Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomic paper
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Towards the conservation of parasitoid wasp species in Canada: Preliminary assessment of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Corresponding author:
Academic editor: Marek Borowiec
Received: 07 Feb 2014 | Accepted: 25 Feb 2014 | Published: 27 Feb 2014
© 2014 Jose Fernandez-Triana
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Fernandez-Triana J (2014) Towards the conservation of parasitoid wasp species in Canada: Preliminary assessment of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1067. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1067
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This paper is the first to consider braconid parasitoid wasps in conservation efforts in Canada. Out of the 28 genera of the subfamily Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) present in the country, 13 genera were studied and 16 species were identified as potential candidates to be included in the Species Candidate Lists of COSEWIC (The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). For every selected species a brief summary of its broad geographical distribution is provided, with detailed and in many cases new information of its distribution and collecting dates in Canada, hosts (Lepidoptera) if known, and color pictures of all wasp species. A preliminary assessment is made using Prioritization Criteria developed by COSEWIC, and some general recommendations are made based in those analyses.
Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae, parasitoid wasps, species conservation, species candidate lists, COSEWIC
The parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) have been considered as a keystone group that has a disproportionately large role in maintaining the diversity of other animals and plants (
The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC, http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/) exists to provide advice regarding the status of wildlife species that are nationally at risk of extinction or extirpation. Its committee of experts assesses and designates which wildlife species are in some danger of disappearing from the national territory. As part of its work, COSEWIC produces a Species Candidate Lists based on Prioritization Criteria (http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct3/index_e.cfm#p1). There has never been a species of braconid parasitoid wasp being considered by COSEWIC, mostly because lack of available information about any potential species to be considered.
This paper is an effort to provide new and/or updated information about species of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with potential to be considered by COSEWIC to be included in future Species Candidate Lists. Microgastrinae is one of the most diverse and important groups of parasitoids wasps (
This paper is mostly based on the study of specimens from the Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC). In a few cases, examination of photographs and distribution records of specimens deposited in the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO) was done by accessing public data available in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (http://www.boldsystems.org/).
Out of the 28 genera of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) present in Canada (
For every selected species, a brief summary of its broad geographical distribution is provided, with detailed and in many cases new information of its distribution and collecting dates in Canada, hosts (Lepidoptera) if known, and color pictures of the wasp species. A preliminary assessment is then made using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC (http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct0/appdx_e1_2_e.cfm): Proportion of the species global range in Canada, Details on existing global conservation status, Canadian population size and trends, Threats, Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy are also discussed. That information is provided to comply with COSEWIC standards when considering potential candidate species. Meeting the COSEWIC criteria allows a species to be evaluated and eventually incorporated to the COSEWIC Species Candidate Lists – and once in those lists, the species can be studied further and considered for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, if applicable.
Most of the photos were taken with a Keyence VHX-1000 Digital Microscope, using a lens with a range of 13–130 ×. Some of the species were photographed with a Canon EOS 60D with MPE-65 lenses (aperture: 4.0, ISO: 100, CR2 format images), and a 600EX-RT Speedlight (manual) flash; the camera was mounted on a Kaiser copy stand with a Z-stepper (Stackshot) to allow for taking of multiple images. Multiple images through the focal plane were taken of a structure and these were combined to produce a single in-focus image. For the pictures taken with the Canon camera, the Zerene Stacker program (http://zerenesystems.com/cms/stacker) was used; the software associated with the Keyence System produced the focused images taken with that camera.
Maps with the distribution in Canada of all species were generated using SimpleMappr (http://www.simplemappr.net/).
Figs
This genus is distributed from the Neotropics (Costa Rica, Mexico) to central and eastern United States (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – high (most of the areas where the species occur in Canada are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from two localities in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
The distribution of this species was originally reported from southern Canada (Rondeau Provincial Park) to the Florida keys in the United States (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (some of the areas where the species occur in Canada are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from a few localities in southern Ontario. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
This species was described from a single female from Canada (Ontario, Ottawa, holotype deposited in the CNC).
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available, but the only known specimens are all from a single locality, and have been repeatedly collected over a span of 50 years, usually during late July (but with one record from early September). Threats: Residential and commercial development – high (the single area where the species occurs in Canada is already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the area would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada (the only locality known for the species). Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
This species is rather widely distributed in western North America from Mexico to British Columbia, with most of the records from California, United States (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – high (the single area where the species occur in Canada is populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the area would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Probably none.
Figs
This species is distributed in central and eastern United States (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – high (the single area where the species occurs in Canada is already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the area would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Host distribution (limited to southern Ontario and Quebec) may affect the distribution of the wasp in Canada.
Figs
This species was described from a single female from Canada (Quebec, Gatinaeu Park, Old Chelsea, Summit of King Mountain, holotype deposited in the CNC) (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – low (the single area where the species occurs in Canada has some degree of protection); Agriculture and aquaculture – low; Human intrusions and disturbance – high (the park where the species occurs has a relative heavy load of visitors); Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural area currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely medium; Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely to be high. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada (the only locality known for the species). Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
This species was described from a single female from Canada (British Columbia, Verde Creek, northeast from Copper Mountain, holotype deposited in the CNC). Exix is mostly a Neotropical genus, with only E. columbica reaching the Nearctic, and no more species expected from North America (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (the single area where the species occurs is populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the area would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada (the only locality known for the species). Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
Since the original description (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available, but the species has been collected over a span of 33 years, usually on early July (but ranging from June to early October). Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (some of the areas where the species occur in Canada are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from a few localities in southern Ontario. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
The distribution and other data about this species was revised and updated recently by
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – low (areas where the species occur in Canada are not heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely medium; Climate change and severe weather – likely to be high (
Materials: see
Figs
This species is endemic of Alaska (United States), British Columbia and Yukon (Canada) (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – low (areas where the species occur in Canada are not heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely medium; Climate change and severe weather – unknown, but likely to be high because the species is found in relatively fragile Arctic or sub-Arctic environments. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from a few localities in northwestern Canada. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
This species is rather widely distributed in central and eastern United States (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (the areas where the species occur in Canada are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the areas would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from two nearby localities in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Host distribution (limited to southern Ontario) may affect the distribution of the wasp in Canada.
Figs
All previously known specimens (a total of 23) of P. gouleti had been collected in an area bounded by the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa rivers (44–46°N and 74–75°W, for details on localities and collecting dates, see the original description in
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available, but the species has been collected over a span of 60 years between mid July to August (with one record on early September). Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (the areas where the species occur are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the areas would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from a few localities in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Host distribution (limited to southeastern Canada) may affect the distribution of the wasp in the country.
Figs
This species is distributed in southern and eastern United States (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development – high (the areas where the species occur are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – medium; Human intrusions and disturbance – high; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the areas would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Host distribution (limited to southeastern Canada) may affect the distribution of the wasp in the country.
Figs
This species is widely distributed in the New World, from Brazil to Canada (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available, but specimens have been collected between June and August (although no specimen has been collected since 1976). Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (some of the areas where the species occur are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the areas would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: None. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
According to the original description (
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available, although the species has been repeatedly collected over a span of 75 years, from mid August to early September. Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (some of the areas where the species occur in Canada are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown. Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from a few localities in eastern Canada. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
Figs
This species was described by
Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available, although the species has been repeatedly collected over a span of 50 years, between July and August. Threats: Residential and commercial development – medium to high (some of the areas where the species occur in Canada are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture – unknown; Human intrusions and disturbance – medium; Natural system modifications – high (alteration of the natural areas currently protected would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes – unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather – unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from a few localities in western Canada. Limiting biological factors: Unknown.
This paper is the first to consider braconid parasitoid wasps in conservations efforts in Canada. Out of the 28 genera of the subfamily Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) present in the country, 13 genera and close to 80 species were studied, and 16 species were identified as potential candidates to be included in the Species Candidate Lists of COSEWIC. As such it is just a preliminary effort, to be expanded with more studies in the near future. Based on the analyses made, some recommendations and comments are provided below.
Jennifer Heron (COSEWIC Arthropods SSC Co-chair) encouraged the author to submit more information about parasitoid wasps. Jeremy deWaard and Jayme Sones (BIO) kindly allowed the study some of the Braconidae material collected by members of BIO. Caroline Boudreault (CNC) took some of the pictures used in this paper. The editor and two reviewers improved considerably the final version of the manuscript.