Palaearctic, besides Europe recorded from Caucasus and West Siberia (Zaitzev 1994). Widely distributed in Europe, including Fennoscandia (Chandler 2004). Recorded only from southern areas in Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and Norway (Gammelmo and Rindal 2006). In Finland has been found also in the southernmost parts of the country (as Pleasiastina annulata, Lundström 1909). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Larvae develop in rotten wood, feeding on the mycelia that it contains. The species has been reared from larvae found in rotten wood of deciduous trees only: beech (Fagus), elm (Ulmus) and lime (Tilia) (Krivosheina and Mamaev 1967, Zaitzev 1994). Chandler (Chandler 1993) reported the rearing of S. annulatus from a hard ascomycete fungus Hypoxylon rubiginosum. The Karelian specimen was collected from a young grey alder (Alnus incana) forest.

Red-listed in Norway (VU, Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo et al. 2010).

European. Symmerus nobilis was described from Latvia (Lackschewitz 1937) and has been found in several countries of Central Europe (Chandler 2004, Zaitzev 1994), but is considered everywhere a rare species. From the well-studied British Isles it was recorded only from one site in Scotland (Glen Coiltie, Easterness) (Falk and Chandler 2005). In the Fennoscandian region, the species was recorded only recently from southern parts of Norway (Gammelmo and Rindal 2006, Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007), south Sweden (Jakovlev et al. 2008), the Kivach Nature Reserve in Russian Karelia (two female specimens, Polevoi 2000). No former records from Finland.

All collecting records of adults are from broadleaved forests, with the exception of Russian Karelia which lies entirely in the boreal forest zone. The Russian Karelian sites are spruce dominated forests with a high proportion of aspen (Populus tremula). The Finnish record is from a herb-rich spruce-dominated forest with aspen, birch, lime and oak (Quercus robur). Both the Finnish and the Karelian sites are old growth forests on fertile soils with a high amount of dead aspen wood, in which larvae of the species most likely develop. Larvae live in decaying wood, as indicated by rearing records from beech (Zaitzev 1994).

Red-listed in Finland (VU, Penttinen et al. 2010), Norway (VU, Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo et al. 2010) and Sweden (NT, Cederberg et al. 2010).

Holarctic, widely distributed in Europe (Chandler 2004). Wide range in Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and in the Republic of Karelia (Polevoi 2013a). In Finland mainly collected from the southern parts of the country, except for an old record from NW Lapland, Muonio (Lundström 1914).

New records from Lapland are mainly from calcareous spring fens and rich fens, but also from headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation. In the light of these new records I. semirufa (Fig. 2) is perhaps not confined to forest habitats, but may also thrive in peatlands. Immature stages are unknown.

Figure 2.  

Isoneuromyia semirufa (Meigen), male specimen collected from Tervola, North Finland, lateral view.

Red-listed in Finland (NT, Penttinen et al. 2010).

Palaearctic. Orfelia krivosheinae (Fig. 3) was described from Russia, Tuva (Central Asia, Zaitzev 1994). No published records are available besides the original description. New for Europe.

a

b

c

d

Figure 3.

Orfelia krivosheinae Zaitzev. Male specimen collected from Parikkala, south eastern Finland.

a: Habitus, lateral view.  
b: Habitus, dorsal view.  
c: Male hypopgium, tergal view. Arrow points to the apex of sinuous style bearing a dense cluster of hairs.  
d: Male hypopygium, sternal view.  

The type material was reared from larvae found on mycelium in a decaying poplar (Populus) tree (Zaitzev 1994). The Finnish specimen was taken from a trunk-window trap set on a birch trunk.

Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe. Many of the older records were made as O. tristis Lundström, a junior synonym of O. lugubris (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). The species occurs in central and northern Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007), the White Sea shore in Russian Karelia (Humala and Polevoi 2008), and Norway (Kjaerandsen 2012). New for Finland.

Finnish records are from rich spring fens and headwater streams surrounded by coniferous forests. Karelian specimens were collected in riparian habitats of the White Sea. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Orfelia species are web-spinners chiefly associated with dead wood (Jakovlev 2012).

European, mainly nemoral, recorded from Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and Estonia (Chandler 2004). Few records are known from the Nordic region, from Denmark (Petersen and Meier 2001), Sweden (only a single record, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007), and from Norway, without indication of the collecting locality (Rindal et al. 2008). In Finland the presence of the species was based on Hackman’s (Hackman 1980) checklist. However, the original sources of that record are unknown. In fact, the only exemplar in the MZHF collection “Diptera Fennica” identified as O. pallida actually belongs to Macrorrhyncha rostrata Zetterstedt. New for the Republic of Karelia.

The Finnish record is from a herb-rich, spruce dominated forest site adjacent to a sea gulf and a wet meadow with moist black alder stands. Huge willows (Salix) and plenty of dead wood are present as well. Karelian records are from herb-rich deciduous forests and a black alder fen. Immature stages are unknown.

Due to the ambiguous occurrence data, the species was not included in the 2010 Red List of Finnish species. However, it is likely that O. pallida is very rare in Finland and perhaps confined to hemiboreal deciduous forests.

European. Monocentrota lundstromi (Fig. 4) is rare and poorly known in Fennoscandia. In Norway it is known from two localities in western part of the country (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007) and in Sweden it has been collected from a single locality in the zone of boreonemoral (or hemiboreal) forests (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). No former records from the Republic of Karelia. Finnish records are from southern, eastern and northern parts of the country.

Figure 4.  

Monocentrota lundstromi Edwards, male specimen collected from Finland, dorsal view.

The collecting locality in Kittilä is a large aapamire (see Fig. 5b for a definition of aapamire), dominated by rich fen vegetation. There are some small birch (Betula pubescens) trees growing on the mire, but the landscape is otherwise open. The specimens from the Republic Karelia have been collected from populated areas and clearcuts. Often attracted to light, active around dawn (Hutson et al. 1980). Larvae probably develop in decaying wood. The only rearing record is from southern Sweden: adults were collected with an eclector trap over a piece of oak log (Mats Jonsell leg., Jevgeni Jakovlev det. 2005).

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 5.

Malaise trapping sites from Finnish Lapland.

a: Tornio, Rakanjänkkä, rich spring fen, dominated by brown mosses such as Scorpidium revolverns, S. cossoni, Paludella squarrosa and Sphagnum warnstorfii. Vascular plant flora includes Carex spp., Dactylorhiza incarnata and Parnassia palustris. J. Salmela 6/2012.  
b: Sodankylä, Pomokaira, Kaita-aapa, aapamire, intermediate rich flark fen. Moss flora characterized by Sphagnum spp. and Warnstorfia procera. Flarks are wet, moss covered areas surrounded by the narrow, hummock level strings. Aapamires are widespread mire types in the northern and middle boreal vegetation zones of West European and East Siberian plains, and in parts of boreal Canada. Aapamires are minerogenous in contrast to bogs that only receive nutrients from rain water. J. Salmela 6/2012.  
c: Savukoski, Joutenoja, headwater stream surrounded by boreal mixed forest. Meadow is dominated by Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica archangelica, Viola spp. and Urtica dioica ssp. sondenii. In the forest conifers Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies are common, with mixed Betula spp. J. Salmela 6/2012.  
d: Sodankylä, Heinäaapa, rich spring fen, dominated by mosses Palustriella falcata, Philonotis sp., and Scorpidium cossoni. Vascular plants such as Saxifraga hirculus, Saussurea alpina and Bartsia alpina are conspicuous. 8/2012.  
e: Utsjoki, Kaldoaivi, Galddasjohka. A diverse headwater stream with luxuriant riparian vegetation. The surroundigns are open fell areas, but a narrow strip of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) is present in the valley. J. Salmela 7/2007.  
f: Sodankylä, Pomokaira, Paistipuolet NW, poor sloping fen surrounded by spruce mire. Characterized by large sedges (Carex spp.) and Sphagnum riparium. J. Salmela 6/2009.  

Red-listed in Finland (NT, Penttinen et al. 2010) and Norway (VU, Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo et al. 2010).

European. Very poorly known species, described from Switzerland, Leuk (Chandler and Blasco-Zumeta 2001) and later reported from Bulgaria, eastern Danubian plain (Bechev 2006). The collecting site of the holotype is apparently mountainous whereas the Bulgarian site is only 150 m above sea level. Also collected from northern Sweden (Kjaerandsen 2012, J. Kjaerandsen, pers. comm.).

Finnish localities are headwater streams with luxuriant riparian vegetation surrounded by coniferous forests. One of the sites (Törmäoja, Ahot) is a treeless, sloping meadow with short herbs and grasses on a moraine soil. Immature stages are unknown. The related species, P. zonata has been collected with eclector traps on ground vegetation, moss carpets, and mineral soil under root plate of wind felled tree (Økland 1999) and on decaying trunks of aspen and goat willow, Salix caprea (J. Jakovlev, unpublished).

European. Known from England, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2009). Reported here formally as a new species for Finland.

Immature stages are unknown. Linnansaari (south boreal zone) is a lush semi-dry herb-rich forest with human influence (most likely former slash-and-burn forest) where aspen is in many parts the dominant tree species with lime, birch and spruce. Collecting site in Salla (north boreal zone) is a luxuriant headwater stream with swampy margings, surrounded by pristine spruce forest.

Red-listed in Finland (DD, Penttinen et al. 2010) and Sweden (NT, Cederberg et al. 2010).

Fennoscandian. The species is previously known only from the type locality in northern Sweden (Lule Lapmark, Kjaerandsen et al. 2009). The first record from Finland.

Nothing is known of the life histories of Urytalpa spp.; they may be similar to those of Pyratula spp. Finnish collecting sites are old-growth boreal forests.

European, known only in northern Britain (Scotland and northern England), France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands (Kjaerandsen et al. 2009). No former records from Finland.

Finnish localities are two close lying trapping sites in a river valley surrounded by a strip of mountain birch forest in the northernmost Lapland (Fig. 5e). From Great Britain recorded from moist deciduous forest (Falk and Chandler 2005). Immature stages are unknown.

Palaearctic. Macrocera crassicornis (Fig. 6) has a rather wide range in central and southern Europe, also known from Near East and North Africa (Chandler 2004, Zaitzev 1994). Included in the Finnish Red List assessment (Penttinen et al. 2010), here formally reported as new for Finland.

Figure 6.  

Macrocera crassicornis Meigen, male specimen collected from Finland, lateral view.

Reared from soil and dead coniferous wood. Finnish collecting sites are old-growth spruce dominated forests situated in the south boreal vegetation zone.

Threatened fungus gnat species in Finland (VU, Penttinen et al. 2010).

Palaearctic. In Europe recorded from the British Isles, Central and northern Europe (Chandler 2004). In Fennoscandia recorded from Finland, Russian Karelia (Lundström 1906) and Murmansk region (Lundström 1909), also known from Denmark. Hitherto collected only from a few Finnish localities in southern (Lundström 1906) and eastern Finland (Polevoi 2001a).

Reared from a tussock of Scirpus sylvaticus in Czech Republic (Ševčík and Roháček 2008). The locality in Sodankylä, Kaita-aapa, is a large, open aapamire with intermediate rich vegetation. Scirpus sylvaticus was not present, but several other Cyperaceae species were abundant in the mire (Carex spp., Trichophorum spp., Eriophorum spp.).

Palaearctic. Described from Finland (Lundström 1912a), later recorded from Ural and Altai (Zaitzev 1994) and from Europe, chiefly from northern areas: Norway, Sweden, Finland, NW Russia, Baltic countries, Germany (Chandler 2004, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). New to the Republic of Karelia.

The species is very rare. There are only four Finnish records, one of these was made more than a hundred years ago (Lundström 1912b, SW Finland, Kaarina, Kuusisto). The only recent finding is from a headwater stream surrounded by a spruce mire (Central Finland, Äänekoski). The Karelian specimen was collected at the edge of a small settlement near a herb-rich aspen dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown, other species of the genus have been reared from soil, clumps of turf, rotting wood and cave walls and are considered predaceous (Falk and Chandler 2005, Ševčík and Roháček 2008, Jakovlev 2012).

Red-listed in Finland (NT, Penttinen et al. 2010) and Norway (VU, Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo et al. 2010).

European. A rare species described from Leningrad Region in northwest Russia (Ostroverkhova and Stackelberg 1988) and later found in a few places in Central Europe: Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland (Chandler 2004), and from Vologda, Kostroma and Moscow Regions of northwest and central Russia (Zaitzev 1994). In Fennoscandia found from the Republic of Karelia (Polevoi 2000), Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and Norway (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007). Included in the recent Finnish Red List, although here formally reported as a new species for the Finnish fauna.

Finnish collecting localities are a herb-rich coniferous forest with a large proportion of birch and aspen in the southeastern Finland (Rantasalmi) and a sub-arctic mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forest with herb-rich vegetation in the slopes of Saana Mountain in northwestern Lapland. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Bolitophila larvae develop inside soft fungi (Jakovlev 2012).

Red-listed in Finland (NT, Penttinen et al. 2010).

European. Very rare and poorly known species, so far recorded from South Finland, Denmark and Great Britain (Väisänen 1984, Chandler 1992).

Mycomya branderi is most likely associated with wetlands. The British records are from wetlands (Chandler 1992) and two recent Finnish localities are a swampy lake shore (Espoo) and a birch/alder swamp forest on a lake shore (Parikkala). Immature stages are unknown.

Red-listed in Finland (VU, Penttinen et al. 2010).

European. Very rare species, hitherto recorded only from Great Britain, Finland (Väisänen 1984, Karjalohja, South Finland) Norway (Gammelmo and Søli 2006), Sweden (Kjaerandsen 2012) and Czech Republic (Ševčík and Roháček 2008).

Mostly likely a wetland-dwelling species. Reared from sedge (Carex) tussocks in Czech Republic (Ševčík and Roháček 2008). The Finnish locality is a swampy lake shore, and the only Norwegian record is from a lake shore wetland (Anonymous 2010). Immature stages are unknown.

Red-listed in Norway (VU, Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo et al. 2010).

European. Rare species known by few records from Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Estonia, Norway and Finland (Edwards 1941, Väisänen 1984, Chandler 2004, Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007), recently found also in Slovakia (Ševčík and Kurina 2011). Here reported for the first time from Russia. Only two previous collecting localities in South Finland (Väisänen 1984).

New records from Russian Karelia (Paleostrov Island) and Finland (Lahti) are from herb-rich old-growth forests on fertile soil close to lake shores. Immature stages are unknown.

Holarctic. In Europe a boreo-montane species (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). Fennoscandian records are from the northernmost parts of Norway (Søli and Rindal 2012), Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and Murmansk region (Väisänen 1984), from a total of four localities. Only one previous Finnish record from Kainuu, mid boreal vegetation zone (Polevoi et al. 2006).

Poorly known species. Finnish collecting sites are an old-growth boreal forest (Kainuu, Polevoi et al. 2006) and a headwater stream with rich riparian vegetation, surrounded by a nearly pristine coniferous forest (Joutenoja). Immature stages are unknown.

Palaearctic. Rare species known by few records from the European Alps, Yakutia and Amur Province (Väisänen 1984, Zaitzev 1994, Krzemiñska and Klimont 2011). No former records from Fennoscandia; new to the Republic of Karelia.

The Karelian specimen was collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type spruce dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Holarctic. Recorded from northern regions of Europe and North America (Väisänen 1984, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type spruce dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Holarctic. In Europe perhaps a boreo-montane species (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007), also recorded from the Faroes (Kjaerandsen and Jørgensen 1992) and from two coastal sites in Scotland (Falk and Chandler 2005). In Fennoscandia known from Finland, Norway and Sweden. Rather poorly known and rarely collected in Sweden (northern provinces JÄ and TO, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). In Norway recorded from Finnmark, the northernmost part of the country (Søli and Rindal 2012). A few scattered Finnish records (Väisänen 1984), mainly from old-growth forests.

New records from Savukoski are from headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation surrounded by coniferous forests. One of the sites (Törmäoja, Ahot) is a sloping meadow with short herbs and grasses on a moraine soil. Immature stages are unknown.

Holarctic. Described from the USA and Canada (Väisänen 1984). Recently reported by Polevoi (Polevoi 2010) for the first time from the Palaearctic region (NW Russia, Murmansk region). New for Finland.

The Finnish collecting sites are headwater streams surrounded by old-growth boreal, spruce dominated forests in Lapland. Immature stages are unknown.

Holarctic. Mycomya shewelli (Fig. 7) was described from the Nearctic region (USA: Michigan, Canada: North West Territories, Manitoba, Väisänen 1984), with no previous records from the Palaearctic region. New for the European fauna.

a

b

Figure 7.

Mycomya shewelli Väisänen, male specimen collected from Espoo, South Finland.

a: Male hypopygium, 9th tergite (left, dorsal view) and sternal synsclerite (right, ventro-lateral view).  
b: Male hypopygium, gonostylus.  

Poorly known species, immature stages are unknown. The Finnish collecting site is a diverse black alder (Alnus glutinosa) swamp in a lake shore (Espoo, South Finland).

Palaearctic. A very rare species known so far only from Russia (Leningrad oblast and Russian Far East) and from Latvia (Väisänen 1984). No former records from other European countries (Chandler 2004). New to Finland.

The only Finnish sampling site is an old, managed swampy forest in southern Finland. Immature stages are unknown.

Holarctic. The description of M. thula (Fig. 8) was based on a holotype male from USA, Alaska (Väisänen 1984), with no further records. New for the Palaearctic region and the first record of this species from Finland.

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 8.

Mycomya thula Väisänen, male specimen collected from Finland, Savukoski (northeastern Lapland).

a: Habitus, lateral view.  
b: Habitus, frontal view.  
c: Male hypopygium, dorsal view.  
d: Male hypopygium, lateral view (9th tergite removed).  
e: Sternal synsclerite, ventral view.  
f: Sternal synsclerite and parameres, dorsal view.  

Extremely poorly known species. Finnish collecting sites are headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation, surrounded by coniferous forests. Immature stages are unknown.

European. Known from northern Europe, Estonia, Austria, Germany and NW Russia (Chandler 2004). In Fennoscandia only known from Norway (Søli and Kjaerandsen 2008) and Finland (Väisänen 1984).

The species is most likely associated with peatlands (Väisänen 1984, Søli and Kjaerandsen 2008). All new material presented here was collected from mires, invariably from minerotrophic rich fens. Immature stages are unknown.

Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Central Europe, Mediterranean countries (Spain, Italy, Malta) and found also in Israel, the Near East (Chandler 1994, Chandler 2004) and Northern Caucasus (Zaitzev 1994). From northern Europe only known from Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and Denmark (Petersen and Meier 2001). Included in the recent Red List assessment of Finnish species (Penttinen et al. 2010), but here formally reported for the first time from Finland.

Larvae are saproxylic. They develop on the surface of dead wood impregnated with fungal mycelium (Zaitzev 1994). Finnish specimens were collected in semi-urban habitats (Helsinki city parks) and in herb-rich forests with exceptionally fertile soils (Linnansaari, Rantasalmi) in the southern parts of the country.

Threatened species in Finland (VU, Penttinen et al. 2010)

Holarctic. Hitherto only known from North America (USA, Zaitzev 1982a). Here reported for the first time from the Palaearctic region, new for Finland.

Both collecting sites are pristine north boreal aapamires; Nunaravuoma is a poor sedge fen and Kielisenpalo a rich spring fen. Immature stages are unknown.

European. Rather wide range in Central Europe (Bechev 1990), records from Fennoscandia are few and scattered. In Sweden only known from Lule Lapmark (North Sweden, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). In Norway recorded from the oceanic SW part of the country (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007). Also known from the Republic of Karelia, in the northern part of the White Sea shore (Humala and Polevoi 2008). New for Finland.

The life history of A. dispar is not known. The Finnish collecting sites are small lotic waters surrounded by moist old-growth boreal forests.

European. Recorded from Central and northern Europe (Chandler 2004). Very rare and poorly known in Fennoscandia, only a few findings from Sweden (Lule Lapmark, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and Russian Karelia (Karelia keretina, Yakovlev et al. 2000). The species was included in the recent Finnish Red List assessment, but is here formally reported for the first time from Finland.

Finnish collecting localities are aapamires and old-growth boreal forests. In Russian Karelia found only in the intact forest area in Paanajärvi National Park (Polevoi 2000, Yakovlev et al. 2000). Immature stages are unknown; related genera develop in fungi or rotten wood.

Threatened species in Finland (VU, Penttinen et al. 2010).

A rare European species. Besides Britain the species was recorded only from Northern Europe: Finland (Lundström 1909, as Neoempheria nigriceps), Norway (Økland 1999), Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007), Estonia (Lackschewitz 1937) and NW Russia (Ostroverkhova and Stackelberg 1988, Chandler 2004). However, that Russian ("Northwest") record given by Ostroverkhova & Stackelberg (Ostroverkhova and Stackelberg 1988) may actually refer to the Estonian record given by Lackschewitz (Lackschewitz 1937). A few old Finnish records are mainly from southern Finland; from Åland archipelago and a few mainland sites not far from the Baltic coast (Lohja [holotype, Lundström 1909] Karjalohja, Helsinki, Espoo, Pietarsaari). The new Finnish record is from a much more northern area, SW Lapland (mid boreal vegetation zone). Reported here for the first time from the Republic of Karelia.

Although the species is very rarely caught, the available records suggest that the species could be restricted to pristine forests. New findings from Russian Karelia are from herb-rich spruce dominated forest on the SE shore of Lake Ladoga. The sampling locality in SW Lapland (Ylitornio) is a spruce mire dominated by Vaccinium vitis-idaea on the ground layer, adult specimens were collected around a fallen spruce. Larval microhabitats are not perfectly known. Rearing records are available only from Norway where Økland (Økland 1999) collected E. nigriceps with eclector traps over ground vegetation in three different substrates: (1) patch of Eu-Piceetum ground vegetation, (2) wet moss carpet on steep rock in Eu-Piceetum woodland, (3) mineral soil exposed by windfelling of Picea abies.

Red-listed in Finland (EN, Penttinen et al. 2010).

Palaearctic. The species is known from the Far East and European parts of Russia (Zaitzev 1994), Central Europe (Chandler 2004) and Norway (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007). New for Finland, Finnish sampling sites lie in the south boreal zone.

Larvae are associated with wood-decaying fungi (Zaitzev 1994). Finnish collecting sites are herb-rich forests with high amounts of decaying deciduous trees and an old-growth boreal forest.

Red-listed in Norway (DD, Anonymous 2010).

European. Extremely rare species (Fig. 9) which was known from the type locality in Sweden (Plassmann 1990) and later reported from Czech republic (Chandler 2004). However, the record from Czech republic is erroneous (Ševčík and Košel 2009). New to Russia and the Republic of Karelia.

a

b

Figure 9.

Phthinia zaitzevi Plassmann, male specimen collected from Russian Karelia.

a: Male hypopygium, dorsal view.  
b: Male hypopygium, ventral view.  

The Karelian specimen was collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type sprucedominated forest. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Phthinia larvae develop in webs on the surface of fungal mycelium and moulds in rotten wood. The larvae pupate in silky cocoon (Plachter 1979).

Plassmann's original figure of male genitalia is sketchy, however the study of the holotype (Sweden, Abisko) confirmed identity of Karelian and Swedish speciemens.

Holarctic. Described from North America, based on material collected from Canada (Quebec, British Columbia) and USA (Alaska) (Zaitzev 1982b), also recently found from Greenland (G. Varkonyi, pers. comm.). In Europe the species has been found only in Norway (Økland and Zaitzev 1997) and Russian Karelia (Polevoi 2001a). New for Finland.

The collecting site is a calcareous, open spring fen, ca. 100 m from a forest edge. Immature stages are unknown.

European. Described from Great Britain (Chandler 2001), later found from southern Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007). New for Finland. Record from Czech republic in Fauna Europaea (Chandler 2004) is erroneous (J. Ševčík, pers.comm.).

Finnish collecting sites are a luxurious old-growth coniferous forest (Ikaalinen) in central Finland, a mountain birch forest with rich vegetation (Saana) and a subarctic stream valley surrounded by a strip of mountain birch forest (Galddasjohka). Immature stages are unknown.

The species appears to have an Arctic distribution. Described from Novaya Zemlya archipelago, Matotschkin Sharr (Holmgren 1883), later found in the Russian Arctic, Taimyr Peninsula (Lundström 1915), in Alaska and northern Canada (Zaitzev 1982b). In Fennoscandia only known from Finland (Hackman 1980, Kjaerandsen 2012).

Finnish collecting sites are a mountain birch forest with herb-rich vegetation (Saana fell) and a luxuriant headwater stream surrounded by an old-growth coniferous forest with a mixture of deciduous trees (Törmäoja). Immature stages are unknown.

European, possibly boreal–mountainous. The species was described from the Italian Alps (Matile 1983) and later recorded from Great Britain (Chandler 2006), and from Fennoscandia: Norway (Økland and Zaitzev 1997), Sweden (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and Russian Karelia (Humala and Polevoi 2008, Polevoi 2000). The species was included in the Finnish Red List (Penttinen et al. 2010), but is here formally reported as a new species for Finland.

Collecting site in Törmäoja is a stream valley with seepages and young deciduous forest. Slopes nearby are coniferous stands dominated by Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Pinus sylvestris. Collecting site in Värriö is a headwater stream surrounded by pristine spruce and pine forest. The male specimen from Savonranta was collected from a decaying aspen (Populus tremula) tree by using an eclector trap.

The species was red-listed in Finland (EN, Penttinen et al. 2010) based on the single record from Savonranta. Sciophila salassea is also red-listed in Norway (NT), so far observed from pristine spruce forests (Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo et al. 2010)

European. Widely distributed in Europe (Chandler 2004), also in the Nordic Region, but records from Finland are very scanty. Only one recent record from Murmansk Province in NW Russia (Polevoi 2010).

The species lives as larvae in caves and rock crevices, on the walls, in slimy tubes, pupae are free hanging (Madwar 1937, Ševčík et al. 2012).

Palaearctic. Boletina atridentata (Fig. 10) was described from North Sweden (Lule Lapmark) and Russian Karelia (Paanajärvi) (Polevoi and Hedmark 2004). Other Swedish records are also from Lule Lapmark (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007) and additional records reported from NW Russia (Humala and Polevoi 2008, Polevoi 2010). There is also an unpublished record from West Siberia (E.Subbotina in litt.). Finnish localities are situated in central and eastern Lapland, north boreal zone.

Figure 10.  

Boletina atridentata Polevoi & Hedmark, male specimen collected from Finland, Savukoski (northeastern Lapland).

Finnish collecting sites are a headwater stream with luxuriant riparian vegetation, surrounded by coniferous forest (Joutenoja), and aapamires (sites in Kittilä). Immature stages are unknown.