smooth below; ligules (0.7–)1.2(–2.2) mm long (usually > 1 mm long), apex entire or with ciliations to 0.3 mm long; raceme sheaths (2.0–)2.4–3.4(–4.7) mm wide (usually > 2.5 mm wide) |
|
8 | (7’.) Inflorescences oblong to obpyramidal; spikelets (3.8–)4.1–4.4(–5.0) mm long; anthers usually not withering and persistent within spikelet; mature peduncles (4–)11–35(–60) mm long (usually some > 10 mm long) |
|
– | Inflorescences (linear to) oblong; spikelets (3.4–)3.6–3.8(–4.6) mm log; anthers usually withering and persistent within spikelet; peduncles (2–)3–5(–8) mm long |
|
9 | (6’.) Ligules (0.8–)1.1(–1.5) mm long, apex entire or with ciliations to 0.1 mm long; basal leaves often filiform, < 1.5 mm wide, strongly erect |
|
– | Ligules (0.2–)0.5(–0.9) mm long, apex with ciliations 0.2–1.3 mm long; basal leaves flat, usually > 2 mm wide, soon arching |
|
10 | (9’.) Keels of lower glume often scabrous below the middle; leaves usually > 44 cm long | |
– | Keels of lower glume scabrous only above middle; leaves usually < 31 cm long |
|
11 | (10’.) Raceme sheaths (2.2–)2.5–3.8(–4.5) cm long, (1.7–)2.4–3.1(–4.0) mm wide; racemes 2(3) per inflorescence unit; spikelets (3.0–)3.3–3.6(–4.0) mm long |
|
– | Raceme sheaths (2.3–)3.4–5.2(–6.7) cm long, (2.7–)3.3–4.0(–5.5) mm wide; racemes 2–5(–7) per inflorescence unit; spikelets (2.9–)3.7–3.9(–4.7) mm long |
|
Key adapted primarily from
Note: The complex inflorescences of
Fig.
1 | Plant forming dense, broad clumps, flowering only in the growing season following fire; leaves entirely or predominantly basal, mostly > 3 dm long, 0.5–1.5 mm wide, almost always tightly involute |
|
– | Plant solitary or forming small clumps, flowering not strongly influenced by fire; leaves entirely or predominantly cauline, < 3 dm long (to 3.5 dm long in |
|
2 | (1’.) Lower glume prominently 2-keeled, (7.5–)9–13 mm long; central awns 15–40 mm long |
|
– | Lower glume 1-keeled, or if 2-keeled, 6–9 mm long; central awns 10–20 mm long |
|
3 | (2’.) Awns spreading, central awn twisted basally; lower inflorescence nodes with (1–)2(–3) spikelets, 1 spikelet pedicellate, 1 spikelet sessile; basal culm internode 0.3–0.6 mm wide; callus beard (ring of hairs immediately subtending floret) 0.6–1.0 mm long |
|
– | Lateral awns usually erect to ascending, central awn not twisted basally; lower inflorescence nodes with (2–)3 or more spikelets, spikelets pedicellate to subsessile; basal culm internode 0.7–1.2 mm wide; callus beard 0.2–0.6 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Rhizomes lacking air canals; primary branches with 0–1 compressed basal internodes; culm internodes usually grooved above node; culm leaves deciduous, blades 0.8–1.3 cm wide |
|
– | Rhizomes with air canals; primary branches with 2–5 compressed basal internodes; culm internodes usually grooved above node; culm leaves persistent to tardily deciduous, blades 0.8–2 cm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Rhizomes present; upper lemmas 1.6–4 mm long |
|
– | Rhizomes absent, plants with hard, knotty crowns; upper lemmas 1.2–1.6 mm long |
|
2 | (1.) Rhizomes usually < 3 cm long; leaves 20–50 cm long, 4–18 mm wide; spikelets 2.5–3.9 mm long, acuminate; first glume with 3–5 green nerves |
|
– | Rhizomes usually > 4 cm long; leaves 10–30(–40) cm long, 2–10 mm wide; spikelets 2.2–2.8 mm long, acute to short-acuminate; first glume with 1–3 green nerves |
|
3 | (1’.) Ligules 0.5–1.5 mm long; spikelets 2.4–4.0 mm long, 3.5–5× as long as wide, erect on pedicels |
|
– | Ligules 1–3 mm long; spikelets 2.0–2.7 mm long, 2.5–4× as long as wide, often obliquely positioned on pedicels |
|
Key adapted from
References:
Fig.
1 | Leaves basally disposed, basal leaf blades similar in size and shape to those of lower culm, usually erect to ascending, not forming a distinct rosette, culm leaves 2–4; culms with only upper 2–4 internodes elongated, branching from near base in fall |
|
– | Leaves well-distributed along culm, basal leaf blades usually shorter and broader than those of culm, typically spreading, forming a distinct rosette, or basal blades absent, culm leaves 3–14; culms with usually all internodes elongated, typically branching from midculm nodes in fall |
|
2 | (1.) Leaf blades 1–3 mm wide, glabrous, margins eciliate or ciliate basally; spikelets 0.9–1.2 mm long, glabrous | |
– | Leaf blades 3–8 mm wide; spikelets 1.1–2.1 mm long (if < 1.5 mm, then leaf blades |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blade surfaces glabrous; spikelets pubescent, 1.5–2.1 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blade surfaces pilose; spikelets glabrous, 1.1–1.6 mm long |
|
4 | (1’.) Leaf blades thick, bases cordate, margins white, cartilaginous; spikelets usually spherical to broadly obovoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1.2–1.8 mm long; [sect. |
|
– | Leaf blades thick or thin, bases various but not cordate, margins usually not white and cartilaginous; spikelets not both spherical and < 1.9 mm long |
|
5 | (4’.) Lower glumes thinner and more weakly veined than upper glumes, attached ca. 0.2 mm below upper glumes, bases clasping pedicels; spikelets attenuate basally |
|
– | Lower glumes similar in texture and vein prominence to upper glumes, attached immediately below upper glumes, bases not clasping pedicels; spikelets usually not attenuate basally |
|
6 | (5.) Leaf blades 2–7 cm long, ca. 10× as long as wide, not or only slightly involute, spreading, lacking raised veins, not longitudinally wrinkled; spikelets obovoid-obpyriform when viewed dorsally, strongly planoconvex when viewed laterally; [sect. |
|
– | Leaf blades 4–16 cm long, > 14× as long as wide, often involute, stiffly erect or ascending, with prominently raised veins, lower blades usually longitudinally wrinkled; spikelets ellipsoid to obovoid when viewed dorsally, biconvex when viewed laterally; [sect. |
|
7 | (6.) Fertile lemma and palea papillose; spikelets 2.2–2.6 mm long; lower culm leaf blades 6–12 mm wide, glabrous |
|
– | Fertile lemma and palea minutely reticulate but not papillose; spikelets (1.8–)1.9–2.2(–2.3) mm long; lower culm leaf blades 4–8 mm wide, glabrous, glabrate, or puberulent (especially abaxially) | |
8 | (6’.) Leaf blades 10–15× as long wide; spikelets 2.3–3.0 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades 15–20× as long wide; spikelets 1.9–2.2 mm long | |
9 | (5’.) Rhizomes 3–5 mm thick; culm leaves (5–)7–14, sheaths strongly hispid or viscid, mottled with pale spots, constricted apically; plants to 1.5 m tall; [sect. |
|
– | Rhzomes ≤ 2 mm thick, or absent; culm leaves 3–7(–9), sheaths not viscid, rarely hispid, not mottled with pale spots or constricted apically; plants typically < 1 m tall |
|
10 | (9.) Nodes glabrous or puberulent, neither swollen nor subtended by a glabrous, viscid band; leaf blades glabrous or sparsely pubescent; ligule membranous |
|
– | Nodes densely bearded, often swollen, immediately subtended by a glabrous, viscid band; leaf blades (and sheaths and culm internodes) densely velvety-pubescent; ligule ciliate |
|
11 | (9’.) Ligule membranous basally, sometimes ciliate apically; leaf blades 5–25 mm wide, bases cordate-clasping; spikelets 2.2–3.7 mm long; [sect. |
|
– | Ligule absent or entirely ciliate, lacking membranous portion; leaf blades 1–12(–18) mm wide, bases tapered, round, or truncate, sometimes subcordate; spikelets 1.1–3 mm long |
|
12 | (11’.) Ligule ≤ 1.8 mm long, pseudoligule (a ring of longer, usually less dense hairs behind the shorter, denser hairs of the ligule proper) absent; culms and at least upper sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent with hairs of 1 length only; spikelets glabrous or pubescent |
|
– | Ligule (including adjacent pseudoligule, when present) 1–5 mm long, |
|
13 | (12.) Leaf blades 5–25 mm wide, bases cordate-clasping; spikelets 2.2–3.7 mm long; [sect. |
|
– | Leaf blades 5–14 mm wide, bases tapered, round, or subcordate; spikelets 1.4–2.5 mm long |
|
14 | (13’.) Culms (20–)40–100 cm tall, not delicate, usually > 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.4–2.8 mm long; leaf blades 3.5–14 cm long, 5–14 mm wide; [sect. |
|
– | Culms 5–40(–55) cm tall, delicate, usually < 1 mm thick; spikelets 1.1–1.7 mm long; leaf blades 1.5–6 cm long, 1.5–6 mm wide; [sect. |
|
15 | (14.) Lower culm nodes bearded, beard hairs usually retrorse |
|
– | Lower culm nodes glabrous or puberulent, not bearded |
|
16 | (15.) Spikelets 1.4–2.2 mm long; first glume 0.3–0.9 mm long; fertile lemma 1.4–1.7 mm long; lowest vernal culm blades glabrous |
|
– | Spikelets (2.0–)2.2–2.8 mm long; first glume 0.5–1.3 mm long; fertile lemma 1.8–2.3 mm long; lowest vernal culm blades pubescent at least abaxially |
|
17 | (15’.) Spikelets 1.4–1.8 mm long; first glume 0.3–0.8 mm long; fertile lemma 1.3–1.5 mm long; mature vernal panicles usually short-exserted with ascending branches; fresh foliage bluish-glaucous |
|
– | Spikelets 1.7–2.3 mm long; first glume 0.6–1.1 mm long; fertile lemma 1.6–1.9 mm long; mature vernal panicles usually long-exserted with spreading branches; fresh foliage not bluish-glaucous |
|
18 | (17’.) Vernal culm blades spreading to deflexed, flexuous; spikelets 1.8–2.3 mm long, base green, rarely purplish |
|
– | Vernal culm blades stiffly erect; spikelets 1.5–1.8 mm long, base often purplish |
|
19 | (14’.) Culms reclining or weakly erect; culm leaves 4–9, blades generally lacking prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules 0.2–1(–1.8) mm long |
|
– | Culms erect, sometimes geniculate basally; culm leaves 3–5, blades with prominent white, cartilaginous margins; ligules 0.2–0.7 mm long |
|
20 | (19’.) Spikelets 0.9–1.2 mm long, glabrous; leaf blades 1.5–4(–5) cm long, 1–2.5(–3) mm wide, mostly 15–20× as long as wide | |
– | Spikelets (1.2–)1.4–1.7 mm long, pubescent; leaf blades 2–7 cm long, 3–6 mm wide, ca. 10× as long as wide |
|
21 | (12’.) Spikelets 2.1–3 mm long; pseudoligule present; sheaths often with hairs to 4 mm long |
|
– | Spikelets 1.1–2.1 mm long; pseudoligule absent; sheaths glabrous or pubescent with hairs ≤ 3 mm long |
|
22 | (21.) Node beard hairs retrorse; lower culm internodes and lower leaf sheaths with hairs spreading or retrorse, papillose-based, often > 4 mm long; spikelets 1.8–2.5 mm long |
|
– | Node beard hairs spreading to ascending; lower culm internodes and lower leaf sheaths with hairs ascending or appressed, not papillose-based, < 4 mm long; spikelets 2.1–3.1 mm long |
|
23 | (22’.) Spikelets 2.1–2.6 mm long; lower culm blades usually sparsely appressed-pubescent adaxially, eciliate or ciliate at base only |
|
– | Spikelets 2.5–3.1 mm long; lower culm blades usually glabrous adaxially except for long hairs at or near margin, appearing ciliate |
|
24 | (21’.) Internodes glabrous |
|
– | Internodes variously pubescent |
|
25 | (24.) Internodes glabrous to pubescent; larger vernal blades usually > 6 cm long, basal margins prominently long-ciliate; spikelets (1.3–)1.4–1.7 mm long; longer hairs of ligule usually > 3 mm long; plants often yellowish-green | |
– | Internodes glabrous (rarely the lowest slightly pubescent); larger vernal blades usually < 7 cm long, basal margins slightly ciliate or glabrous; spikelets 1.1–1.5 mm long; longer hairs of ligule usually < 3 mm long; plants often purplish-green |
|
26 | (24’.) Sheaths and internodes of vernal culms gray-villous, hairs 2–4 mm long, dense, tangled, or matted; leaf blades velvety-pubescent on abaxial surfaces, margins ciliate ≥ ½ length of leaf blade (from base to middle of leaf blade or further) |
|
– | Sheaths and internodes of vernal culms glabrous or variously pubescent but not grayish-villous; leaf blades glabrous or pilose but not velvety-pubescent on abaxial surfaces, margins eciliate or ciliate < ½ length of leaf blade (only basally) |
|
27 | (26’.) Peduncle, panicle axis, and often middle and upper internodes glabrous; sheaths lacking hairs or papillae, at least near mid-length; nodes glabrous; spikelets (1.3–)1.4–1.7 mm long | |
– | Peduncle, panicle axis, and internodes puberulent (with hairs 0.1 mm long), pubescent, or pilose; sheaths papillose-pilose to hispid; nodes usually pubescent; spikelets 1.1–2 mm long |
|
28 | (27’.) Spikelets 1.5–2.0 mm long; leaf blades 5–12 cm long, 6–12 mm wide; peduncle, panicle axis, and sheaths variously pilose, not puberulent |
|
– | Spikelets 1.1–1.5 mm long; leaf blades 4–7 cm long, 4–7 mm wide; peduncle, panicle axis, and sheaths often puberulent, with or without longer hairs |
|
Key adapted from
Note/Disclaimer: Keying specimens of
Figs
1 | Pedicels divergent, lower pedicels of each branch longer than spikelets; lemmas 1.8–4.4 mm long; disarticulation of lemmas only, paleas and glumes persistent |
|
– | Pedicels appressed, lower pedicels of each branch shorter than spikelets; lemmas 1.4–2.8 mm long; disarticulation of lemmas and paleas, glumes persistent |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Rhizomes creeping, densely covered with imbricate scales; culms and sheaths flattened at base; leaves distichous; spikelets 1.5–2 mm long, unawned; plants forming clonal patches of evenly-spacted tufts |
|
– | Rhizomes absent; culm and sheaths terete; leaves not distichous; spikelets 2.5–5 mm long (excluding awns, if present), awned or not; plants forming non-clonal, broad tussocks |
|
2 | (1’.) Glumes < ½ as long as lemmas; lemmas with awns to 18 mm long |
|
– | Glumes > ½ as long as lemmas; lemmas unawned or with awns < 3 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Glumes and lower lemmas tuberculate; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm long |
|
– | Glumes and lower lemmas smooth; ligule 0.5–6 mm long |
|
2 | (1’.) Panicle < 1 cm wide at maturity; upper glume and lower lemma 3–5-vJeined; ligule 0.5–1 mm long |
|
– | Panicle 4–20 cm wide at maturity; upper glume and lower lemma 7–11-veined; ligule 0.5–6 mm long |
|
3 | (2’.) Plant lacking rhizomes or hard knotty crowns, annual; culms 30–60 cm tall, ≤ 2 mm wide; spikelets 1.8–2.2 mm long |
|
– | Rhizomes or hard knotty crowns present; culms 40–300 cm tall, 3–5 mm wide; spikelets 2.5–8 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Spikelets solitary, not paired with rudimentary spikelets or naked pedicels |
|
– | Spikelets paired, second spikelet functional, rudimentary, or at least represented by a naked pedicel |
|
2 | (1.) Panicles comprised of 1–6 racemosely-aranged branches; ligule 1.5–3.8 mm long | |
– | Panicles usually comprised of a pair of terminal branches, occasionally with 1(–5) branches below the terminal pair; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm long | * |
3 | (1’.) Spikelet margins silky-ciliate |
|
– | Spikelet margins glabrous |
|
4 | (3.) Panicle branches 2–7; spikelets 2.3–4.0 mm long | * |
– | Panicle branches (4–)10–30; spikelets 1.8–2.8 mm long | * |
5 | (3’.) Upper glumes 5-veined; spikelets 2.9–4.1 mm long |
|
– | Upper glumes 3-veined; spikelets 1.1–3.1 mm long |
|
6 | (5’.) Panicle terminal; spikelets 2.1–3.1 mm long, 2–2.8 mm wide; [vars. of |
7 |
– | Panicles both terminal and axillary, axillary panicles often enclosed within subtending leaf sheath; spikelets 1.4–2.5 mm long, 1–2 mm wide; [vars. of |
8 |
7 | (6.) Lower leaf sheaths villous or hirsute |
|
– | Lower leaf sheaths glabrous or sparsely papillose-pubescent |
|
8 | (6’.) Leaf blade surfaces glabrous or glabrate with a few hairs on the midvein, margins ciliate; leaves dark green to purple |
|
– | Leaf blade surfaces hiruste, margins hirsute; leaves light green to dark green |
|
9 | (8’.) Spikelets 1.8–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide, light green to green; lower lemmas usually with evident midveins |
|
– | Spikelets 1.4–1.9 mm long, 1.1–1.6 mm wide, pale yellow to light green; lower lemmas usually lacking evident midveins |
|
Key adapted from
Note: In disturbed areas adjacent to savannas (e.g., roadsides, powerline cuts, mowed areas), several weedy, generally exotic
Fig.
1 | Mature lemma awn spirally coiled at base, spirals usually 2–4 |
|
– | Mature lemma awn straight to curved at base, not spirally coiled |
|
2 | (1’.) Callus beard (ring of hairs immediately subtending floret) longer than spikelets, (7–)15–20(–25) mm long; lowest inflorescence node densely pilose |
|
– | Callus beard absent, or at most as long as spikelets, 0–5 mm long; lowest inflorescence node glabrous or sparsely pilose |
|
3 | (2’.) Callus beard (ring of hairs immediately subtending floret) absent or to 2 mm long, shorter than spikelets; panicles 1–2.5 cm wide |
|
– | Callus beard 3–5 mm long, frequently as long as spikelets; panicles 3–7 cm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Abaxial leaf surface (and often stem) glaucous |
|
– | Abaxial leaf surface (and stem) green |
|
2 | (1’.) Stem prickles abundant, thin, needle-like, shiny, brown or black | |
– | Stem prickles fewer, broad-based and awl-like, green, brown, or black |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf margins thickened with a prominent vein, occasionally spinose; peduncle ≥ 1.5 times as long as petiole of subtending leaf; prickles paired at most or all nodes |
|
– | Leaf margins not thickened with a prominent vein, never spinose; peduncle < 1.5 times as long as petiole of subtending leaf; prickles not paired at most nodes |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaves deciduous or semi-evergreen, blades ovate, ovate-oblong, narrowly ovate, suborbicular, or reniform, base rounded to cordate |
|
– | Leaves evergreen, blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-linear, lance-ovate, or narrowly ovate, base cuneate to attenuate (sometimes rounded in |
|
5 | (4.) Berries dark blue to black; leaves semi-evergreen, blades ovate to broadly ovate, 4–17 cm long, 4–16 cm wide, margins usually with minute, whitish, flattened enations (small projections); plant of dry and wet habitats |
|
– | Berries red; leaves deciduous, blades ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 6–10 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, margins entire; plant of wet habitats | |
6 | (4’.) Leaves thick, coriaceous, not variegated, blades linear, oblong, lance-oblong, or narrowly elliptic, not conspicuously reticulate, apex abruptly narrowed, acute or rounded, base 3-veined, midvein significantly more prominent than lateral veins as seen on abaxial surface |
|
– | Leaves thin, subcoriaceous, often variegated, lanceolate-ovate to narrowly ovate, conspicuously reticulate, apex gradually narrowed, acute or acuminate, base 5-veined, midvein not more prominent than lateral veins as seen on abaxial surface |
|
Key adapted from
Note: Two species keyed below—
Fig.
1 | Inflorescence bracts large, spathelike; tepals 9–17 mm long; stamens (6–)9(–12); plants usually forming dense, broad tussocks | |
– | Inflorescence bracts minute, not spathelike; tepals 2.5–5 mm long; stamens 6; plants not forming dense, broad tussocks |
|
2 | (1’.) Flowers attached to the scape singly (inflorescence therefore a raceme); scape glabrous; flowering (late Aug–)late Sep–Oct | |
– | Flowers attached to the scape in groups of 3–7 (inflorescence therefore a thyrse); scape scurfy-scabrous; flowering Jun–Aug |
Key adapted from
1 | Leaf blades ≤ 1 mm wide, terete or elliptical in cross-section |
|
– | Leaf blades (1–)2–25 mm wide, flat in cross-section |
|
2 | (1’.) Most leaf blades < 10 cm long (rarely some to 15 cm long in |
|
– | Most leaf blades > 10 cm long (rarely some only 5 cm long in |
|
3 | (2.) Keel of lateral sepals firm, entire to papillate or ciliolate |
|
– | Keel of lateral sepals scarious, lacerate or fimbriate |
|
4 | (3.) Spikes mostly as broad as long; margins of fertile bracts scarious, lacerate, often reflexed, with red inner band; keel of lateral sepal straight to slightly curved, entire to remotely ciliate, apex distinctly reddish |
|
– | Spikes mostly longer than broad; margins of fertile bracts firm, entire or erose, not reflexed, lacking red inner band; keel of lateral sepals strongly curved, densely ciliate, apex not distinctly reddish |
|
5 | (3’.) Leaf blades spreading-recurved to ascending, 2–4.5 mm wide, bases pinkish or purplish; spikes 3–5(–7) mm long, often abruptly acute; seeds 0.4–0.5 mm long, yellowish-amber |
|
– | Leaf blades ascending to erect, 1–2 mm wide, bases tan to brown; spikes 3–7(–12) mm long, blunt; seeds 0.3–0.4 mm long, reddish-brown to brown | |
6 | (2’.) Keel of lateral sepals long-fimbriate apically, fimbriate tip conspicuously protruding beyond subtending bract (sometimes degraded and less evident on older spikes) |
|
– | Keel of lateral sepals short-ciliate or lacerate, tip included within subtending bract |
|
7 | (6.) Leaf blades strongly spirally twisted, (1.5–)2–5 mm wide, leaf bases indurated, bulbous, deeply set in substrate, dark brown |
|
– | Leaf blades not or only slightly twisted, 5–25 mm wide, leaf bases soft, not bulbous, shallowly set in substrate, pale green |
|
8 | (6’.) Scapes flexuous, usually spirally twisted; upper portion of leaf blades conspicuously twisted; plant bases bulbous, deeply set in substrate |
|
– | Scapes usually not flexuous, usually not spirally twisted; upper portion of leaf blades not conspicuously twisted; plant bases neither bulbous nor deeply set in substrate |
|
9 | (8’.) Keel of lateral sepals firm, short-ciliate, strongly curved; petal blades 10 mm long |
|
– | Keel of lateral sepals scarious, lacerate, slightly curved; petal blades 3–4 mm long |
|
10 | (9’.) Scapes distinctly widened distally, 3–4 mm wide below spike; leaf blades 10–25 mm wide, sheaths red or purple; spikes 20–35 mm long |
|
– | Scapes not distinctly widened distally, 0.5–3 mm wide below spike; leaf blades 1.5–5(–15) mm wide, sheaths red, tan, light green, brown, or purple; spikes 6–15(–25) mm long |
|
11 | (10’.) Leaf sheaths red to purple, surfaces papillate; seeds farinose (with a mealy surface), not translucent |
|
– | Leaf sheaths tan, light green, or brown, surfaces smooth; seeds not farinose, translucent |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant epiphytic | |
– | Plant terrestrial or aquatic, not epiphytic |
|
2 | (1’.) Plants woody; [trees, shrubs, and lianas] | Key 1 |
– | Plants herbaceous; [herbs and vines] | Key 2 |
1 | Plant a liana, climbing by means of adventitious roots, tendrils, or twining stems |
|
– | Plant a tree or shrub, not climbing |
|
2 | (1.) Leaves compound |
|
– | Leaves simple |
|
3 | (2.) Leaves opposite, leaflets either 2 or 7–15 |
|
– | Leaves alternate, leaflets 3–5(–7) |
|
4 | (3’.) Tendrils absent; leaves pinnately trifoliate, leaflets 3; terminal and axillary buds naked; fruit a white to gray drupe | |
– | Tendrils bearing terminal discs; leaves palmately compound, leaflets (3–)5(–7); terminal and axillary buds imbricate; fruit a black or dark blue berry | |
5 | (2’.) Plants climbing by tendrils; leaves serrate, often shallowly 3–5(–7)-lobed | |
– | Plants climbing by twining; leaves entire, unlobed |
|
6 | (5’.) Leaves alternate, deciduous; flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white | |
– | Leaves opposite, evergreen to partially evergreen, flowers showy, yellow or red |
|
7 | (6’.) Leaves glaucous abaxially, distalmost 1 or 2 pairs (those immediately below inflorescence) usually connate; corollas red; fruit a berry | |
– | Leaves neither glaucous nor connate; corollas yellow; fruit a capsule | |
8 | (1’.) Leaves opposite or whorled |
|
– | Leaves alternate |
|
9 | (8.) Leaves whorled (rarely some leaves alternate or opposite on fast-growing branches) | |
– | Leaves opposite |
|
10 | (9’.) Leaves pinnately-compound | |
– | Leaves simple |
|
11 | (10’.) Leaves 3–5-lobed, palmately-veined | Sapindacae [ |
– | Leaves unlobed, pinnately-veined |
|
12 | (11’.) Leaf blades ≤ 2 cm wide, surfaces often glandular-punctate, petioles ≤ 3 mm long, bases with an articulation (narrow line, groove, or abrupt change of color and texture) at junction with stem; corolla yellow; stamens > 10; fruit a capsule | |
– | Leaf blades 1.5–12 cm wide, surfaces not glandular-punctate, bases lacking an articulation, petioles (at least some) ≥ 10 mm long; corollas white or creamy-white; stamens 4–5; fruit a drupe |
|
13 | (12’.) Hairs of abaxial leaf surface white, 2-branched (“Y-shaped”); petals 4 | |
– | Hairs of abaxial leaf surface reddish, unbranched; petals 5 | |
14 | (8’.) Leaves compound |
|
– | Leaves simple |
|
15 | (14.) Stems armed with numerous prickles and/or spines |
|
– | Stems unarmed, lacking prickles and spines |
|
16 | (15.) Stems erect, to 8 m tall; leaves 2(–3)-pinnately compound, leaflets numerous (>10); fruit a drupe | |
– | Stems arching, trailing, or erect, to 2 m tall; leaves 1-pinnately or 1-palmately compound, leaflets 3–9; fruit |
|
17 | (15’.) Rachis winged between leaflets; fruit a drupe | |
– | Rachis not winged; fruit a nut or legume |
|
18 | (17’.) Plant a small shrub, to 1.5 m tall; leaflets > 10, ≤ 3.2 cm long, not aromatic when crushed; fruit a legume | |
– | Plant a large tree, to 36 m tall; leaflets (5–)7–9, 4–19 cm long, strongly aromatic when crushed; fruit a nut | |
19 | (14’.) Flowers borne in heads subtended by an involucre of bracts | |
– | Flowers borne variously but not as above |
|
20 | (19’.) Leaves palmately 5–7-lobed, margins glandular-serrate; fruit a multiple of sharp-tipped capsules | |
– | Leaves either unlobed or pinnately-lobed, margins various; fruit various but not a multiple of capsules |
|
21 | (20’.) Fruit a nut (acorn) bearing a basal cupule (“cap”); axillary buds clustered at twig tips, scales imbricate | |
– | Fruit various but not a nut; axillary buds not |
|
22 | (21’.) Leaves pinnately-lobed |
|
– | Leaves unlobed |
|
23 | (22.) Leaf lobes (2)4 or 6(8), blade symmetrical, apex broadly-notched or truncate; fruit an aggregate of samaras | |
– | Leaf lobes 0–3, if 2 then blade asymmetrical (with central lobe larger than lateral lobe, leaf therefore distinctly “mitten-shaped”), apex obtuse to acute; fruit a drupe | |
24 | (22’.) Fruits dry (capsules, aggregates of follicles, or dry drupes) |
|
– | Fruits fleshy (berries, pomes, or fleshy drupes) |
|
25 | (24.) Fruit a cone-like aggregate of follicles; seeds red, fleshy, pendent by thin threads (funiculi); stipular scars encircling twig | |
– | Fruit a capsule or dry drupe; seeds not red, fleshy, and pendent by thin threads; stipular scars not encircling twigs |
|
26 | (25’.) Flowers unisexual and arranged in catkins; leaves |
|
– | Flower bisexual, or unisexual and not arranged in catkins; leaves various, but |
|
27 | (26.) Leaves densely glandular-punctate (at least abaxially), margins coarsely toothed in distal half, not glaucous abaxially; fruit a dry drupe | |
– | Leaves not glandular-punctate, margins serrate throughout, glaucous abaxially; fruit a capsule | |
28 | (26’.) Plant prostrate; leaves 1–2.5 mm wide, evergreen | |
– | Plant erect; leaves >3 mm wide, deciduous or evergreen |
|
29 | (28’.) Fruit a dry drupe, indehiscent; stems slightly ridged immediately below point of attachment of most petioles | |
– | Fruit a capsule, dehiscent; stems not ridged immediately below point of attachment of petioles |
|
30 | (29’.) Plant a tree, to 26 m tall; flowers solitary, axillary; stamens > 50 | |
– | Plant a shrub, < 6 m tall; flowers numerous, borne in racemes or spikes; stamens ≤ 10 |
|
31 | (30’.) Abaxial surface of leaf blade densely stellate-pubescent, hairs persistent; flowers mostly imperfect, borne in spikes; petals absent | |
– | Abaxial surface of leaf blade glabrous or variously pubescent, if stellate-pubescent then very sparsely so and hairs deciduous in age; flowers perfect, borne in racemes; petals present |
|
32 | (31’.) Young twigs, inflorescence rachises, pedicels, and calyces stellate-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, widest above middle; corolla rotate, petals connate ≤ ½ length, lobes 5–8 mm long | |
– | Young twigs, inflorescence rachises, pedicels, and calyces glabrous or variously pubescent but not stellate-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, widest at or below middle (sometimes wider above middle in |
|
33 | (24’.) Twigs and young bark with numerous horizontal lenticels appearing as distinct striations; twigs and crushed foliage with “bitter almond” smell; petioles bearing 2 glands near junction with blade | |
– | Twigs and young bark lacking horizontal lenticels appearing as distinct striations; twigs and crushed foliage not aromatic, or aromatic but not with “bitter almond” smell; petioles not bearing 2 glands near junction with blade |
|
34 | (33’.) Fruit a red pome; leaves |
|
– | Fruit a berry or drupe, seldom red at maturity; leaves various but |
|
35 | (34’.) Leaves evergreen |
|
– | Leaves deciduous (sometimes tardily so) |
|
36 | (35.) Stems creeping, mat-forming; leaves (0.2–)0.3–1.8(–2.5) cm long; corolla urceolate, petals united to near apex; fruit a berry containing numerous (> 10) seeds | |
– | Stems erect; leaves 2–14 cm long; corolla rotate, petals separate or united only at base; fruit a drupe containing either 1 or 4–8 seeds |
|
37 | (36’.) Leaves not aromatic when crushed, margins spinose, crenate, or occasionally entire, generally lacking deforming galls; drupes containing 4–8 seeds | |
– | Leaves spicy-aromatic when crushed, margins entire, often with numerous deforming galls; drupes containing 1 seed | |
38 | (35’.) Plant a shrub, generally multi-trunked; flowers perfect; fruit a berry, blue, purple, or black, < 2 cm in diam.; seeds ≥ 10, minute | |
– | Plant a small to large tree, single-trunked; flowers imperfect or perfect; fruit a drupe or berry, if berry then orange to yellow, (2–)3–5(–7.5) cm in diam., with 3–8 large seeds |
|
39 | (38’.) Leaves coriaceous, thick, usually sweet-tasting, tardily deciduous (some leaves persistent through mid-winter or early spring), petioles prominently yellow; flowers perfect; stamens 30–50, in 5 fascicles; fruit a green drupe, 3–6 mm in diam. | |
– | Leaves membranous, thin, not sweet-tasting, promptly deciduous (falling by mid- to late fall), petioles brown; flowers imperfect (or at least functionally so); stamens 5–16, distinct; fruit a berry or drupe, if drupe then blue-black, 7–12 mm in diam. |
|
40 | (39’.) Vascular bundle scars 1 per leaf scar; leaves generally widest at or below middle, not toothed; fruit a berry, orange at maturity, (2–)3–5(–7.5) cm in diam., subtended by accrescent, leathery calyx | |
– | Vascular bundle scars 3 per leaf scar; leaves generally widest at or above middle, occasionally toothed; fruit a drupe, blue-black at maturity, 0.7–1.2 cm in diam., not subtended by accrescent, leathery calyx |
Key adapted from
1 | Flowers borne in heads subtended by an involucre of bracts |
|
– | Flowers various, but not as above |
|
2 | (1.) Calyx present, not modified into scales, awns, or bristles; petals separate; fruit 2-seeded | |
– | Calyx absent or present and modified into scales, awns, or bristles; petals connate; fruit 1-seeded |
|
3 | (1’.) Leaves compound (unifoliate and appearing simple in |
|
– | Leaves compound or simple (if simple, then mid- and upper cauline leaves lacking conspicuous, decurrent, inversely-sagittate stipules), pulvini absent or not evenly cylindrical; corollas zygomorphic, actinomorphic, or absent; fruit various, not a legume |
|
4 | (3’.) Plant with stinging trichomes | |
– | Plants lacking stinging trichomes |
|
5 | (4’.) Plants carnivorous |
|
– | Plants not carnivorous |
|
6 | (5.) Leaf blades (at least some) modified into “snap-traps” consisting of 2 lobes, lobes subreniform, hinged, margins bristly; inflorescence an umbelliform cyme; [Venus flytrap] | |
– | Leaf blades not as above; inforescence racemose, or flower solitary |
|
7 | (6’.) Leaves (at least some) modified into prominent, water-storing, tubular pitchers | |
– | Leaves not modified into pitchers |
|
8 | (7’.) Plants terrestrial or aquatic, producing subterranean or aquatic bladders; leaves filiform; corolla purple or yellow | |
– | Plants terrestrial, not producing bladders; leaves ovate, lanceolate or spatulate; corolla white, pink, blue, or purple |
|
9 | (8’.) Leaves red, long-petiolate, with prominent stipitate-glands, margins flat, or at least not involute; corolla actinomorphic | |
– | Leaves yellow-green, sessile, lacking prominent stipitate-glands, margins involute; corolla zygomorphic | |
10 | (5’.) Plants with milky sap |
|
– | Plants with clear sap |
|
11 | (10.) Corona (appendages between petals and stamens) present; fruit a follicle |
|
– | Corona absent; fruit a capsule |
|
12 | (11’.) Leaves alternate, serrate; flowers perfect, not borne in a cyathium (flower-like involucre often with petaloid appendages; staminate flowers consisting of a single stamen, pistillate flowers of a single pistil); corolla present, blue or purple (rarely all white) | |
– | Leaves opposite, entire; flowers imperfect, borne in a cyathium; corolla absent (though petaloid appendages of cyathia present, these greenish) | |
13 | (10’.) Plants holoparasitic; stems bright orange, twining; leaves and roots absent | |
– | Plants autotrophic or hemiparasitic; stems generally green or brown, not orange, erect; leaves and roots present (sometimes reduced) |
|
14 | (13’.) Cauline leaves absent, leaves all basal or appearing so |
|
– | Leaves cauline or basal and cauline |
|
15 | (14.) Flower solitary |
|
– | Inflorescence a spike or head-like umbel |
|
16 | (15.) Leaves entire, unlobed; flowers actinomorphic; petals white with conspicuous green venation; staminodia 5, 3-parted basally | |
– | Leaves crenate, lobed, or dissected; flowers zygomorphic; petals white, blue, or purple, lacking conspicuous green venation; staminodia absent | |
17 | (15’.) Leaves ovate, 1.5–4(–10) cm long; inflorescence an umbel | |
– | Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 10–20 cm long; inflorescence a spike | |
18 | (14’.) Sepals dimorphic, outer 2 linear, inner 3 ovate to elliptic; petals 3, reddish; plants producing overwintering, prostrate shoots in late fall | |
– | Sepals similar, or dissimilar but not as above; petals various; plants not producing overwintering, prostrate shoots |
|
19 | (18’.) Calyx connate, lobes 5, 2 lateral lobes (“wings”) relatively large, petaloid; corolla usually smaller than calyx, connate, lobes 3, lower lobe usually lacerate, fringed, or lobed apically | |
– | Calyx and corolla free or connate, if connate then not as above |
|
20 | (19’.) Lower cauline leaves opposite, upper cauline leaves alternate (excluding those with 1 pair of opposite leaves subtending inflorescence) |
|
– | All cauline leaves either alternate or opposite (rarely whorled |
|
21 | (20.) Flower zygomorphic; corolloa blue or purple | |
– | Flower actinomorphic; corolla white or yellow |
|
22 | (21’.) Leaves scale-like, 1–3 mm long; corolla white | |
– | Leaves not scale-like, 8–35 mm long; corolla yellow | |
23 | (20’.) Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 | |
– | Leaves alternate or opposite |
|
24 | (23’.) Leaves opposite |
|
– | Leaves alternate |
|
25 | (24.) Leaves pinnately decompound, segments filiform | |
– | Leaves simple |
|
26 | (25’.) Ovary wholly or partly inferior |
|
– | Ovary superior |
|
27 | (26.) Leaves auriculate-clasping, to 15 cm long | |
– | Leaves not auriculate-clasping, 0.8–7 cm long; petals present |
|
28 | (27’.) Stems erect; leaf venation distinctive (secondary veins subparallel to primary vein, rejoining apically; tertiary veins perpendicular to secondary veins); interpetiolar stipules absent; hypanthium conspicuous, urceolate at maturity; petals usually pink, rarely white | |
– | Stems prostrate, trailing, or erect; leaf venation pinnate, not as above; interpetiolar stipules present; hypanthium not conspicuous, not urceolate; petals usually white, rarely pink |
|
29 | (26’.) Plant weakly climbing (by means of twisted petioles); calyx petaloid, bluish; petals absent | |
– | Plants erect or trailing, not climbing; calyx not petaloid, usually green; petals present (sometimes absent in |
|
30 | (29’.) Plants hemiparasitic; leaves linear, sometimes reduced to scales, bases not auriculate-clasping; corolla weakly zygomorphic, purple or pinkish | |
– | Plants not parasitic; leaf various, bases various; corolla actinomorphic or zygomorphic, color various (if purple or pinkish, then |
|
31 | (30’.) Corollas zygomorphic (weakly zygomorphic |
|
– | Corollas actinomorphic |
|
32 | (31.) Ovary appearing 4-lobed; fruit a schizocarp of 4 nutlets (or 1–3 by abortion) |
|
– | Ovary appearing unlobed or 2-lobed; fruit a a capsule, seeds numerous |
|
33 | (32’.) Inflorescence a distinct thyrse or panicle | |
– | Flowers axillary |
|
34 | (33’.) Corolla 2.5–4 cm long; functional stamens 4 | |
– | Corolla 0.6–1.1 cm long; functional stamens 2 (sometimes 2 staminodes present) |
|
35 | (34’.) Stems glabrous, usually diffusely branched from base; leaves glabrous; pair of bractlets immediately subtending calyx absent; staminodes conspicuous | |
– | Stems pilose, usually unbranched; leaves pilose; pair of bractlets immediately subtending calyx present; staminodes reduced or absent | |
36 | (31’.) Corolla yellow |
|
– | Corolla white, pink, blue, or lavender |
|
37 | (36.) Leaves opposite; flowers solitary at tips of branches or borne in cymes (flowers racemose in |
|
– | Leaves opposite or whorled, never reduced to scales; flowers borne in terminal racemes; petals connate basally; stamens 5 | |
38 | (36’.) Stems wiry, usually purplish; leaves scale-like, 1–3 mm long; corolla white | |
– | Stems thicker, not wiry, usually green; leaves not scale-like, > 5 mm long; corolla white, pink, blue, or purple |
|
39 | (38’.) Plants somewhat succulent; leaves (at least the lower) auriculate-clasping; corollas absent, or to 2 mm long | |
– | Plants not succulent; leaves not auriculate-clasping; corollas present, ≥ 1 mm long |
|
40 | (39’.) Corolla white, 1–3 mm long |
|
– | Corolla white, pink, or blue, > 3 mm long |
|
41 | (40.) Leaves > 5 mm wide; inflorescence helicoid (with flowers borne on one side of a spiral), not leafy | |
– | Leaves < 3 mm wide; inflorescence not helicoid, leafy | |
42 | (40’.) Corolla blue to violet (rarely whitish), campanulate, tubular, or funnelform, 3–6 cm long, bearing pleat-like appendages between corolla lobes | |
– | Corolla white or pink, rotate or petals free, < 3 cm long, lacking pleat-like appendages |
|
43 | (42’.) Stems pilose; leaves serrate to entire, pilose; corolla white, obscurely zygomorphic, petals 4 | |
– | Stems glabrous; leaves entire, glabrous; corolla white or pink, actinomorphic, petals 5–12 |
|
44 | (43’.) Petals 5–12, connate basally, white or pink; stamens not fascicled | |
– | Petals 5, free, pink; stamens fascicled in 3 groups of 3 | |
45 | (24’.) Inflorescence of umbels; leaves pinnately- or ternately-compound, or reduced to septate phyllodes lacking blades | |
– | Inflorescence various, not of umbels; leaves simple or variously-compound, not reduced to septate phyllodes lacking blades |
|
46 | (45’.) Leaves pinnately lobed, divided, or dissected |
|
– | Leaves not lobed, divided, or dissected, or leaves ternately-compound |
|
47 | (46.) Leaves pinnately dissected, leaf segments filiform; flowers 3-merous, ca. 1 mm long; petals absent | |
– | Leaves pinnately lobed or divided, leaf segments broader, not filiform; flowers 4-merous, 18–22 mm long; petals present | |
48 | (46’.) Leaves compound |
|
– | Leaves simple |
|
49 | (48.) Leaves ternately-compound or -decompound, leaflets 3–9, margins entire; flowers imperfect, petals absent | |
– | Leaves palmately compound, leaflets 5, margins serrate; flowers perfect, petals present | |
50 | (48’.) Corolla blue, zygomorphic; ovary superior | |
– | Corolla yellow or white, actinomorphic, or corolla absent; ovary inferior |
|
Key adapted in part from
1 | Leaves with translucent glandular dots when backlit, margins entire; corollas yellow | |
– | Leaves lacking translucent glandular dots when backlit, margins various; corollas white, sometimes shaded with lavender or pink |
|
2 | (1’.) Interpetiolar stipules present, lacerate or fimbriate |
|
– | Interpetiolar stipules absent |
|
3 | (2’.) Stems conspicuously pubescent or stipitate-glandular, hairs or glands 1(–1.5) mm long; flowers axillary, pedicels absent or present and much shorter than subtending leaf |
|
– | Stems glabrous or glabrate, hairs (if present) scattered, short (< 0.5 mm long); flowers |
|
4 | (3.) Stems stipitate-glandular, sticky to the touch; leaves petiolate; corolla purple | * |
– | Stems pilose, not sticky to the touch; leaves sessile; corolla white | |
5 | (3’.) Leaves strongly ascending to appressed, margins entire; flowers borne in a terminal helicoid cyme | Loganiaeae [ |
– | Leaves spreading, margins serrulate or entire; flowers axillary or borne in a terminal helicoid cyme |
|
6 | (5’.) Stems usually strongly quadrangular; leaves usually strongly aromatic, margins serrate, crenate, or shallowly lobed, rarely entire; fruit a schizocarp of 4 nutlets (or 1–3 by abortion) |
|
– | Stems terete or only slightly quadrangular; leaves not aromatic, margins serrulate or entire; fruit a capsule |
|
7 | (6’.) Leaves 3–8 cm long, 1–3.5 cm wide, margins entire, petioles 3–15 mm long; flowers borne in a terminal helicoid cyme | Loganiaeae [ |
– | Leaves 0.5–4.5 cm long, 0.5–1.2 cm wide, margins serrulate or entire, petioles 0–2(–3) mm long; flowers axillary |
|
8 | (7’.) Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–17 mm long, 2–8 mm wide, bases broadly rounded | |
– | Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, 10–45 mm long, 5–12 mm wide, bases narrowly cuneate |
Note: The following key provides a means of distinguishing some of the common savanna and roadside herbs with opposite, more or less ovate leaves. Though occasional in ditches and roadsides on site,
1 | Plant a shrub or small tree; leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 15–31, rachis winged; inflorescences dense, terminal; fruits red, glandular-pubescent | |
– | Plant a shrub or vine climbing by means of adventitious roots; leaves trifoliolate, rachis unwinged; inflorescences openly branched, axillary; fruits white or yellow, glabrous or puberulent |
Key adapted from
1 | Plants acaulescent; leaves simple, ovate to oblong, erect, membranous to subcoriaceous, conspicuously palmately-veined from base; involucre of 2 conspicuous, ovate bracts | |
– | Plants caulescent; leaves deeply divided (appearing compound) or if simple, then spreading, coriaceous, and not distinctly palmately-veined from base; involucre various, but not of 2 conspicuous, ovate bracts |
|
2 | (1’.) Flowers borne in compact, globose to subglobose heads, blue, green, or white, subtended individually by a tricuspidate or ovate to lanceolate bractlet |
|
– | Flowers borne in open umbels, white, not subtended individually by a bractlet (though entire umbellets subtended by an involucel of inconspicuous, linear bractlets) |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blades absent, leaves reduced to septate, terete, hollow phyllodes |
|
– | Leaf blades present, leaves compound or decompound, not reduced to phyllodes |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, leaflets 1–13, linear, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 5–40 mm wide; fruit strongly flattened dorsally, prominently winged; plants 6–15 dm tall; roots tuberous-thickened |
|
– | Leaves pinnately decompound, ultimate leaf segments numerous (> 13), filiform, < 1 mm wide; fruit subterete, not winged; plants 1–8 dm tall; roots fibrous |
Key adapted from
1 | Basal and lower cauline leaf blades lanceolate, ovate, ellipitic, or oblong, 3–7(–10) cm long, apex acute to obtuse, base cordate to truncate, with a length/width ratio of 1.5–3(–6) |
|
– | Basal and lower caluine leaf blades linear to oblanceolate, 10–100 cm long, apex acuminate to acute, base clasping, with a length/width ratio of 5–50 |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves with major veins parallel, margins bristly; flowers green or greenish white |
|
– | Leaves with major veins pinnate-reticulate, margins bristly or entire; flowers bluish |
|
3 | (2.) Larger leaves < 1.5 cm wide, marginal bristles on basal portion of leaf usually in fascicles of 2–3 (often requiring careful examination to see) |
|
– | Larger leaves > 1.5 cm wide, marginal bristles of leaves solitary |
|
4 | (2’.) Mature styles 3.0–3.5 mm long, slightly exceeding bractlets; middle cusp of bractlets elongate, distinctly longer than lateral cusps; heads subglobose to hemispherical, 6–12 mm in diam. |
|
– | Mature styles 4.0–6.0 mm long, much exceeding bractlets; middle cusp of bractlets subequal in length to lateral cusps; heads globose, 9–15 mm in diam. |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaf blades absent, leaves reduced to septate, terete, hollow phyllodes | [ |
– | Leaf blades present, leaves compound or decompound, not reduced to phyllodes |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves pinnately-compound; leaflets (5–)7–11(–13), usually toothed (rarely entire), venation reticulate |
|
– | Leaves ternately-compound; leaflets 1–3, entire, venation parallel |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Mature fruits with corky-thickened peripheral ribs, narrowly rectangular in cross-section, edges 0.8–2 mm wide, nearly as thick as at center of fruit; plants with stoloniferous rhizomes 1–3(–10) dm long; lower nodes often losing their leaves by flowering | |
– | Mature fruits with peripheral ribs progressively thinning away from seed cavity, lenticular in cross-section, edges 0.2 mm thick, distinctly thinner than at center of fruit; plants with stout rhizomes or caudices, not long-stoloniferous; lower nodes usually retaining their leaves until flowering |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Leaf blades 2.5–4.5 cm long, puberulent below; corolla lobes erect, creamy yellow to greenish white |
|
– | Leaf blades 7–20 cm long, glabrous below or pubescent along veins; corolla lobes reflexed, orange, red, lavender, or greenish white and apically tinged with rose-purple |
|
2 | (1’.) Corolla lobes greenish white with rose-purple tips, 3.5–5 mm long; leaves opposite, subopposite, or whorled |
|
– | Corolla lobes orange, red, or lavender, 7–11 mm long; leaves opposite |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blades linear to narrowly lanceolate, 7–20 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide; corolla lobes orange or bright red, 8–11 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades lanceolate, 9–12 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide; corolla lobes dull red to lavender, 7–9 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaves with spinose prickles (at least one at apex, and usually several along margins), prickles 2–6 mm long; adaxial leaf surface dull |
|
– | Leaves |
|
2 | (1’.) Drupes red (rarely orange or yellow); calyx and corolla 4-lobed; leaf blades lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 3–7 times as long as wide, usually entire, lacking dark punctate dots below |
|
– | Drupes black; calyx and corolla 5–9-lobed; leaf blades obovate to elliptic, 1.5–4 times as long as wide, entire, crenate, or with spinose prickles, with dark punctate dots below |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blades 1.5–3× as long as wide, usually 2–3 cm wide, margins entire or spinose, prickles (when present) projecting outward from leaf margin; drupe 7–10 mm in diam., lustrous |
|
– | Leaf blades 3–4× as long as wide, rarely as wide as 2 cm, margins entire basally, crenate apically (rarely entire throughout), prickles curving forward along leaf margin; drupe 5–7 mm in diam., dull or slightly lustrous |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant a shrub |
|
– | Plant an herb or twining vine |
|
2 | (1’.) Plant a twining vine; leaves opposite, bases cordate, margins coarsely toothed | |
– | Plant an herb; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, bases various, margins various |
|
3 | (2’.) Plants with milky sap; heads liguliflorous (with only ray flowers) |
|
– | Plants with clear sap; heads discoid (with only disc flowers) or radiate (with both ray and disc flowers) |
|
4 | (3.) Heads nodding, spicate or racemose; ray flowers pinkish or purple | |
– | Heads erect, paniculiform or thyrsiform; ray flowers yellow |
|
5 | (4’.) Leaf margins entire or denticulate; involucres 7–10 mm long; phyllaries lanceolate or linear, neither distinctly widest nor bilobed at apices; cypselae not beaked | |
– | Leaf margins dentate to pinnately lobed; involucres 17–24 mm long; phyllaries widest at apices, often bilobed apically; cypselae with beak 7–10+ mm long | |
6 | (3’.) Heads discoid |
|
– | Heads radiate |
|
7 | (6.) Leaves and phyllaries prominently prickly-spiny; [thistles] |
|
– | Leaves and phyllaries not prickly-spiny |
|
8 | (7’.) Most or all leaves opposite or whorled (distal cauline leaves sometimes alternate, but majority of leaves still opposite or whorled); flowers white |
|
– | Leaves |
|
9 | (8’.) Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath, hairs entirely obscuring green leaf surface |
|
– | Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath, if pubescent then hairs not entirely obscuring green leaf surface |
|
10 | (9.) Leaf bases not decurrent, stems not appearing winged | |
– | Leaf bases decurrent, stems therefore appearing conspicuously winged | |
11 | (9’.) Heads enclosed by 3 ovate to deltate, leaf-like bracts | |
– | Heads not enclosed by 3 leaf-like bracts |
|
12 | (11’.) Heads spicate (rarely racemose) |
|
– | Heads paniculate, corymbose, or thysiform |
|
13 | (12’.) Phyllaries of similar length, in 1 series |
|
– | Phyllaries of differing lengths, in ≥ 2 series |
|
14 | (13.) Leaves glaucous beneath, margins entire; involucres 8–10 mm long; cypselae 4–5 mm long | |
– | Leaves not glaucous beneath, margins subentire to serrate or weakly pinnately-lobed; involucres 10–17 mm long; cypselae 2.3–3 mm long | |
15 | (13’.) Basal rosette absent |
|
– | Basal rosette present, apparent at anthesis |
|
16 | (15.) Outer phyllaries obtuse to acute; flowers tiny, individually indistinct, numerous (ca. 100+ per head), corollas pink, purple, or white; leaf surfaces not scabrous |
|
– | Outer phyllaries acuminate; flowers relatively large, individually distinct, less numerous (ca. 161–20 per head), corollas purple; leaf surfaces (at least adaxial) somewhat scabrous |
|
17 | (15’.) Flowers yellow; heads in flat-topped corymbs | |
– | Flowers purple or whitish; heads corymbose (flat-topped or rounded), paniculate, or thyrsiform |
|
18 | (17’.) Peduncles 5–50 cm long; flowers purple to pale-lavender, rarely whitish; pappus of 5 scales | |
– | Peduncles < 5 cm long; flowers purple; pappus of numerous capillary bristles |
|
19 | (18’.) Involucres mostly 7–12(–15) mm; phyllaries 15–40+ in 3–5+ series; leaves with resin dots |
|
– | Involucres 3.5–6 mm; phyllaries 5–12 in 1–2(–3) series; leaves lacking resin dots |
|
20 | (6’.) Abaxial leaf surface densely white-tomentose, appearing solidly white, adaxial leaf surface glabrous to glabrate, green, margins denticulate; heads terminal, solitary; plants flowering Feb–May | |
– | Leaf surfaces glabrous or variously pubescent but not densely white-tomentose and appearing solidly white abaxially, margins various; heads various; flowering May–Nov (except in |
|
21 | (20’.) Ray flowers yellow |
|
– | Ray flowers white, pink, blue, or purple |
|
22 | (21.) Phyllaries in 2 distinct series, outer phyllaries green, spreading, narrower than inner, inner phyllaries stramineous to brownish, erect |
|
– | Phyllaries in 1–several series, if in 2 series then not strongly dimorphic (in contrast to above) |
|
23 | (22’.) Leaves opposite, or predominantly basal but with 1–few pairs of opposite cauline leaves |
|
– | Leaves alternate or entirely basal, or predominantly basal but with 1–few alternate cauline leaves |
|
24 | (23.) Leaf venation parallel; stem pubescence glandular; phyllaries in 1 series | |
– | Leaf venation pinnate; stem pubescence eglandular; phyllaries in 2–3 series |
|
25 | (23’.) Stems and leaves sparsely to densely silky-sericeous |
|
– | Stems and leaves glabrous or variously pubescent but not silky-sericeous |
|
26 | (25.) Leaf blades oblanceolate, spatulate, elliptic, or ovate, not grass-like, glabrate to densely silky-sericeous, not appearing silvery; plants fibrous-rooted or short-rhizomatous | |
– | Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, grass-like, usually densely silky-sericeous and appearing silvery; plants long-rhizomatous | |
27 | (25’.) Basal leaves to 52 cm wide, usually deeply lobed, bases cordate, cauline leaves absent or few, reduced |
|
– | Basal leaves absent or present, < 10 cm wide, entire to deeply lobed, bases various but not cordate, cauline leaves numerous, or few and reduced |
|
28 | (27’.) Leaf blades decurrent onto stem, stem therefore appearing winged | |
– | Leaf blades not decurrent onto stem, stem not appearing winged |
|
29 | (28’.) Phyllaries in 1–2 series; leaves (usually at least some) pinnately-lobed to pinnatifid |
|
– | Phyllaries in 3–5 series; leaves entire or serrate, not pinnately-lobed or pinnatifid |
|
30 | (29.) Heads 1(–3) per stem; pappus of scales, 1.2–1.5 mm long |
|
– | Heads (2–)5–20 per stem; pappus of capillary bristles, 3.5–4.5 mm long |
|
31 | (29’.) Heads 1–4 per stem, broad (generally > 3 cm wide); involucres 15–25 mm wide; pappus of scales only, scales 1.3–2.2 mm long; basal leaves spatulate, thick, succulent | |
– | Heads many (> 4) per stem, small (generally < 3 cm wide); involucres 1.7–10 mm wide; pappus of capillary bristles, with or without scales; basal leaves absent or present, if present not spatulate, thick, and succulent |
|
32 | (31’.) Heads corymbose; leaves densely glandular; basal leaves absent at anthesis | |
– | Heads paniculate, racemose, or in axillary fascilcles; leaves not densely glandular; basal leaves present or absent at anthesis |
|
33 | (21’.) Basal leaves rosette-forming, persistent, thick, somewhat succulent, cauline leaves few, conspicuously reduced | |
– | Basal leaves absent or present, if rosette-forming then withering by anthesis, not thick, not succulent, cauline leaves typically numerous, not conspicuously reduced |
|
34 | (33’.) Phyllaries keeled; leaves stiff, most perpendicular to stem, 12–40 mm long, 1–3 mm wide | |
– | Phyllaries flat or rounded, not keeled; leaves not stiff, 5–120+ mm long, 1–20 mm wide |
|
35 | (34’.) Heads in panicles |
|
– | Heads in flat-topped corymbs |
|
36 | (35’.) Involucres campanulate to cylindro-campanulate, 6.5–11 mm long; ray florets (5–)8–35, lavender or bluish, often pale, but not white |
|
– | Involucres cylindric, 4–6 mm long; ray florets 1–6, white |
Key adapted from
1 | Heads in axillary glomerules scattered along branches, most heads sessile (a few pedunculate); pistillate involucres 5–6 mm long, staminate involucres 4–5 mm long |
|
– | Heads in loose pedunculate clusters in broad paniculiform arrays, most heads pedunculate (a few sessile); pistillate involucres 3–5 mm long, staminate involucres 3–5 mm long |
Key adapted from
Note:
1 | Involucres 3.5–6 mm; phyllaries 5–12 in 1–2(–3) series; leaves lacking resin dots | [ |
– | Involucres mostly 7–12(–15) mm; phyllaries 15–40+ in 3–5+ series; leaves with resin dots |
|
2 | (1’.) Stems, peduncles, phyllaries, and corollas lacking glands; stems (except for peduncles) glabrous or glabrate, pubescence short and appressed; phyllaries broadly elliptic to elliptic-obovate, glabrous (except ciliate margins), lacking glands, apices rounded |
|
– | Stems, peduncles, phyllaries, and corollas gland-dotted; stems (at least lower portion) conspicuously spreading-hirsute; phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, villous and gland-dotted, apices acute to obtuse |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Heads immediately subtended by several involucre-like, spiny-toothed leaves nearly as long as the involucre proper; flowers white, yellow, or purple |
|
– | Heads pedunculate (rarely with 1 or 2 reduced leaves below), not immediately subtended by several involucre-like, spiny-toothed leaves nearly as long as the involucre proper; flowers white, pink, or purple |
|
2 | (1.) Stems densely tomentose; involucres more-or-less tomentose |
|
– | Stems glabrous or sparsely tomentose; involucres glabrous |
|
3 | (1’.) Leaves densely white-tomentose below, hairs persistent, obscuring green leaf surface |
|
– | Lower leaf surface densely tomentose only on young leaves, becoming sparsely tomentose to glabrate in age, hairs not persistent, obscuring green leaf surface only on young leaves |
|
4 | (3’.) Peduncles 5–30 cm long; stems usually unbranched, distal half nearly leafless or only sparsely leafy |
|
– | Peduncles 0–2 cm long; stems usually branched, distal half usually leafy |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | At least one leaf per plant with 1–few slender lobes near base (very rarely no leaves with basal lobes); stems with 3–7 nodes below inflorescence; cypsela body oblong; plants flowering early May–early Jul(–later) |
|
– | Leaves lacking basal lobes; stems with 6–30 nodes below inflorescence; cypsela body oblanceolate; plants flowering early Jul–Oct |
|
2 | (1’.) Basal leaves present at anthesis; cauline leaves abruptly reduced upward; cypselae brown or purple, 2–3 mm long, 0.7–1 mm wide, awns 1.3–1.5 mm long |
|
– | Basal and lower cauline leaves (at least lower 4 nodes) absent at anthesis; cauline leaves uniformly reduced upward; cypselae black, 3–4 mm long, 1–1.2 mm wide, awns 0.2–1.0 mm long |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blades broadly to narrowly elliptical, 10–45 mm wide, 5–15× as long as wide; cypsela awns 0.7–1.0 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades linear to linear-oblanceolate, 2–7 mm wide, 20–50× as long as wide; cypsela awns 0.2–0.4 mm long |
Key adapted from
References:
Fig.
1 | Cauline leaves clasping; ray florets 100–150 | |
– | Cauline leaves sessile, not clasping; ray florets 25–40 or 50–100 |
|
2 | (1’.) Ray florets 50–100, with pappus of short, slender scales < 1 mm long | |
– | Ray florets 25–40, with pappus of capillary bristles 2.5–3.3 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, leaf segments capillary or linear, 0.2–5 mm wide |
|
– | Leaves simple, ≥ 5 mm wide (except |
|
2 | (1.) Leaves glabrous, sparsely glandular-punctate, basal leaf segments 1–1.5 mm wide, upper leaf segments 0.2–0.5 mm wide; phyllaries glabrate or glabrous, rarely gland-dotted |
|
– | Leaves pubescent, densely glandular-punctate, basal leaf segments 2–5 mm wide, upper leaf segments 1–2.5 mm wide; phyllaries usually puberulent, gland-dotted |
|
3 | (1’.) Leaf bases connate-perfoliate |
|
– | Leaf bases various but not connate-perfoliate |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaf blades 13–45 mm wide, generally broadest near base, bases broadly cuneate, truncate, or subcordate |
|
– | Leaf blades 2–10(–20) mm wide, generally broadest near middle or tip, bases narrowly cuneate |
|
5 | (4.) Leaf blades elliptic, lanceolate, or lance-ovate, (1.5–)2–2.5× as long as wide, margins often purple; distal leaves and main inflorescence branches often alternate cypselae 3–4 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades deltate to suborbiculate, rarely ovate, 1–2× as long as wide, margnis not purple; distal leaves and main inflorescence branches opposite; cypselae 2–3 mm long |
|
6 | (4’.) Phyllaries acuminate to attenuate; leaves immediately subtending inflorescence opposite or subopposite |
|
– | Phyllaries obtuse to acute; leaves immediately subtending inflorescence alternate (sometimes opposite or whorled in |
|
7 | (6’.) Stems arising from crowns or caudices; leaves often whorled, occasionally opposite (sometimes alternate distally), spreading or ascending (not deflexed) |
|
– | Stems arising from thickened (ca. 1 cm in diam.) horizontal rhizomes; leaves alternate or opposite (not whorled), deflexed, spreading, or ascending |
|
8 | (7’.) Involucres 5–7 mm long, inner phyllaries (at least some) acute; stems (6–)10–15 dm tall, not usually branching near the base |
|
– | Involucres 3–4 mm long, all phyllaries rounded apically; stems 3–6(–7) dm tall, often erectly branching from near base |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Ray florets (5–)8–14, corollas 5–8(–10) mm long; disc florets 10–20; involucres 6.5–9 mm long, slightly shorter than pappi; phyllaries 24–35; peduncles with 1–2 bracts; cauline leaves 2–12 mm wide; basal leaf blades 8–20 mm wide, petioles > 20 mm long |
|
– | Ray florets 15–35, corollas (10–)15–20 mm long; disc florets 25–60; involucres 9–11 mm long, much shorter than pappi; phyllaries 40–65+; peduncles with 2–5 bracts; cauline leaves 2–6 mm wide; basal leaf blades 5–9 mm wide, petioles < 20 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Heads in panicles, racemes, or axillary fascicles; leaves not densely glandular, basal leaves present or absent at anthesis | [ |
– | Heads in corymbs; leaves densely glandular, basal leaves absent at anthesis |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Heads 5–70 per plant, borne in paniculiform arrays; basal leaves withered at anthesis, entire or weakly lobed, cauline leaves not reduced upward, strongly decurrent onto stem, decurrency extending the length of the internode, stems therefore appearing conspicuously winged; plants flowering Sep–Oct |
|
– | Heads 1(–3) per plant, usually borne singly; basal leaves present at anthesis, usually pinnatifid (rarely dentate, repand, or entire), cauline leaves reduced upward, not or only weakly decurrent onto stem, decurrency extending <0.5 cm below node, not spanning the length of the internode, stems therefore appearing unwinged or only weakly winged; plants flowering Apr–May |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaves cauline, blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, 0.15–0.5(–1) cm wide |
|
– | Leaves basally disposed (cauline leaves few and abruptly reduced), blades ovate or lanceolate to spatulate, 1.2–4.3 cm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Basal and lower cauline leaves 1-veined; corolla tubes pilose within; stems glabrous or pilose |
|
– | Basal and lower cauline leaves 3–5-veined; corolla tubes glabrous within; stems glabrous |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Heads 20–70(–100+); disc corolla tubes 1.5–2 mm long, limbs 1.5–2 mm long; pappus 2.5–3 mm long; cypselae 0.75–1 mm long | |
– | Heads 2–10+; disc corolla tubes 2–3 mm long, limbs 2–3 mm long; pappus 3.5–4.5 mm long; cypselae 1–2 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Leaves petiolate | |
– | Leaves sessile |
|
2 | (1’.) Phyllaries and corollas rose-pink to purplish; phyllaries usually arachnose (bearing long, soft, entangled hairs), sometimes also with viscid hairs; involucres 4–6 mm long, 5–9 mm wide |
|
– | Phyllaries and corollas usually creamy white or yellowish, rarely greenish, pink, or purple; phyllaries involucres sparsely arachnose and with sessile glands; involucres 5–10 mm long, 6–9(–12) mm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Leaves predominantly cauline, basal and lower cauline leaves as large as or smaller than middle and upper cauline leaves, or basal and lower cauline leaves withering by anthesis |
|
– | Leaves basally disposed, basal and lower cauline leaves larger and longer-petiolate than middle and upper cauline leaves, usually persistent |
|
2 | (1.) Aerial stems arising from elongated, creeping rhizomes, conspicuously spreading-hirsute (at least distally); crushed leaves not anise-scented |
|
– | Aerial stems arising from short, stout caudices, puberulent in lines decurrent from leaf bases (at least distally); crushed leaves typically anise-scented |
|
3 | (1’.) Stems puberulent |
|
– | Stems glabrous |
|
4 | (3’.) Petiole bases of basal and lower cauline leaves not sheathing stem; disc florets 5–9; involucres 3–4 mm long; pappus 2–3 mm long; cypselae 1 mm long |
|
– | Petiole bases of basal and lower cauline leaves sheathing stem; disc florets 8–30; involucres 3.5–5 mm long; pappus 3–4 mm long; cypselae 1.5–2.5 mm long |
|
5 | (4’.) Leaf margins smooth, entire; ray flowers 8–13 per head; disk flowers 14–25 per head; pappus (2.5–)3.0–3.5 mm long, bristles basally fused and flattened; plants to 1 m tall |
|
– | Basal leaf margins scabrous, often toothed; ray flowers 2–7 per head; disk flowers 6–16 per head; pappus 2.2–4.5(–5.0) mm long, bristles not basally fused, filiform; plants to 2 m tall |
|
6 | (5’.) Margins of upper cauline leaves scabrous (or at least tuberculate); proximal inflorescence branches often elongate; pappus 2.2–4.0 mm long |
|
– | Margins of upper cauline leaves generally entire; proximal inflorescence branches not elongate; pappus 4.0–4.5(–5.0) mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Distal cauline leaves reflexed, 5–30 mm long, bases cordate-clasping |
|
– | Distal cauline leaves reflexed, spreading, or ascending, (25–)30–120 mm long, bases cordate-clasping or not (if leaves <30 mm long, then bases not cordate-clasping) |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves cordate-clasping; pappus 4–6 mm long |
|
– | Leaves not cordate-clasping; pappus 3–4 mm long |
|
3 | (2’.) Apices of phyllaries involute; adaxial leaf surface usually pilose throughout |
|
– | Apices of phyllaries flat; adaxial leaf surface short-strigose or glabrous (if pilose, then only along the major veins) |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaves firm, abaxial surface glabrous or short-strigose along midvein; peduncles (0.5–)1–5 cm long, bracts 5–16+; ray flowers 15–33, corollas pale blue, pink, lavender, or white |
|
– | Leaves pliable, abaxial surface usually pilose along midvein; peduncles 0–1 cm long (rarely longer), bracts 1–7; ray flowers 8–15(–23), corollas white (rarely pinkish or purplish) |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Stems glabrous; heads in corymbiform, flat-topped arrays; peduncles glabrous |
|
– | Stems densely villoso-hirsute; heads in thyrsiform, often ± columnar arrays; peduncles stipitate-glandular |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Mid-cauline leaf blades lance-linear to filiform, 2–4(–8+) mm wide, (8–)12–30(–60+)× as long as wide, margins entire or serrulate; florets 12–20(–30) per head; cypselae 2.5–3 mm long |
|
– | Mid-cauline leaf blades lanceolate, 15–45(–60+) mm wide, (3.3–)4–6× as long as wide, margins prominently serrate; florets 30–45(–65) per head; cypselae 3.5–4+ mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaflets 2, margins entire; leaves bearing a terminal, 3-branched tendril | |
– | Leaflets 7–15, margins serrate; tendrils absent |
Key adapted from
1 | Flowers relatively large, corolla tube 8–14 mm long, fenestrate (with a pair of narrow openings) at base, longest corolla lobe 9–12 mm long |
|
– | Flowers relatively small, corolla tube 3–4 mm long, not fenestrate at base, longest corolla lobe 4–7 mm long |
|
2 | (1’.) Lower lip of corolla pubescent inside at base; calyx lobes 3–5 mm long; pedicels and usually ovary pubescent, bracts longer than pedicels; plants flowering Jul–Nov |
|
– | Lower lip of corolla glabrous; calyx lobes 1.5–3 mm long; pedicels and ovary glabrous or pedicels sparsely pubescent, bracts shorter than or rarely equaling pedicels; plants flowering May–Nov |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Outer (slender) sepals equaling or exceeding inner (broad) sepals; stem leaves 6–12 mm long |
|
– | Outer (slender) sepals shorter than inner (broad) sepals; stem leaves 10–25 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Stylopodium (thickened ridge at base of style) present; corolla lobes obtuse, shorter than corolla tube; capsule 2.5–4 mm broad |
|
– | Stylopodium absent; corolla lobes acute, nearly equaling to slightly exceeding corolla tube; capsule 1.5–2.5 mm broad |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Carnivory occurring actively via “snap-trap” leaves; leaves bearing numerous, stiff, marginal bristles that interlock when trap closes; inflorescence an umbelliform cyme; stamens 10–20 | |
– | Carnivory occurring passively via “fly-paper” leaves; leaves lacking marginal bristles, beset with copious, red, stipitate-glandular hairs along blade and sometimes petiole; inflorescence a raceme; stamens 5 |
|
Key adapted from
1 | Scape stipitate-glandular, 2–6 cm long; basal rosettes 0.8–3.5 cm wide; stipules absent or obsolete (consisting of a few hair-like segments); petals white, occasionally tinged with pink; seeds black, crateriform (bowl-shaped), minutely reticulate |
|
– | Scape glabrous, 5–15 cm long; basal rosettes (2–)3–12 cm wide; stipules fimbriate; petals white or pink; seeds |
|
2 | (1’.) Petioles with few to numerous long trichomes; plants acaulescent; scape straight at base; petals pink (sometimes fading to white); seeds brown, coarsely 14–16-ridged, not papillose |
|
– | Petioles glabrous; plants typically with a leafy stem 1–10 cm long; scape arching at base; petals white; reddish brown to black, not ridged, densely papillose |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Ovary inferior; fruit a berry |
|
– | Ovary superior; fruit a capsule |
|
2 | (1.) Ovary 10-locular; seeds 10, relatively large (slightly crunchy when chewing fruit); abaxial leaf surface glandular, glands yellow or orangish, sessile or stipitate |
|
– | Ovary 4–5-locular; seeds > 10, tiny (unnoticeable when chewing fruit); abaxial leaf surface eglandular, or glandular and glands red, stipitate |
|
3 | (1’.) Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, adaxial surface |
|
– | Leaves membraneous or subcoriaceous, deciduous, adaxial surface light to dark green, dull, not lepidote |
|
4 | (3.) Twigs and leaf surfaces prominently lepidote | |
– | Twigs and abaxial leaf surfaces glabrous or variously pubescent but not lepidote |
|
5 | (4’.) Most leaves whorled (some leaves occasionally opposite or alternate) | |
– | Leaves alternate |
|
6 | (5’.) Leaf margins sharply serrate, blades lacking prominent perimarginal vein | |
– | Leaf margins entire, blades with prominent perimarginal vein ca. 1 mm from blade margin | |
7 | (3’.) Corolla funnelform, lobes 7–24 mm long; capsule elongate, > 2× as long as broad, 7–24 mm long |
|
– | Corolla urceolate, campanulate, or globose, lobes < 5 mm long; capsule oblate (globose but depressed apically and basally), ovoid, globose or subglobose, nearly as broad as long as broader, 2–6.5 mm long |
|
8 | (7’.) Leaf margins crenate; corolla campanulate; capsule oblate (round with apical and basal depressions) | |
– | Leaf margins spinulose-serrate, serrulate, or entire; corolla urceolate or globose; capsule ovoid, globose or subglobose |
|
9 | (8’.) Leaf margins spinulose-serrate; inflorescence of racemes produced along stems of previous year; filaments lacking spurs; capsules not thickened and whitish along sutures; seeds 5–10 per capsule | |
– | Leaf margins entire or minutely serrulate; inflorescence of umbellate-racemes produced in fascicles along stems of previous year ( |
Key adapted from
1 | Stems green to base; twigs of the season verrucose (with numerous, small, whitish bumps distinct from lenticels), eglandular; abaxial leaf surface stipitate-glandular, glands red |
|
– | Stems usually brown or reddish at base; twigs of the season not verrucose, stipitate-glandular; abaxial leaf surface |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaf blades 1.5–4 cm long, 0.6–2.2 cm wide, abaxial surface stipitate-glandular, glands not appressed, yellow or orange |
|
– | Leaf blades 3–7 cm long, 1–3.5 cm wide, abaxial surface strigillose, hairs appressed, red basally, usually pale apically |
|
1 | Plants 1–3(–4) dm tall; leaf blades, pedicels, and sepals stipitate-glandular; petioles 0.5–1.5 mm long, leaf blades 0.3–1 cm wide; inflorescence bracts equaling or longer than pedicels, persistent |
|
– | Plants 7.5–20 dm tall; leaf blades, pedicels, and sepals glandular-punctate; petioles 2–3 mm long, leaf blades 2–3 cm wide; inflorescence bracts shorter than pedicels, caducous |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, shiny, with a prominent perimarginal vein |
|
– | Leaves deciduous, subcoriaceous, dull, lacking a prominent perimarginal vein |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaf margins serrulate; inflorescence a terminal panicle developing on stems of current year; corolla 3–5 mm long; capsule 2.5–3 mm long |
|
– | Leaf margins entire; inflorescence of umbellate-racemes developing in fascicles along stems of previous year; corolla 7–14 mm long; capsule 4–6 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Shrub 0.5–1 m tall; pedicels 4–15(–20) mm long; flowers opening before or during emergence and expansion of leaves; sepals 1.5–5 mm long |
|
– | Shrub or small tree to 7 m tall; pedicels 5–27 mm long; flowers opening after emergence and expansion of leaves; sepals 0.1–1 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Stems trailing; leaves evergreen; [sect. |
|
– | Stems erect; leaves deciduous (evergreen to tardily deciduous in |
|
2 | (1’.) Twigs of the season verrucose (with numerous, small, whitish bumps distinct from lenticels); inflorescences lacking leaf-like bracts; [sect. |
|
– | Twigs of the season not verrucose; inflorescences with leaf-like bracts |
|
3 | (2.) Plants colonial, 1–7.5 dm tall; abaxial leaf surface stipitate-glandular |
|
– | Plants not colonial, 10–50 dm tall; abaxial leaf surface eglandular |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaf blades 0.7–3.5 cm long, 0.3–1.5 cm wide, margins serrulate; twigs slender, numerous; berry black | |
– | Leaf blades 3–10 cm long, 1.5–4.5 cm wide, margins entire, ciliate, or serrulate margins; twigs stouter, fewer; berries blue or black |
|
5 | (4’.) Young twigs glabrous; leaf surfaces glabrous, margins eciliate; corollas 8–12 mm long; berries blue |
|
– | Young twigs puberulent; leaf surfaces pubescent, margins ciliate; corollas 5–8 mm long; berries black |
|
6 | (2’.) Leaves usually lustrous, blades obovate to oblong, 2.2–4 cm long, 1.2–2 cm wide, abaxial surface stipitate-glandular; corolla broadly urceolate to narrowly campanulate, stamens included; berry black, lustrous, 7–9 mm in diam.; [sect. |
|
– | Leaves dull, blades elliptic, 2–8 cm long, 0.9–3.2 cm wide, abaxial surface eglandular; pedicels continuous with calyx tubes; corolla campanulate, stamens long-exserted; berry variously colored, often glaucous, 7–18 mm in diam.; [sect. |
|
Key adapted from
Note: Not seen in Shaken Creek Preserve or reported from Sandy Run,
Figs
1 | Plant with stinging trichomes; leaves palmately or ternately lobed or divided, margins serrate (very rarely entire); calyx petaloid, white | |
– | Plant with or without stinging trichomes; leaves not lobed or divided, margins serrate, undulate, or entire; calyx petaloid, greenish or purplish, or absent and flowers borne in cyathia (flower-like involucre often with petaloid appendages; staminate flowers consisting of a single stamen, pistillate flowers of a single pistil) |
|
2 | (1’.) Plant lacking stinging trichomes; stems with copious white latex, spreading or erect; leaves usually opposite, rarely alternate, margins entire; flowers borne in cyathia; capsule glabrous | |
– | Plants with stinging trichomes; stems without white latex, erect; leaves alternate, margins irregularly serrate, undulate, or entire; flowers not borne in cyathia; capsule strigillose |
Key adapted from
1 | Plants woody, < 1.5 m tall; leaves glandular-punctate |
|
– | Plants herbaceous or suffruticose, heights various; leaves not glandular-punctate |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves unifoliolate, appearing simple; stipules of mid- and upper cauline leaves conspicuous, decurrent, inversely-sagittate | |
– | Leaves (at least most on each plant) obviously compound, with ≥ 3 leaflets; stipules not as above |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaflets ≤ 4 |
|
– | Leaflets ≥ 5 |
|
4 | (3.) Leaves palmately compound, leaflets (1–3)4 | |
– | Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 3 |
|
5 | (4’.) Stamens distinct; petals yellow; legume inflated; plants often drying black |
|
– | Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; petals yellow, white, red, pink, blue, or purple; legume flattened or somewhat inflated; plants drying green to brown, not distinctly black |
|
6 | (5’.) Standard petal ≥ 2 cm long, ca. 2× as long as other petals; petals light blue to lavender; plant twining; legume linear, 7–14 cm long | |
– | Standard petal ≤ 2 cm long, ≤ 1.5× as long as other petals; petals white, yellow, pink, red, purple, or blue; plant twining or not; legume various, 0.3–5 cm long |
|
7 | (6’.) Plant trailing or climbing by twining |
|
– | Plant erect, not climbing |
|
8 | (7.) Corollas 4–6 mm long; fruit indehiscent, 2–3-seeded, transversely partitioned into 1-seeded segments, densely uncinulate (with minute hairs hooked at tips), attaching readily to clothes, hair, etc. |
|
– | Corolas 10–20 mm long; fruit dehiscent, 5–many-seeded, appressed-pubescent (hairs not hooked at tip), not attaching readily to clothes, hair, etc. |
|
9 | (8’.) Flowers borne racemosely, 1–3 per node, pedicels 1–5 mm long; keel petals neither beaked nor strongly curved; style not bearded along upper surface | |
– | Flowers borne in capitate clusters, usually > 3 per cluster, pedicels 0–1 mm long; keel petals beaked and strongly curved; style bearded along upper surface | |
10 | (7’.) Stipules connate and sheathing stem, partially adnate to petiole; petals bright yellow | |
– | Stipules free, neither sheathing stem not adnate to petiole; petals white, pink, red, purple, or blue |
|
11 | (10’.) Stipels present, persistent; pair of bractlets subtending calyx absent; fruit 2–several-seeded, transversely partitioned into 1-seeded segments, densely uncinulate (with minute hairs hooked at tip) | |
– | Stipels absent; leaflets orbicular to linear, (0.75–)1–12× as long as wide; pairs of bractlest subtending calyx present; fruit 1-seeded, unsegmented, short-puberulent (hairs not hooked at tip) |
|
12 | (3’.) Leaves paripinnate (with even number of leaflets); petals bright yellow |
|
– | Leaves imparipinnate (with odd number of leaflets); petals white, pink, red, purplish, or yellow-brown, not bright yellow |
|
13 | (12’.) Plants climbing by twining; leaflets (3)5 or 7 | |
– | Plants erect or prostrate, not climbing; leaflets 7–23 |
|
14 | (13’.) Leaflets minutely strigillose, trichomes 2-branched and attached at middle (Y-shaped); corollas pink to yellowish-brown, ≤ 6 mm long; legume 5–10 mm long |
|
– | Leaflets short-pubescent or pilose, trichomes simple, unbranched, attached at base; petals initially white, turning pink, drying purple, 10–17 mm long; legume 30–50 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
References:
1 | Plant glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaflet mucros tapered apically; legume glabrous |
|
– | Plant densely pubescent; leaflet mucros swollen apically; legume short-pubescent (rarely glabrate) |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant appressed-pubescent; stipules of mid- and lower-cauline leaves 1–2(–4) cm long, persistent or tardily deciduous, leaflets 3–7(–9) cm long, petiolules ≥ 2 mm long; corolla 20–25 mm long; racemes 1(–3) |
|
– | Plant glabrous or sparsely pubescent; stipules minute, caducous; leaflets 0.6–2(–4) cm long, petiolules 0–1 mm long; corolla 9–16 mm long; racemes numerous |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Petiolar glands borne near middle of petiole, sessile; inflorescence a 1–6-flowered fascicle; pedicels 10–20 mm long; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., larger petals 15–20 mm long; functional stamens 10 |
|
– | Petiolar glands borne near apex of petiole (immediately below lowest pair of leaflets), short-stipitate; inflorescence solitary, or 2–3-flowered and borne in short raceme; pedicels 1–4 mm long; corolla 0.8–1.0 cm in diam., larger petals 4–7(–8) mm long; functional stamens 5 |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Stems trailing; terminal leaflets 0.9–1.5× as long as wide |
|
– | Stems erect; terminal leaflets (2.5–)3–12(–15)× as long as wide |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaflets narrowly linear, terminal leaflets < 10 mm wide, (4–)8–12(–15)× as long as wide; petioles of mid-cauline leaves 1–10(–15) mm long |
|
– | Leaflets broader, terminal leaflets |
|
3 | (2’.) Petals 3–5 mm long; fruits with 1–2(–3) segments; stipes 1–2 mm long, usually shorter than calyx tube; stems uncinulate-puberulent (with short, hooked hairs) and also usually pilose (with long, straight hairs) |
|
– | Petals 6–8 mm long; fruits with 3–6 segments; stipes 2–3.5 mm long, longer than calyx tube; stems glabrous or uncinulate-puberulent, very rarely sparsely pilose |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaf blades oblanceolate, distinctly widest at apex, base and apex dissimilar (base cuneate, apex rounded, truncate, or retuse); racemes much shorter than subtending leaf; calyx lobes < 3.5 mm long | * |
– | Leaf blades various but not oblanceolate, widest at middle, base and apex similar (e.g., both rounded, both cuneate, etc.); racemes nearly equaling to much exceeding subtending leaf; calyx lobes > 3.5 mm long |
|
2 | (1’.) Peduncles shorter than subtending leaf, inflorescence therefore hardly exceeding subtending leaf; leaflets (2–)2.5–5(–8)× as long as wide; calyx lobes 6–10 mm long |
|
– | Peduncles longer than subtending leaf, inflorescence therefore greatly exceeding subtending leaf; leaflets |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaflets narrowly oblong-elliptic to linear, 4–8(–10)× as long as wide |
|
– | Leaflets widely-oblong to orbicular, 1.3–1.8× as long as wide |
|
Key adapted from
Note: The invasive
Fig.
1 | Petiole 1–4× as long as basalmost leaflet of each leaf, leaflets 10–50 mm long; peduncle and inflorescence rachis strongly flattened, prominently 2(–3)-angled |
|
– | Petiole 1/3–1× as long as basalmost leaflet of each leaf, leaflets 7–27(–37) mm long; peduncle and inflorescence rachis terete or inconpicuously 2–4-angled |
|
2 | (1’.) Plants inconpicuously pubescent, hairs gray, appressed or spreading, relatively short; leaflets 2–7 mm wide (5–6 mm wide avg.), apices mostly acute; inflorescence with 1–3(–5) nodes |
|
– | Plants conspicuously pilose, hairs rusty-brown, spreading, relatively long; leaflets 6–14 mm wide (8 mm wide avg.), apices mostly obtuse; inflorescence with 2–20 nodes |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaf blades broadest at apex |
|
– | Leaf blades broadest at middle or base |
|
2 | (1.) Leaf blades 5–9-lobed, lobes lateral, awns 15–50 per leaf | |
– | Leaf blades unlobed or 1–3-lobed, lobes apical, awns 1–20 per leaf |
|
3 | (2’.) Twigs glabrous; leaf blades 1.5–6(–7) cm wide, abaxial surface glabrous (excluding tufts of tomentum in vein axils); trees of wet habitats |
|
– | Twigs pubescent; leaf blades (4–)7–20 cm wide, abaxial surface pubescent; trees of dry habitats |
|
4 | (2’.) Petiole (14–)20–50 mm long, glabrous to sparsely pubescent; abaxial leaf surface densely pubescent, hairs stellate (though stellate structure is difficult to detect at 10× magnification); trees to 30 m tall; bark narrowly fissured | |
– | Petioles 5–15(–20) mm long, sparsely to densely pubescent; abaxial leaf surface sparsely to densely pubescent, pubescence consisting of a mixture of glandlike and stellate hairs (whose structure is easily visible at 10× magnification); trees to 15 m tall; bark blocky |
|
5 | (1’.) Leaf blades unlobed |
|
– | Leaf blades lobed |
|
6 | (5.) Abaxial leaf surface densely tomentose, appearing nearly white; trees to 10 m tall, of dry habitats |
|
– | Abaxial leaf surface glabrous or glabrescent, appearing light green; trees to 40 m tall, of wet habitats |
|
7 | (5’.) Leaf lobes lacking bristle tips, often divergent at right angles and creating a cruciform shape; acorns developing in one growing season, germinating in fall |
|
– | Leaf lobes with bristle tips (these sometimes deciduous), not divergent at right angles and forming a cruciform pattern; acorns developing in two growing seasons, germinating in spring |
|
8 | (7.) Woody twigs of the season glabrous or glabrescent, hairs scattered, deciduous, 2-forked; petioles of mature leaves 3–10(–15) mm long; leaf blades (2.5–)4–8(–13.5) cm long, 3–5(–7)-lobed, overall form only occasionally cruciform |
|
– | Woody twigs of the season pubescent (especially apically), hairs dense, persistent, stellate; petioles of mature leaves 15–20 mm long; leaf blades (5–)7.5–15(–20) cm long, usually 5-lobed, overall form typically cruciform |
|
9 | (7’.) Twigs densely pubescent; leaves with abaxial surfaces densely and persistently tomentose, primary lobes 3–7, awns 6–20, bases rounded; sun leaves with terminal lobe typically elongated, often falcate, shade leaves shallowly 3-lobed near broad apex (resembling leaves of |
|
– | Twigs glabrous of sparsely pubescent; leaves with abaxial surfaces glabrous or densely tomentose and hairs deciduous, primary lobes 5–9, awns 15–50, bases obtuse to truncate, not rounded; sun and shade leaves not as above; acorn cups 7–14 mm long |
|
10 | (9’.) Terminal buds reddish-brown basally, usually silvery apically, not or only weakly angled, 3–5(–7) mm long; leaf blades glabrous; acorn cups reddish, glossy, often thickened; nut typically with 1–many concentric grooves apically |
|
– | Terminal buds grayish throughout, strongly 4-angled, 7–10 mm long; leaf blades densely tomentose abaxially when young, becoming glabrous with age; acorn cups yellowish or brownish, dull, not thickened; nut lacking concentric grooves apically |
Key adapted from
Figs
1 | Leaves reduced, scale-like, 1–3 mm long, appressed to stem |
|
– | Leaves not reduced, not scale-like, ≥ 15 mm long, spreading to ascending |
|
2 | (1’.) Corolla blue to violet or whitish, lobes 4–5, shorter than corolla tube |
|
– | Corolla pink or white, lobes 5–14, much longer than corolla tube |
|
Key adapted from
1 | Corolla lobes white, spatulate to obovate, spreading, 4–9 mm long; flowering (Nov–)Feb–Apr(–Jun) |
|
– | Corolla lobes green to creamy white, oblong to ovate or lance-ovate, ascending or erect, 2–3(–5.2) mm long; flowering Jul–Oct |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3); corolla spotted within; leaves twisted, oblanceolate to oblinear |
|
– | Flowers clustered; corolla not spotted within; leaves planar, ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate (rarely linear) |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves bright green, ovate, widest near base; calyx lobes longer than tube; corolla campanulate, lobes spreading, usually 2–4 mm longer than corolla appendages (pleat-like tissue between corolla lobes) |
|
– | Leaves dark green, linear to elliptic, widest near middle; calyx lobes shorter than or nearly equal to calyx tube; corolla cylindric-oblanceolate, lobes usually incurved, rarely exceeding appendages by > 2 mm |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Calyx lobes 10; corolla lobes (7–)8–12(–14), pink; pedicels < 5 mm long |
|
– | Calyx lobes 5; corolla lobes 5–6(–7), pink or white; longer pedicels > 5 mm long or if shorter, then corolla white |
|
2 | (1’.) Upper branches of main stem alternate; plant perennial with short rhizomes; basal leaves absent at anthesis, cauline leaves 1–5 mm wide; calyx lobes 7–20 mm long; corolla pink |
|
– | Upper branches of main stem opposite; plant annual and lacking rhizomes ( |
|
3 | (2’.). Plants perennial, rhizomatous; corolla white; pedicels 1–2(–5) mm long |
|
– | Plants annual, not rhizomatous; corolla pink (rarely white); longer pedicels > 5 mm long |
|
4 | (3’.) Stems winged (at least basally); leaves ovate, clasping, < 2× as long as wide |
|
– | Stems not winged; leaves elliptic to lanceolate, more or less tapered to the base, mostly > 3× as long as wide |
|
Key adapted from
Figs
1 | Emersed (exposed) leaves serrate, submersed leaves pectinate with 8–14 pairs of divisions, divisions 5–30 mm long; fruits 2.3–6.0 mm wide | |
– | Emersed leaves pinnatifid to pectinate, submersed leaves pectinate with 4–12 pairs of divisions 2–7.5 mm long; fruits 2.0–3.6 mm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Petals pink; stamens in 3 fascicles of 3 stamens each; hypogynous glands present between fascicles of stamens |
|
– | Petals yellow; stamens distinct or fascicled, if fascicled then not in 3 fascicles of 3 stamens each; hypogynous glands absent |
|
2 | (1’.) Plant a shrub; leaves with an articulation (a narrow line, groove, or abrupt change of color and texture) at petiole base, petiole therefore appearing jointed at junction with stem |
|
– | Plant an herb (suffrutescent in |
|
3 | (2.) Leaves acicular to narrowly linear, 0.5–1.5(–2) mm wide, margins generally parallel |
|
– | Leaves lanceolate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, largest leaves > 2 mm wide, margins not parallel |
|
4 | (3.) Longest leaves 5–16 mm long; flowers 13–15 mm in diam. |
|
– | Longest leaves 13–30 mm long; flowers 10–26 mm in diam. |
|
5 | (4.) Primary branch internodes with 2 ridged or winged angles extending basally from midribs (but not margins) of paired leaves; leaf surfaces glossy; capsules 3–6 mm long; seeds reddish-amber or brown, alveoli not in distinct longitudinal rows |
|
– | Primary branch internodes with 6 ridged or winged angles extending basally from midribs and margins of paired leaves; leaf surfaces dull; capsules 6–9 mm long; seeds dark red to black, alveoli in distinct longitudinal rows |
|
6 | (4’.) Plant erect, 5–20 dm tall, not forming dense clumps; flowers 13–26 mm in diam. | |
– | Plant more-or-less decumbent, < 5 dm tall, forming dense clumps; flowers 10–12 mm in diam. |
|
7 | (3’.) Petals 4; sepals 4 (rarely 2 in |
|
– | Petals 5; sepals 5; plant 2–20 dm tall; leaves (10–)20–70 mm long |
|
8 | (7.) Leaves (5–)7–20 mm wide, base rounded or subcordate; styles and carpels 3 (rarely 4) |
|
– | Leaves 1–7 mm wide, base cuneate; styles and carpels 2 |
|
9 | (7’.) Leaves (1.8–)2.8–8.3(–11) mm wide, mostly 2.5–5× as long as wide, largest leaves always > 4 mm wide, usually > 30 mm long; seeds 0.9–1.6 mm long |
|
– | Leaves 1.5–5(–7) mm wide, mostly 5–10× as long as wide, largest leaves usually < 5 mm wide, usually < 30 mm long; seeds 0.6–0.8 mm long | |
10 | (2’.) Leaves appressed, reduced, scale-like, < 1 mm wide; inflorescence racemose |
|
– | Leaves spreading or ascending, not reduced, not scale-like, > 1 mm wide; inflorescence cymose |
|
11 | (10’.) Plants suffruticose (somewhat woody basally); axillary fascicles of leaves present |
|
– | Plants herbaceous throughout; axillary fascicles of leaves absent |
|
12 | (11’.) Stems and leaves densely pubescent; leaves strongly ascending to nearly appressed |
|
– | Stems and leaves glabrous; leaves spreading (strongly ascending or sometimes nearly appressed in |
|
13 | (12’.) Stamens 50–80; styles 2–4 mm long |
|
– | Stamens 5–22; styles 0.5–1.5 mm long |
|
14 | (13’.) Leaves lanceolate to linear, 6–30 mm long, 0.5–3 mm wide, base attenuate to cuneate, 1–3-nerved |
|
– | Leaves ovate to elliptic, 3–35 mm long, 2–15 mm wide, base rounded to cordate-clasping, 3–7-nerved |
|
15 | (14’.) Plants strict or sparingly branched; inflorescence few-flowered, with few or no leaf-like bracts; sepals lanceolate, 1.5–4.5 mm long |
|
– | Plants usually diffusely branched; inflorescence many-flowered, with numerous leaf-like bracts; sepals linear or narrowly elliptic, 1.5–3 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Figs
1 | Flowers in sessile, cymose clusters in leaf axils; anther-bearing stamens 2 |
|
– | Flowers in racemes or if in cymose clusters, then not sessile in leaf axils; anther-bearing stamens 4 |
|
2 | (1’.) Inflorescence an open raceme |
|
– | Inflorescence a compact, cymose, often head-like cluster |
|
3 | (2.) Stems glabrous; lower cauline leaves elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate; calyx lacking distinctive crest on upper surface | |
– | Stems canescent or pilose; lower cauline leaves deltate-ovate; calyx with distinctive crest on upper surface | |
4 | (2’.) Inflorescences axillary, heads borne on leafless peduncles; leaf blades lanceolate to lanceolate-rhombic, 5–15 cm long, 1.6–6 cm wide |
|
– | Inflorescence corymbose, heads terminating leafy branches; leaf blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5–5 cm long, 0.3–3 cm wide |
|
Key adapted from
1 | Leaves evidently petiolate, petioles narrowly winged, bases narrowly cuneate, not clasping |
|
– | Leaves sessile, bases narrowly or broadly cuneate to round, often clasping |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaf blades ovate to lanceolate, bases usually rounded, upper leaves scarcely narrower than lower leaves; calyx lobes 1–2× as long as tube |
|
– | Leaf blades lanceolate to linear, bases cuneate, upper leaves conspicuously narrower (and often also shorter) than lower leaves; calyx lobes ≥ 2× as long as tube |
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Most or all larger leaves with margins bluntly serrate or entire, bases clasping or not |
|
– | Most or all larger leaves with margins sharply serrate, bases not clasping |
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Calyx lobes 2.3–3.3(–5) mm long; leaves 3–15 mm wide |
|
– | Calyx lobes 1.7–2 mm long; leaves 10–30 mm wide |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaves evergreen, unlobed, often with numerous deforming galls along margins; inflorescence cymose; flowers bisexual; drupe dark blue to black, ca. 8 mm in diam. | |
– | Leaves deciduous, 0–2(–5) lobed, generally lacking deforming galls along margins; inflorescence racemose or paniculate; flowers unisexual; drupe blue, ca. 1 cm in diam. |
Key adapted from
1 | Leaves borne in basal rosettes, ovate or elliptic; carnivory occurring passively via viscid adaxial leaf surfaces; flowers purple, blue, or white, solitary on bractless peduncles |
|
– | Leaves or leaf segments borne along subterranean or submersed stems, linear; carnivory occurring actively via bladder-like traps; flowers yellow or purple, in (1–)many-flowered racemes, each pedicel subtended by a minute bract |
|
Key adapted from
1 | Corolla purple, > 2 cm long (including spur), > 1.8 cm wide; palate exserted from throat of corolla; rosettes usually 5–10(–15) cm in diam.; seeds (0.4–)0.5–0.8 mm long |
|
– | Corolla white to pale lavender, < 2 cm long (including spur), < 1.5 cm wide, palate included within throat of corolla; rosettes usually 2–4 cm in diam.; seeds 0.4 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant terrestrial, principal branch system within soil; bladders 0.2–1.1 mm long, mostly < 1.0 mm long; corolla yellow; seeds 0.2–0.25 mm long |
|
– | Plants aquatic, floating unattached in water (sometimes deposited on land, but then principal branch system lying on, not within, soil); bladders 0.7–5.0 mm long, mostly > 1.0 mm long; corolla purple or yellow; seeds 0.5–2.0 mm long |
|
2 | (1.) Bract subtending pedicel not peltate, associated with 2 bracteoles, bracteoles 1–2.5 mm long; corolla spur oriented downward or backward, at approximately a right angle to the lower lip |
|
– | Bract subtending pedicel peltate (attached near middle), not associated with 2 bracteoles; corolla spur oriented forward, essentially appressed to lower lip |
|
3 | (1’.) Flowers yellow; leaves divided into alternate segments with lateral traps | |
– | Flowers purple; leaves divided into verticillate segments with terminal traps |
Key adapted from
Note: The following, strictly aquatic species of
Fig.
1 | Fruit as long as broad or longer, (2–)2.2–3.2(–3.3) mm long, apex acute, apiculate, or obtuse; leaves mostly 1.3–4.3 mm wide |
|
– | Fruit broader than long, (1.3–)1.5–2.1(–2.3) mm long, apex depressed, flattened, or broadly rounded; leaves mostly 1.9–9.3 mm wide |
|
2 | (1.) Septa of fruit ciliate, false septa incomplete, exposed portions of fruit purple; leaves (1.2–)2.3–4.3(–5.6) mm wide, usually 25–50 below inflorescence |
|
– | Septa of fruit glabrous, false septa essentially complete, exposed portions of fruit purple or yellow; leaves (1.0–)1.3–2.0(–3.2) mm wide, usually 50–120 below inflorescence |
|
3 | (2’.) Fruit ovate, (2.8–)3.0–3.2(–3.3) mm long, 2.5–3.1 mm in diam., apex minutely apiculate (with a small, slender point), exposed portions yellow; seeds 2.1-2.4 mm long; anthers averaging 1.2 mm long |
|
– | Fruit pyriform (pear-shaped), (2.0–)2.3–2.8(–3.0) mm long, 1.7–2.6 mm in diam., apex rounded, exposed portions purple; seeds (1.6–)1.7–2.0(–2.1) mm long; anthers averaging 0.8 mm long |
|
4 | (1’.) Margins of inner sepals with conspicuous stipitate glands |
|
– | Margins of the inner sepals eglandular, or with a few inconspicuous, sessile glands |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaf blades 2–8 cm long, bases cuneate to attenuate, sessile or with petioles to 15 mm long |
|
– | Leaf blades 1–4 cm long, bases rounded, sessile or with petioles to 1 mm long |
|
Key adapted from
Note: For assistance in distinguishing the following taxa from some similar herbs with opposite, more-or-less ovate leaves, see the auxilliary key immediately following the key to dicot families.
1 | Leaves lobed, abaxial surface not glaucous, apex emarginate to truncate; stipules free from petiole; tepals greenish-yellow, bases with orange blaze | |
– | Leaves not lobed, abaxial surface glaucous, apex acute to obtuse; stipules adnate to petiole; tepals creamy white (rarely greenish or yellow to orange-yellow), bases lacking orange blaze |
Key adapted from
1 | Anthers straight, 1–2.5 mm long |
|
– | Anthers curved, 5–11 mm long |
|
2 | (1.) Petals yellow; stem internodes moderately to sparsely glandular-hirsute; leaf blades oblong, linear, or spatulate |
|
– | Petals lavender to pink; stem internodes glabrous; leaf blades ovate or widely elliptic |
|
3 | (1’.) Stem nodes and internodes glabrous; stem and leaves blue-green, leaves very strongly ascending to nearly appressed |
|
– | Stem nodes and usually also the internodes hirsute; stem and leaves green, leaves spreading to somewhat ascending |
|
4 | (3’.) Leaf blades linear or narrowly elliptic, 1–5(–7) mm wide |
|
– | Leaf blades lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, (5–)7–20(–35) mm wide |
|
5 | (4’.) Petals 12–15(–18) mm long, abaxial surface glabrous; anthers 5–8 mm long; mature hypanthium 6–10(–11) mm long, glandular-setose |
|
– | Petals (18–)20–25 mm long, abaxial surface glandular-hirsute; anthers 8–11 mm long; mature hypanthium (9–)10–15(–20) mm long, glabrous or glabrate |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Leaf blades elliptic to obovate, mostly 1.5–4 cm wide, 2–4× as long as wide, not or only sparsely glandular-punctate on adaxial surface; mature fruits 3.0–4.5 mm in diam. |
|
– | Leaves oblanceolate, mostly 0.5–1.5 cm wide, 4–6× as long as wide, densely glandular-punctate on both surfaces; mature fruits 2.0–3.5 mm in diam. |
|
2 | (1’.) Plants medium shrubs to small trees, typically 2–10 m tall, not stoloniferous; leaves of fertile branches 4–9 cm long, 8–20 mm wide |
|
– | Plants small shrubs, typically < 1 m tall, strongly stoloniferous; leaves of fertile branches 1.5–4 cm long, 3–8 mm wide |
|
Key adapted from
References:
Fig.
1 | Leaf bades thick, somewhat stiff, generally widest beyond middle; fruits (1–)2(–3) per peduncle; trunk typically swollen or buttressed at base; trees of swamps, pocosins, and depressions in pine savannas and flatwoods |
|
– | Leaf blades thin, pliable, generally widest near middle; fruits (2–)3–5(–8) per peduncle; trunk neither swollen nor buttressed at base; trees of dry to mesic upland forests, less commonly in bottomlands or other wetlands such as pine savannas and flatwoods |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Petals present or absent, if present then often caducous; calyx tube not extended beyond summit of ovary, sepals persistent on capsule; stamens 4, 8, or 10–14 |
|
– | Petals present, not caducous; calyx tube extending beyond summit of ovary, sepals deciduous; stamens 8 |
Key adapted from
1 | Leaves decurrent; sepals 4–7; petals 4–7; stamens 8–14; capsule obpyramidal | |
– | Leaves not decurrent; sepals 4; petals 0–4; stamens 4; capsule various |
|
2 | (1’.) Pedicels 2–15 mm long; petals present, 4–15 mm long, persistent or caducous; capsules subglobose to spheric or cubic, dehiscence by an apical pore |
|
– | Pedicels 0–1(–5) mm long; petals absent or present, if present then 0–6 mm long and caducous; capsules cylindrical, narrowly obconical, or narrowly obpyramidal, dehiscence irregularly loculicidal |
|
3 | (2.) Leaf bases cuneate; pedicels 2–5 mm long; nectary discs at style base more or less flat, inconspicuous | |
– | Leaf bases rounded or truncate; pedicels 4–15 mm long; nectary discs at style base domed, conspicuous |
|
4 | (3’.) Styles 6–10 mm long; plants glabrous, glabrescent, or pubescent with very short hairs |
|
– | Styles 1.5–3 mm long; plants pubescent with short to long, spreading to shaggy hairs |
|
5 | (4’.) Sepals narrowly deltoid, broadest at or near base, 3–4× as long as wide, ascending or spreading in fruit; plants nearly glabrous or pubescent with long spreading hairs; bracteoles 5–10 mm long |
|
– | Sepals ovate, broadest near middle, ca. 2× as long as wide, conspicuously reflexed in fruit; plants pubescent with short, appressed or spreading hairs; bracteoles 2–4 mm long |
|
6 | (2’.) Capsules cylindrical to narrowly obpyramidal, at least 2.5–5× as long as broad; petals present |
|
– | Capsules subglobose, obovoid, or broadly obpyramidal, 1–1.5× as long as broad; petals absent |
|
7 | (6’.) Plants glabrous |
|
– | Plants densely pilose throughout |
Key adapted from
Note: The following species of
Fig.
1 | Leaves alternate, pinnately-lobed or -parted, 5–15 cm long; inflorescence spicate, compact; corolla strongly zygomorphic | |
– | Leaves opposite, |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves simple (reduced and inconspicuous in |
|
– | Leaves pinnately decompound; calyx lobes longer than tube; corolla yellow |
|
The following taxa are all hemiparasitic on the roots of a variety of species. Key adapted from
1 | Plant perennial, rhizomatous; corolla 3–4 cm long |
|
– | Plant annual, roots fibrous; corollas < 3 cm long (to 3.8 cm long in |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaves scale-like, < 2.5 mm long |
|
– | Leaves not scale-like, > 8 mm long |
|
3 | (2’.) Pedicels < 1.5× as long as calyx, mostly 1–5 mm long at anthesis, mostly < 8 mm long in fruit |
|
– | Pedicels > 2.5× as long as calyx, mostly 5–20 mm long at anthesis, mostly > 10 mm long in fruit |
|
4 | (3.) Axillary fascicles of leaves numerous, well-developed; stems scabrous |
|
– | Axillary fascicles of leaves absent or few and poorly-developed; stems glabrous or weakly scaberulous |
|
5 | (4’.) Branches spreading or ascending; stems more-or-less scaberulous; corollas 18–38 mm long |
|
– | Branches erect; stems glabrous; corollas 20–25 mm long |
|
6 | (3’.) Calyx tube conspicuously reticulate-veined; corolla 1–1.5 cm long, lacking 2 yellow lines within; capsule 2–3 mm in diam.; living plants yellowish-green, lacking purple pigment |
|
– | Calyx tube lacking conspicuous venation; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, throat with 2 yellow lines within; capsule 3–4 mm in diam.; living plants dark green, usually somewhat purplish |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant scapose (leaf-bearing stems absent, leaves restricted to a basal rosette) | |
– | Plants cauline (leaf-bearing stems present, basal rosettes of leaves present or absent) |
|
2 | (1’.) Cauline leaves alternate; inflorescence a raceme | |
– | Cauline leaves opposite; inflorescence a thyrse or panicle, or flowers solitary in leaf axils |
|
3 | (2’.) Inflorescence a thyrse or panicle; corolla reddish to purple, 15–25 mm long |
|
– | Flowers solitary in leaf axils; corolla white, sometimes shaded with purple, 6–8 mm long |
Key adapted from
1 | Lower corolla lobes projecting beyond upper lobes, corolla throat strongly pleated ventrally; sterile filament densely bearded most of its length; plants 2–7 dm tall |
|
– | Lower corolla lobes essentially equaling upper lobes, corolla throat not or only faintly pleated ventrally; sterile filament bearded only along distal 1/3 of its length; plants 4–10 dm tall |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Bracts subtending basal flowers in inflorescence conspicuously exserted, ≥ 2× as long as subtended flower | * |
– | Bracts subtending basal flowers in inflorescence not conspicuously exserted, ≤ 1× as long as subtended flower |
|
2 | (1’.) Leaf blades broadly ovate to elliptic, 1–3× as long as wide, bases cuneate or rounded, petioles conspicuous; scapes solid and terete |
|
– | Leaf blades mostly oblanceolate or lanceolate, (3–)4–10× as long as wide, bases attenuate, petioles inconspicuous or absent; scapes |
|
3 | (2.) Capsule 2.5–4 mm long, dehiscent near middle; sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1.5× as long as wide, mostly obtuse; petioles usually green and pubescent at base | * |
– | Capsule 4–6 mm long, dehiscent below middle; sepals narrowly elliptic, 2–4× as long as wide, mostly acute; petioles usually purple and glabrous at base | |
4 | (2’.) Bracts and calyx pubescent, at least on keels; plants annual, flowering late Mar–Jun, then soon withering | |
– | Bracts and calyx glabrous; plants perennial, flowering Apr–Nov, not soon withering |
|
5 | (4’.) Spikes very densely flowered (≥ 8 flowers/fruits per cm), rachis hidden; scape solid, 5-angled | * |
– | Spikes loosely flowered (3–6 flowers/fruits per cm), rachis visible throughout length; scape hollow, terete |
|
Key adapted from
Note: Of the several species of
Fig.
1 | Fresh flowers orange or yellow |
|
– | Fresh flowers pink or purple, often with white or green portions |
|
2 | (1.) Inflorescence a dense raceme; flowers orange (drying yellow) |
|
– | Inflorescence a dense to open, many-branched cyme; flowers yellow |
|
3 | (2’.) Plants 4.5–12 dm tall; stems solitary; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 3.5–14 cm long, ca. 15–20× as long as wide, persistent as a basal rosette, cauline leaves linear-subulate, sharp-tipped, strongly reduced, becoming bractlike distally; seeds glabrous, 0.7–0.9 mm long | |
– | Plants 1–4 dm tall; stems 1–several from base of plant; basal leaves spatulate, 3–7 cm long, ca. 10× as long as wide, usually not persistent after flowering, cauline leaves narrowly spatulate to linear, blunt-tipped, only slightly reduced, not bractlike distally; seeds pubescent, 0.5–0.7 mm long |
|
4 | (1’.) Leaves alternate, glaucous; corolla ≥ 2× as long as “wings” (lateral, petaloid sepals) |
|
– | Leaves whorled (at least at lower nodes), not glaucous; corolla ≤ 1× as long as “wings” |
|
5 | (4’.) Racemes 3–6 mm in diam., pointed in outline |
|
– | Racemes 7–15 mm in diam., rounded in outline (pointed in |
|
6 | (5’.) Racemes sparsely flowered (ca. 10 flowers per cm), to 6 cm long (including portion with dropped fruits), 0.7–1.2 cm in diam., apex pointed |
|
– | Racemes densely flowered (ca. 20 flowers per cm), to 4.5 cm long (including portion with dropped fruits), 0.7–2 cm in diam., apex rounded to truncate |
|
7 | (6’.) Bracts ca. 1 mm long; “wings” 1.5–2.5 mm wide, acute |
|
– | Bracts 1.5–3 mm long; “wings” 3–4 mm wide, acuminate |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Figs
1 | Leaves 2–4 per node, blades 8–20 mm wide, with 3–5 prominent veins |
|
– | Leaves 2 per node, blades 1–8 mm wide, with 1 prominent vein |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Plant a weakly climbing vine, hermaphroditic; leaves opposite; flowers perfect; sepals petaloid, 2.5–5 cm long, persistent in fruit; stamens included within sepals, not conspicuous | |
– | Plant an erect herb, dioecious; leaves alternate; flowers usually imperfect, occasionally perfect; sepals not petaloid, 0.1–1.8 cm long, not persisten in fruit; stamens exserted, conspicuous (on staminate flowers) |
Key adapted from
References:
1 | Stems with numerous prickles and/or spines; fruit an aggregate of drupelets or of achenes enclosed within fleshy hypanthium (“hip”) |
|
– | Stems lacking prickles and spines; fruit a pome, drupe, or aggregate of achenes not enclosed within a fleshy hypanthium |
|
2 | (1.) Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5–9; petals pink; fruit an aggregate of achenes enclosed within fleshy, red hypanthium | |
– | Leaves trifoliolate or palmate, leaflets 3–5; petals white (rarely pink); fruit an aggregate of purple to black drupelets not enclosed within hypanthium |
|
3 | (1’.) Plant an herb; petals yellow; fruit an aggregate of achenes | |
– | Plant a shrub or tree; petals white (rarely pinkish in |
|
4 | (3’.) Petiole with 2 glands present near junction with blade; ovary superior; fruit a drupe; plant a medium to tall tree | |
– | Petiole eglandular; ovary inferior; fruit a pome; plant a shrub to small tree | 5 |
5 | (4’.) Adaxial leaf surface lacking reddish-brown trichomes along midrib; flowers and fruits in racemes |
|
– | Adaxial leaf surface with reddish-brown trichomes along midrib; flowers and fruits in corymbs |
Key adapted from
1 | Plant not rhizomatous |
|
– | Plant rhizomatous |
|
2 | (1’.) Summit of ovary glabrous or sparsely pubescent; pome purple; expanding leaves glabrous to densely tomentose below | |
– | Summit of ovary densely wooly; pome red; expanding leaves densely tomentose below |
|
Key adapted from
Note: Though not seen in or reported from Shaken Creek Preserve or the vicinity,
Fig.
1 | Primocanes (non-flower-bearing stems) prostrate, creeping, or low-arching, rooting at tips or nodes; abaxial leaflet surface sparsely pubescent to glabrous; sepals 6–8 mm long |
|
– | Primocanes erect, ascending, or high-arching, not rooting; abaxial leaflet surface densely tomentose or pubescent; sepals 4–6 mm long |
|
2 | (1.) Stems bearing stout-based, usually recurved prickles, lacking narrow-based bristles; leaves deciduous; flowers usually ≥ 2 per branch | |
– | Stems with or without stout-based, recurved prickles, bearing narrow-based bristles; leaves tardily deciduous, turning red and persistent in winter; flowers usually 1 per branch | |
3 | (1’.) Leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, conspicuously widest beyond middle, apex usually obtuse or rounded; abaxial leaflet surface densely white- or gray-tomentose |
|
– | Leaflets lanceolate to ovate, widest below or near middle, apex usually acute or acuminate; abaxial leaflet surface softly pubescent but not white- or gray-tomentose |
|
Key adapted from
Note:
Fig.
1 | Plant prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves ovate, about as wide as long; flowers paired; ovaries connate and developing into a single red (rarely whitish) berry | |
– | Plant erect, not rooting at nodes; leaves lanceolate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, distinctly longer than wide; flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes, not paired; ovaries and fruit not as above |
|
2 | (1’.) Fruit comprised of 2 indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels; leaves 2–7 cm long |
|
– | Fruit comprised of 1 apically dehiscent, many-seeded carpel; leaves 1–2 cm long |
Key adapted from
Note: For assistance in distinguishing the following taxa from some similar herbs with opposite, more or less ovate leaves, see the auxilliary key immediately following the key to dicot families.
1 | Sepals 4, similar in size, 2–4 mm long; style entire; leaves mostly 2–4 cm long, 2–6 mm wide; plants of dry sites |
|
– | Sepals 2 or if 4, then 2 markedly reduced, 4–6 mm long; style bifid; leaves mostly 2–7 cm long, 4–12 mm wide; plants of mesic or wet sites |
|
Key adapted from
Fig.
1 | Pitchers decumbent, urceolate (urn-shaped: broader basally, contracted apically); hoods erect or with lobes arched together (but not covering orifices horizontally); petals red to maroon |
|
– | Pitchers erect, tubiform (trumpet-shaped: widening from base to apex); hoods more-or-less horizontal, at least partially covering orifices; petals either yellow or red to maroon |
|
2 | (1’.) Petals yellow; pitcher hood 3–10 cm long, (3–)5–14 cm wide, margins reflexed |
|
– | Petals maroon; pitcher hood 0.7–4.5 cm long, 0.7–4 cm wide, margins not reflexed |
|
Key adapted from
Note: Hybridization is common among many taxa of
Fig.
1 | Plant producing stolons; corolla white |
|
– | Plant not producing stolons; corolla blue-violet |
|
2 | (1.) Leaf blades lance-ovate, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate |
|
– | Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, base narrowly cuneate |
|
3 | (2’.) Leaf blades lanceolate, < 8× as long as wide; plant glabrous |
|
– | Leaf blades linear or narrowly lanceolate, > 10× as long as wide; plant glabrous to pubescent |
|
4 | (1’.) Most or all leaf blades longer than wide, narrowly ovate to long-triangular, apices acute |
|
– | Leaf blades as wide as long or wider, ovate to suborbicular, apices obtuse (rarely acute) |
|
5 | (4.) Leaf margins with all teeth uniform, leaf bases cordate | |
– | Leaf margins with basal teeth distinctly longer than middle and upper, leaf bases truncate to subcordate |
|
6 | (5’.) Leaves broadly triangular in outline, not much longer than wide, margins with basal teeth numerous, fine |
|
– | Leaves narrowly ovate-triangular in outline, much longer than wide, margins with basal teeth few, coarse |
|
7 | (4’.) Leaf blades deeply lobed (at least basally), margins crenate to entire |
|
– | Leaf blades unlobed, margins toothed |
Key adapted from
Note: The leaf characters in the following key refer to mature leaves; the earliest one or two leaves in many species of
Fig.
1 | Leaves palmately compound, leaflets (3–)5(–7); tendrils several-branched, terminating in disks | |
– | Leaves simple, often shallowly 3–5(–7)-lobed; tendrils unbranched, lacking disks |
Key adapted from
The flora of the savannas, flatwoods, and sandhills of SCP proper, based on vouchered specimens and reports (i.e.,
An additional 102 taxa in twenty-seven genera and seven families were collected or reported from savannas or flatwoods in the vicinity of SCP (i.e., within two miles of SCP, including Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area; Table
In total, 552 taxa in 231 genera and ninety families are treated in this guide (Table
Among all taxa treated in this guide, the eudicotyledons are the most species-rich group, containing 290 taxa; the monocotyledons are a close second, containing 242 taxa. The richest families among eudicotyledons are
Among all taxa treated in this guide, the most species-rich habit is herbs (447 taxa), followed by trees and shrubs (83 taxa), and vines (22 taxa). Among the herbs,
Among the community types included in this work, the most species-rich is Very Wet Loamy Pine Savanna; the least species-rich is Pine/Scrub Oak Sandhill (Mesic Transition subtype; Fig.
Only one exotic taxon,
One species,
I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Alexander Krings, for his patience, attention to detail, and tireless dedication throughout this project, manifested perhaps most conspicuously in his willingness to comb repeatedly through the minutia of drafts of this lengthy manuscript in search of even the smallest typographical errors, of which there were (but hopefully are not now) plenty. I am also grateful to the other members of my committee: Dr. Jon Stucky, who introduced me to Shaken Creek Preserve and helped unveil to me the mysteries of graminoids, and to Dr. David Lindbo, whose humor and perspective have been a tremendous asset.
Botanists who have assisted me in plant identification or in related pursuits during this project include Dr. A.J. Bullard, Ed Corey, David McAdoo, Derick Poindexter, Bruce Sorrie, Dale Suiter, Mike Turner, Dr. Wade Wall, Dr. Alan Weakley, and Donna Wright. Dr. Alexander Krings and Dr. Jon Stucky reviewed my voucher specimens and provided critical feedback. Richard LeBlond assisted me in numerous ways, not the least of which was reviewing all of my
Special thanks to Josh Justice, Robert Swinson, and all the members of the Wallace Deer Club, who graciously allowed me to sleep and take cold showers in their lodge. (An extra-special thanks to that anonymous hunting club member who eventually showed me the circuit breaker for the hot-water heater.) I also thank the NC Plant Conservation Program, the NC Natural Heritage Program, and The Nature Conservancy, who enabled and supported this research in various ways. In particular, I would like to thank Hervey McIver for his enthusiastic stewardship of Shaken Creek Preserve–and for his optimistic and adventuresome spirit. Twenty years from now, I hope I, too, am crashing through overgrown savannas exclaiming of their restoration potential: “With just a few good burns….”
Thank you to the past and present members of the NC State floristics group: Rachel Clark, Kelly Hines, and Amanda Saville, for paving the way; and Lee Kimmel, Casie Reed, and Jenny Stanley, for your encouragement and collective goofiness. Thank you also to the past and present office staff of the NCSU Plant Biology Department: Carol Apperson, Christine Brown, Vicki Lemaster, and, especially, Sue Vitello. Without you, I certainly would not have made it this far–and, worse, I would probably still be filling out travel authorization forms incorrectly.
I am deeply indebted to the NC Native Plant Society, the NC Academy of Science, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service for funding this project. Because of these groups, my use of “indebted” is still mostly metaphorical…mostly.
Finally, to my family: Mr. Andy and Ms. Dottie, thank you for letting me repeatedly convert your dining room into a floristics laboratory; Mom and Dad, you are amazing people and wonderful parents, as evinced by the fact that your son studies plants—and you love him anyway; Bro, let’s puzzle over laurel and willow oaks again soon; and Audrey, my sweet wife, who may never get to enjoy a walk through the woods with an undistracted husband, thank you for your patience and love.
Robert Thornhill conducted field research and wrote the manuscript. Dr. Alexander Krings and Dr. Jon Stucky verified specimen determinations and, along with Dr. David Lindbo, provided methodological advice and proofread the manuscript.
Location of areas included in this study. The striped portion designates areas within two miles of Shaken Creek Preserve. Three primary sites—Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area, Shaken Creek Preserve, and the northern portion of Holly Shelter Gamelands—are labeled in bold. The individual tracts that comprise Sandy Run are labeled with the following abbreviations:
Aerial photograph of Shaken Creek Preserve with main roads labeled. Baseline imagery from Bing Maps Aerial, courtesy of
Walter climate diagrams for the two weather stations nearest Shaken Creek Preserve. Data from the State Climate Office of North Carolina (2012; see
Walter climate diagram for the weather station in Jacksonville, NC (Onslow Co.).
Walter climate diagram for the weather station in Willard, NC (Pender Co.).
Soil mapping units at Shaken Creek Preserve.
Approximate locations within Shaken Creek Preserve of the community types treated in this work. All known examples of the four Wet Pine savanna communities on site are mapped. The highest-quality examples of the other communities on site are also shown; however, fire-suppressed examples of some of these community types occur throughout the property and are not mapped. In the legend community types (sensu
Variations in fire intensity based on vegetation type.
In savannas that are frequently burned and lack significant woody vegetation, fires are small enough to be stepped over harmlessly (photo by R. Thornhill).
Fire intensity increases along the woody margins of savannas and flatwoods (photo by R. Thornhill).
Fire time-series in a Wet Loamy Pine Savanna community type. Many savanna species, particularly bunchgrasses, flower only following growing-season fires. This sequence of photos shows the effects of fire on the flowering of
April 30, two days after a burn (photo by R. Thornhill).
June 27, just less than two months after a burn. Notice the profusion of flowering stalks of
Two community types not formally treated in this thesis: Pocosin and Pond Pine Woodland. The overall species composition of these community types is very similar to (albeit less rich) than the flatwoods and savanna community types formally treated in this work. Indeed, virtually all species in pocosins and pond pine woodlands are also found in flatwoods and/or savannas; consequently, this guide will facilitate the identification of species in pocosins and pond pine woodlands as well as in flatwoods and savannas.
Pocosin: note the dense growth of low (mostly evergreen) shrubs and the absence of tall trees (photo by R. Thornhill).
Pone Pine Woodland: note the dense stand of
Wet Pine Flatwoods (Typic subtype)
A typical wet pine flatwoods (photo by R. Thornhill).
When frequently burned, the physiognomy of wet pine flatwoods resembles that of Pine Savannas; however, species diversity and overall richness, especially at a small scale, is lower in in this community type than in true savannas (photo by R. Thornhill).
Sandy Pine Savanna (Rush Featherling subtype)
A super-abundance of the white-flowered
Two Loamy Pine Savanna community types
This Wet Loamy Pine Savanna, treeless and dominated by the charismatic Sarracenia flava (yellow pitcher plant), is one of the most stunning vistas in Shaken Creek Preserve – or perhaps anywhere (photo by R. Thornhill)!
Very Wet Loamy Pine Savannas harbor a suite of exceptionally rare species, often found in slight depressions, like the narrow one running from left to right in this photograph (photo by R. Thornhill).
Distribution of taxa by habit and community type in the savannas and flatwoods in Shaken Creek Preserve ("SCP") and vicinity (i.e., within two mile of Shaken Creek Preserve, including Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area; “SR+V”). “Taxa” includes species, subspecies, and varieties. Values include taxa vouchered or known only from reports. Suppl. material
Taxonomic distribution of herbaceous taxa. Families represented by ≥ 8 herbaceous taxa in either Shaken Creek Preserve or in the vicinity are represented individually; families represented by < 8 herbaceous taxa in both Shaken Creek Preserve and in the vicinity are subsumed in the “Other families” category.
Taxonomic distribution of tree and shrub taxa. Families represented by ≥ 2 tree or shrub taxa in either Shaken Creek Preserve or in the vicinity are represented individually; families represented by only 1 tree or shrub taxon in both Shaken Creek Preserve and in the vicinity comprise the “Other families” category.
Taxonomic distribution of vines (herbaceous or woody plants that climb by means of holdfasts or by twining). All families containing vine taxa are included.
Distribution by community type of taxa collected or reported from Shaken Creek Preserve. Values above columns indicate the total number of taxa (i.e., rare and non-rare) collected or reported from each community type. "Rare taxa” are those taxa listed by the NC Natural Heritage Program as Significantly Rare or Watch List (
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Note the bicolored, fairly broad leaves (photo by R. Thornhill).
Spike at anthesis (photo by R. Thornhill).
Most spikes coil as they age (photo by R. Thornhill).
"Snow in September": abundance of flowering Pleea tenuifolia in mid-September (photo by R. Thornhill).
Close-up of flower (photo by R. Thornhill).
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Close-up of flower buds (photo by R. Thornhill).
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Close-up of flower (photo by R. Thornhill).
From
Fall foliage (photo by R. Thornhill).
Photo by W.D. Brush (from USDA-NRCS 2012).
Photo by W.D. Brush (from USDA-NRCS 2012).
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
From USDA-NRCS (2012).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill
Photo by R. Thornhill.
Midvein of lower leaf surfaces is sometimes covered with rusty-colored, felt-like hairs (photo by R. Thornhill).
A pair of petiolar glands is usually present near junction with leaf blade (photo by R. Thornhill).
Bark has distinctive horizontal banding of lenticels (photo by R. Thornhill).
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Note the characteristic galls along the leaf margins (photo by R. Thornhill).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Note that leaf shape in this species varies from elliptic (as in the above photo) to linear (photo by R. Thornhill).
From USDA-NRCS (2012).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
Inflorescence (photo by R. Thornhill).
Basal leaves (photo by R. Thornhill).
From USDA-NRCS (2012).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
Basal leaflets are more broadly elliptic than cauline leaflets (photo by R. Thornhill).
Distinctly narrow cauline leaflets (photo by R. Thornhill).
Inflorescence (male flowers) (photo by R. Thornhill).
Fruits (photo by R. Thornhill).
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
Photo by R. Thornhill.
Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
Note the white undersurface of the curled leaves (photo by R. Thornhill).
Photo by R. Thornhill
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
Photo by R. Thornhill
Photo by R. Thornhill
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
From USDA-NRCS (2012).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
Inflorescence (photo by R. Thornhill).
Cauline leaves (photo by R. Thornhill).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
From USDA-NRCS (2012).
Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
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Photo by R. Thornhill.
From USDA-NRCS (2012).
Note the distinctive, small, dark trichomes on the midvein of the adaxial leaf surface (photo by R. Thornhill).
Number and relative percentage of taxa treated in this work that were collected or reported from either Shaken Creek Preserve (“SCP”), the vicinity (i.e., within two mile of Shaken Creek Preserve, including Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area; “SR+V”), or in both Shaken Creek Preserve and the vicinity (“SCP and SR+V”). “Taxa” includes species, subspecies, and varieties. Suppl. material
Comparison of the richest plant families present in the savannas, flatwoods, and sandhills in Shaken Creek Preserve (“SCP”), in the vicinity (i.e., within two mile of Shaken Creek Preserve, including Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area; “SR+V”), and in both Shaken Creek Preserve and the vicinity (“SCP and SR+V”). “Taxa” includes species, subspecies, and varieties. Families represented by ≥ 8 total taxa are represented individually; families represented by < 8 total taxa are subsumed in the “Other families” category. Values appearing within or beside the columns indicate the total number of taxa from each indicated family; values appearing above each column indicate the total number of taxa across all familles. Values include taxa vouchered or known only from reports. Suppl. material
Comparison of the richest genera in the savannas, flatwoods, and sandhills in Shaken Creek Preserve (“SCP”), in the vicinity (i.e., within two mile of Shaken Creek Preserve, including Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area; “SR+V”), and in both Shaken Creek Preserve and the vicinity (“SCP and SR+V”). “Taxa” includes species, subspecies, and varieties. Genera represented by ≥ 7 total taxa are represented individually; genera represented by < 7 total taxa are not included. Values appearing within the columns indicate the total number of taxa from each included genus. Values appearing above each column indicate the total number of taxa across all included genera; percentages appearing above each column indicate the percentage of the flora of the particular area that is represented by the included genera. Values include taxa vouchered or known only from reports. Suppl. material
Plant community types in Shaken Creek Preserve included in this work. Community types and their associated ranks follow
Plant Community Type (sensu |
State Rank | Global Rank |
---|---|---|
Pine/Scrub Oak Sandhill (Mesic Transition subtype) | S2S3 | G2G3 |
Mesic Pine Savanna (Coastal Plain subtype) | S2 | G2G3 |
Wet Pine Flatwoods (Typic subtype) | S3 | G3 |
Sandy Pine Savanna (Typic subtype) | S3 | G3 |
Sandy Pine Savanna (Rush Featherling subtype) | S1 | G1 |
Wet Loamy Pine Savanna | S1 | G1 |
Very Wet Loamy Pine Savanna | S1 | G1 |
List of rare taxa (i.e., "Significantly Rare" or rarer sensu
Taxon | Vouchered? | State Status | Federal Status | State Rank | Global Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
( |
SR-P | S2 | G3G4Q | ||
SR-T | S2 | G4 | |||
|
Yes | SR-L | FSC | S1S2 | G1G2 |
Yes | E | FSC | S2 | G3 | |
( |
Yes | T | S2 | G4? | |
Yes | E | S1S2 | G3G4 | ||
Yes | SR-P | S2 | G4G5 | ||
Yes | SC-V | S3 | G4 | ||
( |
Yes | SC-H | S1 | G4 | |
Yes | E | E | S2 | G2 | |
Yes | SC-V | S2 | G2G3 | ||
SR-O | S3 | G5 | |||
( |
Yes | SR-P | S1S2 | G3G4Q | |
|
Yes | SR-L | S1 | G1? | |
Yes | E | S1S2 | G2G3 | ||
Yes | SC-V | FSC | S3 | G3 | |
( |
Yes | SR-P | S1 | G4T2T4Q | |
( |
SR-P | S2 | G4 | ||
Yes | SC-V | S1S2 | G5 | ||
Yes | SR-P | SH | G4 | ||
Yes | SR-P | S1 | G5 | ||
( |
Yes | T | S1S2 | G5?T3? | |
Yes | E | E | S3 | G3 | |
Yes | SC-V | S2 | G3 | ||
( |
Yes | SR-T | S1 | G2G3 | |
Yes | SR-P | S1 | G5T4 | ||
Yes | T | FSC | S2 | G3 | |
Yes | E | S2 | G4 | ||
( |
Yes | T | FSC | S1S2 | G3 |
Yes | SC-V | S2 | G3G4 | ||
( |
T | S1 | G5 | ||
Yes | SC-V | S2S3 | G3 | ||
Yes | SR-T | S2 | G4 | ||
Yes | T | FSC | S1S2 | G3G4 | |
( |
Yes | SR-P | S2 | G4 | |
Yes | SR-P | S2S3 | G3G4 | ||
Yes | SR-P | S2 | G5 | ||
Yes | SR-T | S2 | G5?T3? | ||
Yes | SC-V | FSC | S2 | G3 | |
( |
Yes | T | S2 | G4 | |
Yes | T | S2 | G4 | ||
( |
Yes | SR-L | FSC | S1 | G1 |
( |
Yes | SR-P | S2 | G5 | |
Yes | E | S2 | G2G4 | ||
Yes | SC-V | S2 | G4G5 | ||
( |
E | S1 | G3 | ||
Yes | E | E | S2 | G2 | |
( |
E | FSC | S2 | G3T2 | |
( |
T | S1 | G5 | ||
( |
Yes | SC-V | FSC | S2 | G3 |
List of North Carolina Watch List taxa collected or reported from savannas, flatwoods, or sandhills in Shaken Creek Preserve or the vicinity (i.e., within a 2-mile radius of Shaken Creek Preserve, including Sandy Run Savannas State Natural Area). Status and rank designations follow
Taxon | Vouchered | State Status | State Rank | Global Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | W1 | S3 | G3G4 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4? | |
Yes | W1 | S2S3 | G4G5Q | |
Yes | W5B | S5 | G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 | |
Yes | W1 | S2S3 | G4 | |
Yes | W7 | S1S2 | G5T4 | |
Yes | W1 | S2 | G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S2S3 | G4G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S2 | G5? | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 | |
( |
W1 | S3 | G3 | |
( |
W1 | S2S3 | G5T5 | |
Yes | W5B | S5 | G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 | |
W7 | S2 | G3? | ||
Yes | W1 | S3 | G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S2 | G5T4? | |
Yes | W1 | S2S3 | G5T5 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 | |
Yes | W2 | S2 | G5T5 | |
Yes | W7 | S1? | G3G4Q | |
Yes | W7 | S2S3 | G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G3 | |
Yes | W7 | S2S3 | G5T2T3 | |
Yes | W1 | S2S3 | G4 | |
Yes | W1 | S2S3 | G4 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4? | |
( |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G3 | |
( |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G5 | |
Yes | W5B | S3S4 | G5? | |
Yes | W5B | S3 | G4T3T4 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4? | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G3 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G3 | |
( |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G5 |
Yes | W7 | S2? | G4G5 | |
Yes | W1 | S3 | G4G5 | |
( |
W1 | S1 | G4 | |
( |
Yes | W7 | S2 | G4G5T4T5 |
|
Yes | W2 | S2 | G2 |
Descriptions for estimating abundance of taxa collected by the senior author in Shaken Creek Preserve (adapted from
Density | Description |
---|---|
Abundant | Dominant or co-dominant in one or more common communities |
Frequent | Numerous in one or more common communities but not dominant in any common community |
Occasional | Widely scattered in several communities, including one or more common communities |
Infrequent | Few individuals or colonies but found in several locations or communities |
Rare | Few individuals or colonies limited to one or very few locations or communities |
Summary of vascular plant taxa collected or reported from savannas, flatwoods, or sandhills in Shaken Creek Preserve or the vicinity (i.e., in Sandy Run and/or within a 2-mile radius of Shaken Creek Preserve). The
Group | Families | Genera | Species and Subspecies/Varieties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Native | Exotic | Total | |||
Pteridophytes | 5, 0 (5) | 7, 0 (7) | 9, 0 (9) | 0, 0 (0) | 9, 0 (9) |
Gymnosperms | 2, 0 (2) | 4, 0 (4) | 6, 0 (6) | 1, 0 (1) | 7, 0 (7) |
Basal angiosperms & magnoliids | 2, 0 (2) | 3, 1 (4) | 3, 1 (4) | 0, 0 (0) | 3, 1 (4) |
Monocotyledons | 20, 2 (22) | 67, 4 (71) | 200, 42 (242) | 0, 0 (0) | 200, 42 (242) |
Eudicotyledons | 54, 5 (59) | 123, 22 (145) | 231, 59 (290) | 0, 0 (0) | 231, 59 (290) |
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Climate diagram data
Climate normals
File: oo_5756.xlsx
Pie chart data
Occurence
File: oo_5757.xlsx
Richest families data
Occurence
File: oo_5758.xlsx
Richest genera data
Occurence
File: oo_5759.xlsx
Taxa by habit and community type data
Occurence
File: oo_5760.xlsx
List of Voucher Specimens Collected by the Senior Author
Occurences
This spreadsheet lists all specimecns (and associated data) collected by the senior author from throughout Shaken Creek Preserve, including specimens collected from the community types treated in this manuscript and from several other community types not treated here (example: swamps, roadsides, etc.). Location data for rare taxa (i.e., those listed in table 2) and for
File: oo_7003.xls
Checklist of Taxa
occurence
This file is simply a spreadsheet of the data presented in the checklist portion of the manuscript.
File: oo_7004.xls