1urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02Biodiversity Data JournalBDJ1314-28361314-2828Pensoft Publishers10.3897/BDJ.4.e10673106735901Taxonomic PaperAnimaliaHexapodaInsectaArthropodaVespoideaFormicidaeHymenopteraInvertebrataBiodiversity & ConservationNew distribution records of the savanna specialist fungus-farming ant Cyatta Sosa-Calvo et al. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)OliveiraAline Machadoalinemachado.oliver@gmail.com1FeitosaRodrigo Machadohttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9042-01291VasconcelosHeraldo Luis2MaravalhasJonas2Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazilUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, BrazilUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândiaBrazil
2016201020164e10673047E0F31-FFE9-8947-B66F-FFA5FFFF61421621042909201614102016Aline Machado Oliveira, Rodrigo Machado Feitosa, Heraldo Luis Vasconcelos, Jonas MaravalhasThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Background
The fungus-farming ant genus Cyatta (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) is represented by a single species, C.abscondita Sosa-Calvo et al., known from a few localities in Brazil (in the states of Ceará, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and the Distrito Federal), and a single locality in the Misiones province, Argentina. Cyatta is known to occur predominantly in savanna habitats and occasionally in the transition zones between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
New information
The new records reported here significantly expand the previously known distribution of Cyattaabscondita and provide further support for the intimate relation between this species and the savannas of South America. We report the first occurrence of the genus in southern Brazil (Paraná state) and the westernmost occurrence (Bolivia) of Cyattaabscondita, which extend its distribution approximately 1450 km to the west. Finally, we discuss the importance of mapping inconspicuous species in order to develop strategies for protecting endangered areas and to increase our understanding of the evolutionary history of organisms and biomes.
The ant genus Cyatta is represented by a single species, C.abscondita which belongs to the Neoattini clade of fungus-farming ants. Cyatta, along with the monotypic genus Kalathomyrmex Klingenberg & Brandão, compose the sister group of all other genera in the Neoattini clade (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013). This phylogenetic relationship is reflected on the etymology of the genus, where "cy" means sister (Brazilian Tupi language) and "atta" refers to the genus Atta Fabricius, the most derived representative of the fungus-farming ant clade. The specific epithet comes from Latin meaning "hidden” or “elusive" and refers to the difficulty in finding the species in the field (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013).
Morphologically, C.abscondita can be recognized by the combination of the following characters: (i) worker and queen mandibles with four teeth; (ii) in ventral view, the metapleuron of workers and queens have two spiniform processes between the mid and hind coxae; (iii) apical margin of pygidium medially emarginate, "V"-shaped; and (iv) male forewing with or without a closed discal cell (1m-cu absent in Bolivian males, B. Boudinot pers. comm.). Workers are yellowish to light brown and relatively small, with less than 3 mm (Fig. 1) (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013).
Observations on the biology of this species suggest that their colonies are relatively small, housing 20 to 26 workers (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013). Nests can be established both in open or shaded areas with a very discrete hole in the ground, about 1 mm in diameter, used as an entrance and a nest depth ranging from 30 cm to 2 m. Workers are solitary foragers with their peak of activity after sunset, a behavior which may help to explain why the species is poorly represented in scientific collections. Like all the representative of the subtribe Attina (tribe Attini), this species cultivates a symbiotic fungus. Fungal cultivar of Cyatta are arranged in filamentous curtains suspended from the ceiling of the nest chambers, similar to what has been observed in Kalathomyrmexemeryi (Forel) and some species of Mycocepurus Forel (Fernández-Marín et al. 2004, Fernández‐Marín et al. 2005, Rabeling et al. 2007). Nothing is known about the reproductive biology of this species (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013).
Cyattaabscondita was originally described based on specimens found in a Caatinga (xeric shrublands) area of northeastern Brazil (state of Ceará), Cerrado (tropical savanna) localities in central and southeastern Brazil (Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais and São Paulo), and transitional areas between the Cerrado and the Atlantic forest in the northern state of São Paulo (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013). Recently, Ramos et al. (2016) reported the first occurrence of Cyattaabscondita outside the Brazilian borders, in a semi-deciduous forest in the northwestern region of Misiones province, Argentina.
Despite the records in Caatinga, and transitional localities of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil and Argentina, C.abscondita is predominantly an inhabitant of the Cerrado biome. The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in the country, accounting for about 23% of its territory, with approximately two million square kilometers (Bridgewater et al. 2004). Cerrado covers mainly the central states of Brazil and its southern limit is found in northern Paraná State, southern Brazil (Uhlmann et al. 1998).
In this paper we extend the known distribution of Cyatta based on new records from recent surveys in areas of Cerrado. We report the first record of the genus for southern Brazil and also the westernmost record, extending considerably its distribution to the western and southern boundaries of the Cerrado. This data reinforces the intimate relationship between Cyatta and the savannas and highlights the importance of protecting these endangered environments.
Materials and methods
The new records of C.abscondita presented here come from surveys conducted within the ongoing project entitled “Rede de Pesquisa Biota do cerrado (RPBcerrado 6) - Isoptera e Hymenoptera” (project CNPq 457407/2012-3), coordinated by HLV. The project seeks to increase knowledge about the biodiversity of Hymenoptera and Isoptera in the Cerrado biome and identify the processes that generate and maintain their diversity in a biome highly threatened by human activities.
Samples were collected in 29 different localities of Cerrado, comprising the entire extension of the biome. In each collection site three transects of 400 m each were installed, separated by a distance of about 1 km (Vasconcelos et al. 2014). At every 20 m of the transect the nearest tree (height > 2.5 m) was marked and four arboreal pitfall traps were installed in different parts of the canopy. In addition, four pitfall traps were placed in the soil around the tree forming a 2 x 2 m grid with the tree trunk representing its center.
Ants were stored in 80% ethanol and processed in the Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos Sociais of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Vouchers are deposited in the Museu de Biodiversidade do Cerrado (MBC), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais; in the Padre Jesus Santiago Moure Entomological Collection (DZUP) of the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; and in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
One of the sampling points of the project was the “Parque Estadual do Cerrado (hereinafter Cerrado State Park, or CSP), located near the town of Jaguariaíva, Paraná state (24°10'04,7"S, 49°40'05,5"W), at the southern boundary of the Cerrado biome in Brazil. Ant collections in the CSP were also conducted within the project “Formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) e a conservação dos campos naturais paranaenses: uma abordagem ecológica e taxonômica” (project CNPq 459353/2014-4), coordinated by RMF. This project aims to sample the ant fauna of grasslands in the Paraná state following the sampling protocol mentioned above.
In addition to the CSP, new records of Cyatta come from four other Cerrado sites: Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas (Serra de Caldas State Park, SCN), in Caldas Novas, Goiás (17°47'07,1"S, 48°40'07,5"W); Parque Estadual da Serra de Ricardo Franco (Serra Ricardo Franco State Park, SRF) (Fig. 2), in Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, Mato Grosso (14°55'07,3"S, 60°04'25,0"W); Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara (Santa Barbara Ecological Station, SBE), in Águas de Santa Bárbara, São Paulo (22°49'12,3"S, 49°13'07,3"W).
For all the aforementioned localities the predominant habitat is the Cerrado sensu stricto, an arboreal open woodland characterized by the presence of small trees with a canopy height of less than seven meters, shrubs, and abundant ground layer dominated by grasses (Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006). Cerrado soil is typically a red-yellow latosol, largely composed of well-drained and nutrient-poor quartz sand with a moderate clay content (Bramorski et al. 2012). The typical Cerrado climate is characterized by a marked dry season from May to September and mean annual temperature and precipitation of 23°C and ~1420 mm, respectively (Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger 2006).
We also present here the first records of Cyatta from Cerrado areas of Bolivia, based on males collected at the Reserva Privada del Patrimonio Natural Potrerillos del Guenda (RNPG) in Santa Cruz de la Sierra (17°40' S, 63°27'W), and deposited in the University of California at Davis (UCDC) and at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C (USNM).
The distribution map was generated using Quantum-Gis 2.12 based on the data from previous studies that recorded C.abscondita (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013, Camacho and Vasconcelos 2015, Ramos et al. 2016), and our present results.
Taxon treatmentsCDE1B24A-AEF2-5F53-A9A8-B924A0F21561CyattaabsconditaSosa-Calvo et al. 2013Materials
Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Sosa-Calvo, T.R. Schultz col.; individualCount: 5; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Brazil; stateProvince: Distrito Federal; county: Brasília; locality: Fazenda Água Limpa; verbatimElevation: 1071-1106m; locationRemarks: Cerrado sensu stricto; decimalLatitude: -15.9524; decimalLongitude: -47.90133; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Sosa-Calvo; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: samplingProtocol: Hand sampling; eventDate: 23.ii.2009-20.ix.2012; Record Level: collectionID: MZSP; collectionCode: USNMENT00756921-00758307
Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Sosa-Calvo, T.R. Schultz col.; individualCount: 2; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Brazil; stateProvince: Distrito Federal; county: Brasília; locality: Fazenda Água Limpa; verbatimElevation: 1071-1106m; locationRemarks: Cerrado sensu stricto; decimalLatitude: -15.9524; decimalLongitude: -47.90133; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Sosa-Calvo; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: samplingProtocol: Hand sampling; eventDate: 23.ii.2009-20.ix.2012; Record Level: collectionID: DZUP; collectionCode: USNMENT00758319-00758224
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Y. Quinet col.; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Brazil; stateProvince: Ceara; county: Cratéus; locality: RPPN Serra das Almas; verbatimElevation: 330m; locationRemarks: Caatinga; decimalLatitude: -5.16479; decimalLongitude: -40.67978; Identification: identifiedBy: R. Feitosa; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: samplingProtocol: Pitfall; eventDate: 20–30.iv.2003; Record Level: collectionID: MZSP
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Maravalhas col.; individualCount: 2; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Brazil; stateProvince: Distrito Federal; county: Brasília; locality: Reserva Ecológica IBGE; verbatimElevation: 1100m; locationRemarks: Cerrado sensu stricto; decimalLatitude: -15.85000; decimalLongitude: -48.05000; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Maravalhas; dateIdentified: 2013; Event: samplingProtocol: Pitfall; eventDate: 30.i.2008; Record Level: collectionID: MZSP
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: H.L. Vasconcelos, Jonas B. Maravlhas & Elmo B. A. Koch col; individualCount: 2; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Brazil; stateProvince: Mato Grosso; county: Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade; locality: Parque Estadual Serra de Ricardo Franco; verbatimElevation: 648m; locationRemarks: Cerrado; decimalLatitude: -14.91861; decimalLongitude: -60.0736; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Maravalhas; dateIdentified: 2015; Event: samplingProtocol: Pitfall; eventDate: 02.vii.2014; fieldNumber: T60; Record Level: collectionID: LEIS-UFU
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: H.L. Vasconcelos, Jonas B. Maravlhas & Elmo B. A. Koch col; individualCount: 2; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Brazil; stateProvince: Săo Paulo; county: Águas de Santa Barbara; locality: Estaçăo Ecológica Águas de Santa Barbara; verbatimElevation: 643m; locationRemarks: Cerrado; decimalLatitude: -22.8200; decimalLongitude: -49.2186; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Maravalhas; dateIdentified: 2015; Event: samplingProtocol: Pitfall; eventDate: 12..ix2014; fieldNumber: T61; Record Level: collectionID: LEIS-UFU
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Cline & Wappes; individualCount: 3; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Bolivia; stateProvince: Santa Cruz Department; county: Santa Cruz de la Sierra; locality: Reserva Natural Potrerrilos del Guenda; verbatimLocality: 37m; locationRemarks: Amazon Forest/Cerrado; decimalLatitude: -17.66666; decimalLongitude: -63.45000; Identification: identifiedBy: B. Boudinot; Event: eventDate: 12-13.x.2007; Record Level: collectionID: UCDC
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wappes & Morris; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Bolivia; stateProvince: Santa Cruz Department; county: Santa Cruz de la Sierra; locality: Reserva Natural Potrerillos del Guenda; verbatimElevation: 37m; locationRemarks: Amazon Forest/Cerrado; decimalLatitude: -17.66666; decimalLongitude: -63.45000; Identification: identifiedBy: B. Boudinot; Event: eventDate: 14.x.2007; Record Level: collectionID: UCDC
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wappes & Morris; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: genus: Cyatta; specificEpithet: abscondita; Location: continent: South America; country: Bolivia; stateProvince: Santa Cruz Department; county: Santa Cruz de la Sierra; locality: Reserva Natural Potrerillos del Guenda; verbatimElevation: 37m; locationRemarks: Amazon Forest/Cerrado; decimalLatitude: -17.00000; decimalLongitude: -63.45000; Identification: identifiedBy: Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo; Event: eventDate: 14.x.2007; Record Level: collectionID: USNM
Taxon discussion
The workers examined were all identified as Cyattaabscondita (Fig. 1), since they match each of the diagnostic characters of the species (Sosa-Calvo et al. 2013)
Discussion
Five new records of this rarely collected ant genus were added to the nine previously known, totaling 14 localities where Cyattaabscondita has been found, raising by more than 50% the number of occurrence sites for Cyatta. We report 15 specimens for the new occurrence sites, five in CSP, five in RNPG, two in SBE, two in SRF and one in SCN. All the newly collected specimens were captured in pitfall traps placed on the ground, except by the Bolivian specimens (RNPG) for which the collection method is unknown. The fact that such a small amount of workers was sampled from 6,960 pitfall traps installed in the soil of the 29 Cerrado localities of the project highlights the elusive nature of this species.
The southernmost record for this genus is the province of Misiones, Argentina (Ramos et al. 2016); however, the record presented here for the CSP in Jaguariaíva, Paraná, represents the first record of Cyatta for southern Brazil (Fig. 3). We emphasize the importance of this record in the Cerrado State Park, which carries an inestimable importance for biodiversity conservation in the region. This park represents the southern limit of the Cerrado, and is the only fragment of this biome legally protected in southern Brazil (Linsingen et al. 2006).
The westernmost limit of the genus distribution was previously represented by specimens collected in the municipality of Sales, São Paulo state. The males collected in RNPG, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, extend the western limit of the known distribution by an impressive 1450 kilometers.
All the sites where Cyatta was collected are savannas or transition zones between semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest and Cerrado (Table 1). These new records not only corroborate previous observations regarding the distribution of C.abscondita in savannas, but broaden its potential distribution over most of this biome. Although it was recently collected in a subtropical semi-deciduous native forest in Argentina (Ramos et al. 2016), it seems reasonable to assume that Cyattaabscondita is an inconspicuous though broadly distributed element of the so called South American dry diagonal (Fig. 4), which includes the savanna lands of northeastern and central Brazil (Caatinga and Cerrado, respectively), and the Chaco areas of Paraguay and Argentina (Prado and Gibbs 1993).
It is essential to improve our knowledge about the natural history and geographic distribution of life forms to develop relevant conservation strategies for ants (Guenard et al. 2012). This is especially true in ecosystems were the presence of endemic species is threatened due to the rapid loss of habitat resulting from unsustainable human exploitation, i.e. the biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al. 2000). The Brazilian Cerrado is one such hotspot, with more than four thousand species of endemic plants and more than one hundred species of endemic vertebrates (Myers et al. 2000). Over 60% of the original Cerrado distribution is still covered by natural vegetation, but in an asymmetrical fashion, with most remnants located in the northern region (Sano et al. 2010). Unfortunately, only about 3.1% of the original Cerrado vegetation is under strict environmental protection (M.M.A 2016), a situation for concern.
Another biome of occurrence for Cyatta, the Brazilian Caatinga, is even less protected than the Cerrado (Silva et al. 2004). The discovery of Cyattaabscondita in Cerrado areas of western Brazil and Bolivia, suggests that this species may also occur in poorly explored habitats of South America, as the Chaco, for example (Bucher 1982). Our study suggests that increasing the search for elusive and inconspicuous species may lead to discoveries that can alter our fundamental understanding of the evolutionary history of organisms and biomes.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Brendon Boudinot, Christian Rabeling, John Lattke, Rodolfo Probst, and an anonymous reviewer for the invaluable comments and corrections on a previous version of this manuscript. Jeffrey Sosa Calvo provided important information about the specimens deposited at the USNM. Christiana Klingenberg prepared the species images presented here. This work was supported by the Brazilian Council of Research and Scientific Development (CNPq grants 457407/2012-3 and 459353/2014-4).
Author contributions
AMO, RMF, JM, HLV – organized field expeditions, collected specimens, wrote the manuscript.
JM, HLV – provide information on the local physiognomy of collection sites.
AMO, JM, RMF – Identified specimens.
AMO – compiled the data and prepared the distribution map.
References2012Relations between soil surface roughness, tortuosity, tillage treatments, rainfall intensity and soil and water losses from a red yellow latosol3641291129810.1590/s0100-068320120004000232004Biogeographic patterns, beta-diversity and dominance in the cerrado biome of Brazil13122295231810.1023/b:bioc.0000047903.37608.4c1982Chaco and Caatinga — South American Arid Savannas, Woodlands and Thickets4248-7910.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_42015Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado Reserve in Central Brazil62228129510.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-2952004Ecological traits and evolutionary sequence of nest establishment in fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Attini).139402005Colony foundation, nest architecture and demography of a basal fungus‐growing ant, Mycocepurus smithii (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)39201735174310.1080/00222930400027462GottsbergerG.Silberbauer-GottsbergerI.20061Ulm (Germany), Reta Verlag2772012Global models of ant diversity suggest regions where new discoveries are most likely are under disproportionate deforestation threat109197368737310.1073/pnas.11138671092006Composição florística do Parque Estadual do Cerrado de Jaguariaíva, Paraná, Brasil35197232Portuguese10.5380/abpr.v35i0.6866Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Cerrado, conservação e uso sustentável.http://www.mma.gov.br/biomas/cerrado/conservacao-e-uso-sustentavel2016-07-07T00:00:00+03:002000Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.403677285385810.1038/350025011993Patterns of Species Distributions in the Dry Seasonal Forests of South America80490292710.2307/23999372007Comparative Study of Nest Architecture and Colony Structure of the Fungus-Growing Ants, Mycocepurus goeldii and M. smithii.74011310.1673/031.007.40012016Expansion of the geographic range of Cyattaabscondita Sosa‑Calvo et al., 2013 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)125197010.15560/12.5.19702010Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil.1661132410.1007/s10661-009-0988-42004Áreas e ações prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade na Caatinga.Portuguese2013Cyattaabscondita: Taxonomy, Evolution, and Natural History of a New Fungus-Farming Ant Genus from Brazil811e8049810.1371/journal.pone.00804981998Análise da estrutura de duas unidades fitofisionômicas de savana (cerrado) no sul do Brasil123231247Portuguese10.1590/s0102-330619980003000052014Evaluating sampling sufficiency and the use of surrogates for assessing ant diversity in a Neotropical biodiversity hotspot4628629210.1016/j.ecolind.2014.06.036549E2716-D808-5797-A9AF-1C6249DFDDD210.3897/BDJ.4.e10673.figure1917302
Worker of Cyattaabscondita from Crateús, Ceará State, Brazil. A: full-face view. B: lateral view. Photo by Chistiana Klingenberg.
Parque Estadual da Serra de Ricardo Franco (Serra Ricardo Franco State Park, SRF), in Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, Mato Grosso state (14°55'07,3"S, 60°04'25,0"W). Photo by Jonas Maravalhas.