Biodiversity Data Journal :
Species Conservation Profiles
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Corresponding author: Alexander Sennikov (alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi)
Academic editor: Dimitrios Koureas
Received: 23 Jun 2022 | Accepted: 28 Jul 2022 | Published: 12 Aug 2022
© 2022 Alexander Sennikov, Obidjon Turdiboev
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sennikov A, Turdiboev O (2022) Species conservation profile and revision of Salvia korolkowii (Lamiaceae, Lamiales), a narrow endemic of the Western Tian-Shan. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e89437. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e89437
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Salvia korolkowii (Lamiaceae) has been considered a species of highest conservation priority due to its narrow distribution and isolated taxonomic position. The species has been known from Uzbekistan and, questionably, Kyrgyzstan and treated as endemic to the Western Tian-Shan. Its modern conservation status according to the IUCN Criteria has not been established.
The taxonomic position of Salvia korolkowii is evaluated; the species is treated as the sole member of S. sect. Odontochilus (Pobed.) Sennikov, comb. nov. because of its morphological differences and phylogenetic isolation. The herbarium collections are completely revised and the species is proven to occur mainly in Uzbekistan with a single locality (new country record) in Kazakhstan; its former report from Kyrgyzstan (one locality) is confirmed and documented by herbarium specimens. The species occurrences are mapped and its conservation status is assessed as Vulnerable due to the restricted size and continuous decline of its populations because of the ongoing degradation and destruction of its primary habitat (variegated outcrops) at lower elevations. This study highlights the importance of a thorough revision of herbarium collections in Central Asia for conservation purposes.
Central Asia, conservation, IUCN assessment, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Labiatae, Mountains of Central Asia biodiversity hotspot, Tian-Shan, Uzbekistan
The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae Martinov, Mentheae Dumort., Salviinae Endl.), encompassing nearly 1000 species (
Recent phylogenetic studies (
Salvia is well represented in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. Its species grow on mountain slopes and outcrops of variegated beds, in foothills and the lower mountain belt. According to
Being part of the Mountains of Central Asia biodiversity hotspot (
While working on the Flora of Uzbekistan project (
The aim of the present contribution is to resolve historical and nomenclatural problems connected with S. korolkowii and to re-assess the distribution and conservation status of this species, which has been under the highest conservation priority in Kyrgyzstan (
The data about Salvia korolkowii (history of discovery, distribution, ecology, morphology, taxonomic position) were collected from literature, herbarium collections and online depositories of published observations.
The nomenclature was re-assessed on the basis of the protologue (
Morphological characters were examined from taxonomic revisions (
A distributional dataset (
To assess the threat status of the species, IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were employed (
The first difficulty connected with the name Salvia korolkowii is bibliographic. This species was described by Eduard Regel in a series of his numerous contributions of new species described on the basis of dried and living plant collections of the Imperial Botanical Garden in Saint-Petersburg. His contribution (fasciculus) 7 appeared in part 2 of volume 6 of the main periodical of the garden, Acta Horti Petropolitani (
Salvia korolkowii Regel & Schmalhausen (
The other locality mentioned in the protologue is situated near Chimgon (Chimyon), very close to Xo'jakent and Burchmullo. As noted by
This means that all the original localities of S. korolkowii are situated in the mountains surrounded by the Chirchiq, Chatqol, Oqsoqotasoy and Teraklisoy Rivers (Chatqol Range, Western Tian-Shan), within the area of ca. 30 km in diameter. Among the collections examined at LE, only one gathering (collected between Oqsoqotasoy and Oqtaxta) was found. The species nomenclature is as follows.
Salvia korolkowii Regel & Schmalh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 356 [prepr. 70] (1879) ≡ Schraderia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Pobed. in Schischkin, Fl. URSS 21: 373 (1954) ≡ Arischrada korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Pobed., Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 9: 247 (1972) ≡ Stiefia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják, Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983).
Type: UZBEKISTAN. "Inter Ak-tag-tau et Ak Cagoti, 5–8000’ alt." [between Oqsoqotasoy River and Oqtaxta Pass, 1500-2400 m a.s.l.], June 1872, Korolkoff s.n. (lectotype LE0051698, designated by
The species name was spelled "Korolkowi" in the protologue. This spelling is correctable to "korolkowii" according to Art. 60.8(b). In modern databases, the correct spelling was adopted in the Leipzig Catalogue of Vascular Plants (
When designating the lectotype,
The taxonomic position of Salvia korolkowii varied with time, when researchers realised that the early attempts to circumscribe and subdivide the genus Salvia were unnatural and, therefore, unsatisfactory. This species was originally assigned to S. sect. Hymenosphace Benth. (
The phylogeny of Salvia (
Pobedimova (
The sections differ in the following morphological characters (
The correct type species of S. sect. Hymenosphace is S. pomifera, which was designated by
Salvia sect. Holochilus (Pobed.) Sennikov, comb. nov. ≡ Schraderia sect. Holochilus Pobed. in Schischkin, Fl. URSS 21: 664 (1954) ≡ Arischrada sect. Holochilus (Pobed.) Pobed., Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 9: 247 (1972). Type: Salvia bucharica Popov. Species: Salvia bucharica Popov, S. hydrangea Benth., S. maymanica Hedge.
Salvia sect. Odontochilus (Pobed.) Sennikov, comb. nov. ≡ Schraderia sect. Odontochilus Pobed. in Schischkin, Fl. URSS 21: 664 (1954) ≡ Arischrada sect. Odontochilus (Pobed.) Pobed., Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 9: 247 (1972) ≡ Salvia subsect. Odontochilus (Pobed.) Makhm., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 20: 30 (1982). Type: Salvia korolkowii Regel & Schmalh. Monotypic section.
The species was considered endangered due to its narrow distribution area (
The species distribution is apparently centred in Uzbekistan, where the greatest majority of its localities are situated (
During our inventory of herbarium collections, quite unexpectedly we found one overlooked specimen at TASH, which was collected in 1924 near Tūrbat Village in Türkıstan Region of Kazakhstan. This specimen documents the first record of S. korolkowii from the country.
According to our data, the localities of S. korolkowii are concentrated along tributaries of the Chirchiq River: Oqsoqotasoy, G'alvasoy, Qorangko'lsoy, Chatqol, Oqbuloq, Koʻksuv, Piskom and Ugom, with isolated localities along the Boshqizilsoy River and at Tūrbat Village. This area is situated within the Chatqol, Ugom, Koʻksuv, Piskom and Qorjontov mountain ranges.
Salvia korolkowii occurs at lower elevations, mostly between 900 and 1200 m, but sometimes up to 1500-1700 m above sea level. In the Western Tian-Shan, lower elevations are very hot and highly arid; in this territory, the species prefers open stony substrates of red clay and sandstone mixed with gypsaceous sediments, which are called variegated denudations due to their alternation of red sandstone and white gypsum patches. This landscape is very rich in narrowly distributed plants (
Schraderia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Pobed., Arischrada korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Pobed., Stiefia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják.
Корольков мармараги (Uzbek Cyrillic), Шалфей Королькова (Russian), Корольков көк башы (Kyrgyz), Корольков сәлбен (Kazakh Cyrillic).
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plantae | Spermatophyta | Magnoliopsida | Lamiales | Lamiaceae |
The species belongs to a presumably monotypic section, Salvia sect. Odontochilus (Pobed.) Sennikov. Its closest relative in Central Asia is S. bucharica Popov. (S. sect. Holochilus (Pobed.) Sennikov).
Figs
A plant of Salvia korolkowii at Xumson, Uzbekistan. Photographed by A. Gaziev, 1 June 2008. Source: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/48037.html.
A large cushion of Salvia korolkowii along the Beldorsoy River, Uzbekistan. Photographed by A. Gaziev, 8 June 2014. Source: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/246310.html.
Lazkov, G.A.
Sennikov, A.N. & Turdiboev, O.A.
Fig.
Suppl. material
The species is known from several populations. It was estimated that ca. 200 local populations may exist in Uzbekistan (
The species habitat is mountainous, occurring along the Chirchiq River and its tributaries (Oqsoqotasoy, G'alvasoy, Qorangko'lsoy, Chatqol, Oqbuloq, Koʻksuv, Piskom and Ugom), in the Chatqol, Ugom, Koʻksuv, Piskom and Qorjontov mountain ranges. The distribution area lies mostly in Uzbekistan, with a minor penetration into Kyrgyzstan and one isolated locality in Kazakhstan.
The species occurs in highly arid territories, mostly between 900 and 1200 m, but sometimes up to 1500-1700 m above sea level.
Although the species is under high anthropogenic pressure because of many of its populations being situated in the immediate vicinity of populated places or roads, which may lead to destruction or impoverishing of some populations, there is no evidence that any part of its distribution area is lost.
Most of the localities of Salvia korolkowii in Uzbekistan are situated in the nearest proximity to populated places, roads and other areas of human activity. The species occurs mostly in the lower mountain belt, in the lower part of river valleys. Such locations are most easily accessible and susceptible to residential and recreational development, road construction and land use, especially close to the Chirchiq River; as an example, several populations were destroyed when the territory was inundated by the Chorvoq water reservoir (
The most significant populations of the species are known along the Chatqol, Piskom and Ugom Rivers (
The species is documented from a number of localities, which can be treated as about 25 locations, based on the most significant threatening event, i.e. habitat destruction by large-scale actions (inundation, road construction, mining, development).
At least one location was nearly destroyed under the Chorvoq water reservoir.
The species is under constant pressure due to large-scale activities that lead to irreversible habitat destruction and degradation, and some of these activities (inundation, road construction, development) are known to reduce the number of individuals, although the extent of this reduction cannot be estimated with certainty.
The exact population size and the number of individuals are unknown. The count provided by
Some subpopulations situated at lower elevations close to populated places are under ongoing threat because of urban development and road construction and may disappear or noticeably degrade in the future.
The species often grows on variegated beds, which are situated at elevations of ca. 900-1200 m a.s.l. This habitat is highly arid, much insolated and very warm; its vegetation cover is naturally very sparse.
More seldom, the species occurs also at higher elevations of 1500-1700 m a.s.l., in sparse steppoid plant communities on rocky slopes.
Variegated beds are highly prone to destruction because of their situation at lower elevations and close proximity to populated places. Habitat loss occurs due to expansion of populated places, road construction, human changes in watercourses etc.
The plants are subshrubs forming a long vertical root and a strong branching caudex which is capable to last for several decades. Shoots bicyclic, developing a rosette in the first year and a leafy stem in the second year. Leaves long-petiolate, blades narrowly oblong in rosettes and ovate-oblong on stems, white-tomentose on the lower side. Flowering stems are very showy because of conspicuous yellow flowers 2.5-3 cm long, which are collected in large thyrsoid inflorescences. Reproduction exclusively by seed.
The species populations are situated at lower elevations and in the lower part of river ravines. For this reason, many populations are situated next to populated places and along roads and have been in danger because of continuous residential development and road construction. Some complementary threat comes from grazing, sports and recreation, which may damage individual plants.
In the past (1960s), some populations were destroyed by the construction of the Chorvoq water reservoir.
The species is not protected in any strict nature reserve, but its distribution area is largely covered by the Ugom-Chatqol National Park (Uzbekistan), in which some lands are protected, whereas economic activities and recreation are regulated. The only locality in Kazakhstan is situated within the Sairam-Ögem National Park.
Cultivated in the Tashkent Botanical Garden. Seeds have not been submitted to the Millennium Seed Bank or any similar institution.
The species is included in the Red Data Books of Uzbekistan (
Using the IUCN Criteria (rather small population size and continuous decline), we suggest the global conservation status of Salvia korolkovii to be assessed as Vulnerable (criteria C1+2a(i)).
Despite its limited distribution, the species was considered as a source of essential and drying oils tested as a component of varnish (
Although the plants are not picked up by local people and tourists, the species has a potential value as ornamental for plant enthusiasts. Such actual use is unknown.
There has been no noticeable harvest of the species, except for scientific purposes. The species is no longer collected for scientific distribution either.
The species is cultivated ex-situ in the Tashkent Botanical Garden.
Although we believe that the major part of the distribution area of Salvia korolkowii has been already detected, its exact localities and population size have not been properly studied and documented.
Due to its restricted extent of occurrence (2800 km2) and area of occupancy (190 km2), the species may qualify for Endangered, but we estimate the number of its locations as ca. 25. Its total population size is estimated as less than 10000 individuals and the projected loss is estimated at 10% within the future 100 years; for this reason, we assess its global threatened category as Vulnerable (criteria C1+2a(i)).
The endemic flora of the Western Tian-Shan is very rich (
Salvia korolkowii has been legally protected since the 1970s in the USSR, based on the draft assessment of R.V.Kamelin who considered its isolated taxonomic position, showy habit and very narrow distribution area (
Our study highlights the importance of herbarium collections in the botanical research of Central Asia. Even in cases of such well-known and unambiguous species as Salvia korolkowii, which have been in conservation focus for decades, historical data may contain some important but cryptic information which have never been evaluated and included in scientific works. Given the small size of distribution areas of many plants of the Western Tian-Shan, precise and comprehensive data inventory and mobilisation is required to overcome the obscurity and complexity of historical collections, which are often dispersed among various countries and require a special effort in their deciphering and evaluation (e.g.
Denis Melnikov (Saint-Petersburg) is thanked for communication about the type material at LE. Open Access publication was funded by the Library of the University of Helsinki.
Turdiboev - data collection, data analysis, writing (first draft); Sennikov - data editing, data analysis, writing (final draft).
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Distribution data based on the comprehensive revision of herbarium specimens and published human observations, as used in GeoCAT. Detailed information: https://doi.org/10.15468/7j3uer.