Recent noteworthy findings of fungus gnats from Finland and northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae)

Abstract New faunistic data on fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excluding Sciaridae) from Finland and NW Russia (Karelia and Murmansk Region) are presented. A total of 64 and 34 species are reported for the first time form Finland and Russian Karelia, respectively. Nine of the species are also new for the European fauna: Mycomya shewelli Väisänen, 1984, Mycomya thula Väisänen, 1984, Acnemia trifida Zaitzev, 1982, Coelosia gracilis Johannsen, 1912, Orfelia krivosheinae Zaitzev, 1994, Mycetophila biformis Maximova, 2002, Mycetophila monstera Maximova, 2002, Mycetophila uschaica Subbotina & Maximova, 2011 and Trichonta palustris Maximova, 2002.


Introduction
Fungus gnats or mycetophilids (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, and Mycetophilidae) are a very rich assemblage of thread-horned (Nematocera) flies with more than 1,100 species that occur in Europe (Bechev 2000 and subsequent contributions by various authors). In contrast to many other insect groups, they seem to display an increasing species richness towards the north and are especially common and diverse in boreal forest environments. Research on fungus gnats in the Fennoscandian region has been greatly revitalized during the last two decades, after a period of relatively little activity. At present the north European fungus gnat fauna is the subject of several intensive taxonomical and ecological investigations (see e.g. , Søli and Rindal 2012, Halme et al. 2013, Polevoi 2013a. Currently, the Checklist of North European (Fennoscandia, NW Russia, Denmark, Iceland) fungus gnats includes 898 species . This makes up a major proportion of the entire European fungus gnat fauna.
Regional checklists have been recently compiled and updated for Sweden ), Iceland (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007a), and Norway (Gammelmo and Rindal 2006, Gammelmo and Søli 2006, Rindal and Gammelmo 2007, Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007, Søli and Rindal 2012. The most recent Fennoscandian checklist is available through the Fungus Gnats Online . A list of Finnish fungus gnats was provided by W. Hackman , including 486 species. During the past decade dozens of new species have been reported from Finland (e.g. , including descriptions of new taxa , Jakovlev and Penttinen 2007, Polevoi and Jakovlev 2011. The 2010 Finnish Red List assessment of fungus gnats was based on a regional species pool consisting of 734 species  The Russian Karelian fungus gnat fauna was thoroughly treated by Polevoi , totaling a list of 616 species. However, dozens of species have been since either recorded or described from Russian Karelia (e.g. , Humala and Polevoi 2008, Polevoi and Jakovlev 2011. Species occurring in Murmansk region have not been listed, but no less than 330 fungus gnats were found from a single nature reserve close to the Finnish and Norwegian border (Polevoi 2010).
In this paper we list a total of 64 and 34 species new to the Finnish and Russian Karelian fauna, respectively; 10 of these species are also reported for the first time from Europe. We also report other noteworthy findings of fungus gnat species made by the authors in Finland and Russia (Murmansk Region and Russian Karelia). A total of 131 fungus gnat species are treated. These additions raise the total number of fungus gnat species recorded from Finland and Russian Karelia to 768 and 676 species, respectively.

Materials and methods
The majority of the material presented here was collected by using Malaise traps (Fig. 1). Malaise (length 110, height 140, width 70 cm) is a trap model made of cloth (black sides, white "roof", or unicolorous) and is suitable for collecting low-flying insects, such as dipterans. The traps were usually installed in the beginning of the snow-free season and removed from the field in September or October. During the deployment, collecting jars were emptied in roughly four week intervals. Two types of preservatives were used in the traps: a solution of 50 % ethylene glycol + a few drops of detergent, and 70 % ethanol. The collected material was finally stored in 70 -80 % ethanol. In addition to Malaise traps, a minor portion of the material was collected with trunk-window traps, eclector traps and sweep netting. Most of the studied specimens are preserved in ethanol, but for some specimens, KOH macerated abdominal terminalia are preserved in separate microvials in glycerol. The following acronyms for museums and collections are used in the text:  Malaise trapping of forest dwelling insects in Karkali Strict Nature Reserve (Finland, Karjalohja, hemiboreal zone). This nature reserve is one of the most famous Finnish herb-rich forests, harbouring fungus gnat species such as Mycomya collini Edwards, Eudicrana nigriceps (Lundström) and Mycetophila sigmoides Loew.

Ecology
Larvae develop in rotten wood, feeding on the mycelia that it contains. The species has been reared from larvae found in rotten wood of deciduous trees only: beech (Fagus), elm (Ulmus) and lime (Tilia) (Krivosheina andMamaev 1967, Zaitzev 1994). Chandler (Chandler 1993) reported the rearing of S. annulatus from a hard ascomycete fungus Hypoxylon rubiginosum. The Karelian specimen was collected from a young grey alder (Alnus incana) forest.

Distribution
European. Symmerus nobilis was described from Latvia (Lackschewitz 1937) and has been found in several countries of Central Europe , Zaitzev 1994), but is considered everywhere a rare species. From the well-studied British Isles it was recorded only from one site in Scotland (Glen Coiltie, Easterness) (Falk and Chandler 2005). In the Fennoscandian region, the species was recorded only recently from southern parts of Norway (Gammelmo andRindal 2006, Kjaerandsen andJordal 2007), south Sweden , the Kivach Nature Reserve in Russian Karelia (two female specimens, . No former records from Finland.

Ecology
All collecting records of adults are from broadleaved forests, with the exception of Russian Karelia which lies entirely in the boreal forest zone. The Russian Karelian sites are spruce dominated forests with a high proportion of aspen (Populus tremula). The Finnish record is from a herb-rich spruce-dominated forest with aspen, birch, lime and oak (Quercus robur). Both the Finnish and the Karelian sites are old growth forests on fertile soils with a high amount of dead aspen wood, in which larvae of the species

Distribution
Holarctic, widely distributed in Europe . Wide range in Sweden ) and in the Republic of Karelia (Polevoi 2013a). In Finland mainly collected from the southern parts of the country, except for an old record from NW Lapland, Muonio (Lundström 1914).

Ecology
New records from Lapland are mainly from calcareous spring fens and rich fens, but also from headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation. In the light of these new records I. semirufa (Fig. 2) is perhaps not confined to forest habitats, but may also thrive in peatlands. Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
The type material was reared from larvae found on mycelium in a decaying poplar (Populus) tree (Zaitzev 1994  ). The species occurs in central and northern Sweden , the White Sea shore in Russian Karelia (Humala and Polevoi 2008), and Norway . New for Finland.

Ecology
Finnish records are from rich spring fens and headwater streams surrounded by coniferous forests. Karelian specimens were collected in riparian habitats of the White Sea. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Orfelia species are web-spinners chiefly associated with dead wood

Distribution
European, mainly nemoral, recorded from Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and Estonia . Few records are known from the Nordic region, from Denmark (Petersen and Meier 2001), Sweden (only a single record, , and from Norway, without indication of the collecting locality . In Finland the presence of the species was based on Hackman's  checklist. However, the original sources of that record are unknown. In fact, the only exemplar in the MZHF collection "Diptera Fennica" identified as O. pallida actually belongs to Macrorrhyncha rostrata Zetterstedt. New for the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
The Finnish record is from a herb-rich, spruce dominated forest site adjacent to a sea gulf and a wet meadow with moist black alder stands. Huge willows (Salix) and plenty of dead wood are present as well. Karelian records are from herb-rich deciduous forests and a black alder fen. Immature stages are unknown.

Conservation
Due to the ambiguous occurrence data, the species was not included in the 2010 Red List of Finnish species. However, it is likely that O. pallida is very rare in Finland and perhaps confined to hemiboreal deciduous forests.

Distribution
European. Monocentrota lundstromi (Fig. 4) is rare and poorly known in Fennoscandia. In Norway it is known from two localities in western part of the country (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007) and in Sweden it has been collected from a single locality in the zone of boreonemoral (or hemiboreal) forests . No former records from the Republic of Karelia. Finnish records are from southern, eastern and northern parts of the country.

Ecology
The collecting locality in Kittilä is a large aapamire (see Fig. 5b for a definition of aapamire), dominated by rich fen vegetation. There are some small birch (Betula pubescens) trees growing on the mire, but the landscape is otherwise open. The specimens from the Republic Karelia have been collected from populated areas and clearcuts. Often attracted to light, active around dawn (Hutson et al. 1980). Larvae probably develop in decaying wood. The only rearing record is from southern Sweden: adults were collected with an eclector trap over a piece of oak log (Mats Jonsell leg., Jevgeni Jakovlev det. 2005).

Distribution
European. Very poorly known species, described from Switzerland, Leuk (Chandler and Blasco-Zumeta 2001) and later reported from Bulgaria, eastern Danubian plain (Bechev 2006). The collecting site of the holotype is apparently mountainous whereas the Bulgarian site is only 150 m above sea level. Also collected from northern Sweden (Kjaerandsen 2012, J. Kjaerandsen, pers. comm.).

Ecology
Finnish localities are headwater streams with luxuriant riparian vegetation surrounded by coniferous forests. One of the sites (Törmäoja, Ahot) is a treeless, sloping meadow with short herbs and grasses on a moraine soil. Immature stages are unknown. The related species, P. zonata has been collected with eclector traps on ground vegetation, moss carpets, and mineral soil under root plate of wind felled tree (Økland 1999) and on decaying trunks of aspen and goat willow, Salix caprea (J. Jakovlev, unpublished).

Distribution
European. Known from England, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden ). Reported here formally as a new species for Finland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown. Linnansaari (south boreal zone) is a lush semi-dry herb-rich forest with human influence (most likely former slash-and-burn forest) where aspen is in many parts the dominant tree species with lime, birch and spruce.
Collecting site in Salla (north boreal zone) is a luxuriant headwater stream with swampy margings, surrounded by pristine spruce forest.

Distribution
Fennoscandian. The species is previously known only from the type locality in northern Sweden (Lule Lapmark, ). The first record from Finland.

Ecology
Nothing is known of the life histories of Urytalpa spp.; they may be similar to those of Pyratula spp. Finnish collecting sites are old-growth boreal forests.

Distribution
European, known only in northern Britain (Scotland and northern England), France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands . No former records from Finland.

Ecology
Finnish localities are two close lying trapping sites in a river valley surrounded by a strip of mountain birch forest in the northernmost Lapland (Fig. 5e). From Great Britain recorded from moist deciduous forest (Falk and Chandler 2005). Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Macrocera crassicornis (Fig. 6) has a rather wide range in central and southern Europe, also known from Near East and North Africa , Zaitzev 1994. Included in the Finnish Red List assessment , here formally reported as new for Finland.

Ecology
Reared from soil and dead coniferous wood. Finnish collecting sites are old-growth spruce dominated forests situated in the south boreal vegetation zone.

Conservation
Threatened fungus gnat species in Finland (VU, .

Distribution
Palaearctic. In Europe recorded from the British Isles, Central and northern Europe . In Fennoscandia recorded from Finland, Russian Karelia (Lundström 1906) and Murmansk region (Lundström 1909), also known from Denmark. Hitherto collected only from a few Finnish localities in southern (Lundström 1906) and eastern Finland (Polevoi 2001a).

Ecology
Reared from a tussock of Scirpus sylvaticus in Czech Republic (Ševčík and Roháček 2008

Distribution
Palaearctic. Described from Finland (Lundström 1912a), later recorded from Ural and Altai (Zaitzev 1994) and from Europe, chiefly from northern areas: Norway, Sweden, Finland, NW Russia, Baltic countries, Germany ). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
The species is very rare. There are only four Finnish records, one of these was made more than a hundred years ago (Lundström 1912b, SW Finland, Kaarina, Kuusisto). The only recent finding is from a headwater stream surrounded by a spruce mire (Central Finland, Äänekoski). The Karelian specimen was collected at the edge of a small settlement near a herb-rich aspen dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown, other species of the genus have been reared from soil, clumps of turf, rotting wood and cave walls and are considered predaceous (Falk and Chandler 2005, Ševčík and Roháček 2008.

Distribution
European. A rare species described from Leningrad Region in northwest Russia (Ostroverkhova and Stackelberg 1988) and later found in a few places in Central Europe: Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland , and from Vologda, Kostroma and Moscow Regions of northwest and central Russia (Zaitzev 1994). In Fennoscandia found from the Republic of Karelia , Sweden  and Norway (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007). Included in the recent Finnish Red List, although here formally reported as a new species for the Finnish fauna.

Ecology
Finnish collecting localities are a herb-rich coniferous forest with a large proportion of birch and aspen in the southeastern Finland (Rantasalmi) and a sub-arctic mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forest with herb-rich vegetation in the slopes of Saana Mountain in northwestern Lapland. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Bolitophila larvae develop inside soft fungi .

Conservation
Red-listed in Finland (NT, .

Distribution
European. Very rare and poorly known species, so far recorded from South Finland, Denmark andGreat Britain (Väisänen 1984, Chandler 1992).

Ecology
Mycomya branderi is most likely associated with wetlands. The British records are from wetlands (Chandler 1992) and two recent Finnish localities are a swampy lake shore (Espoo) and a birch/alder swamp forest on a lake shore (Parikkala). Immature stages are unknown.

Conservation
Red-listed in Finland (VU, .

Distribution
European. Rare species known by few records from Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Estonia, Norway and Finland (Edwards 1941, Väisänen 1984, Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007, recently found also in Slovakia (Ševčík and Kurina 2011). Here reported for the first time from Russia. Only two previous collecting localities in South Finland (Väisänen 1984).

Ecology
New records from Russian Karelia (Paleostrov Island) and Finland (Lahti) are from herb-rich old-growth forests on fertile soil close to lake shores. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Holarctic. In Europe a boreo-montane species . Fennoscandian records are from the northernmost parts of Norway (Søli and Rindal 2012), Sweden ) and Murmansk region (Väisänen 1984), from a total of four localities. Only one previous Finnish record from Kainuu, mid boreal vegetation zone ).

Ecology
Poorly known species. Finnish collecting sites are an old-growth boreal forest (Kainuu, ) and a headwater stream with rich riparian vegetation, surrounded by a nearly pristine coniferous forest (Joutenoja). Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Holarctic. In Europe perhaps a boreo-montane species , also recorded from the Faroes (Kjaerandsen and Jørgensen 1992) and from two coastal sites in Scotland (Falk and Chandler 2005). In Fennoscandia known from Finland, Norway and Sweden. Rather poorly known and rarely collected in Sweden (northern provinces JÄ and TO, ). In Norway recorded from Finnmark, the northernmost part of the country (Søli and Rindal 2012). A few scattered Finnish records (Väisänen 1984), mainly from old-growth forests.

Ecology
New records from Savukoski are from headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation surrounded by coniferous forests. One of the sites (Törmäoja, Ahot) is a sloping meadow with short herbs and grasses on a moraine soil. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. A very rare species known so far only from Russia (Leningrad oblast and Russian Far East) and from Latvia (Väisänen 1984). No former records from other European countries . New to Finland.

Ecology
The only Finnish sampling site is an old, managed swampy forest in southern Finland. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. Known from northern Europe, Estonia, Austria, Germany and NW Russia . In Fennoscandia only known from Norway (Søli and Kjaerandsen 2008) and Finland (Väisänen 1984).

Ecology
The species is most likely associated with peatlands (Väisänen 1984, Søli and. All new material presented here was collected from mires, invariably from minerotrophic rich fens. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Central Europe, Mediterranean countries (Spain, Italy, Malta) and found also in Israel, the Near East (Chandler 1994) and Northern Caucasus (Zaitzev 1994). From northern Europe only known from Sweden ) and Denmark (Petersen and Meier 2001). Included in the recent Red List assessment of Finnish species ), but here formally reported for the first time from Finland.

Ecology
Larvae are saproxylic. They develop on the surface of dead wood impregnated with fungal mycelium (Zaitzev 1994). Finnish specimens were collected in semi-urban habitats (Helsinki city parks) and in herb-rich forests with exceptionally fertile soils (Linnansaari, Rantasalmi) in the southern parts of the country.

Distribution
European. Rather wide range in Central Europe (Bechev 1990), records from Fennoscandia are few and scattered. In Sweden only known from Lule Lapmark (North Sweden, ). In Norway recorded from the oceanic SW part of the country (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007). Also known from the Republic of Karelia, in the northern part of the White Sea shore (Humala and Polevoi 2008). New for Finland.

Ecology
The life history of A. dispar is not known. The Finnish collecting sites are small lotic waters surrounded by moist old-growth boreal forests.

Distribution
European. Recorded from Central and northern Europe ). Very rare and poorly known in Fennoscandia, only a few findings from Sweden (Lule Lapmark, ) and Russian Karelia (Karelia keretina, Yakovlev et al. 2000).
The species was included in the recent Finnish Red List assessment, but is here formally reported for the first time from Finland.

Ecology
Finnish collecting localities are aapamires and old-growth boreal forests. In Russian Karelia found only in the intact forest area in Paanajärvi National Park , Yakovlev et al. 2000. Immature stages are unknown; related genera develop in fungi or rotten wood.

Ecology
Although the species is very rarely caught, the available records suggest that the species could be restricted to pristine forests. New findings from Russian Karelia are from herb-rich spruce dominated forest on the SE shore of Lake Ladoga. The sampling locality in SW Lapland (Ylitornio) is a spruce mire dominated by Vaccinium vitis-idaea on the ground layer, adult specimens were collected around a fallen spruce. Larval microhabitats are not perfectly known. Rearing records are available only from Norway where Økland (Økland 1999) collected E. nigriceps with eclector traps over ground vegetation in three different substrates: (1) patch of Eu-Piceetum ground vegetation, (2) wet moss carpet on steep rock in Eu-Piceetum woodland, (3) mineral soil exposed by windfelling of Picea abies.

Conservation
Red-listed in Finland (EN, .

Distribution
Palaearctic. The species is known from the Far East and European parts of Russia (Zaitzev 1994), Central Europe  and Norway (Kjaerandsen and Jordal 2007). New for Finland, Finnish sampling sites lie in the south boreal zone.

Ecology
Larvae are associated with wood-decaying fungi (Zaitzev 1994). Finnish collecting sites are herb-rich forests with high amounts of decaying deciduous trees and an old-growth boreal forest.

Distribution
European. Extremely rare species ( Fig. 9) which was known from the type locality in Sweden (Plassmann 1990) and later reported from Czech republic ). However, the record from Czech republic is erroneous (Ševčík and Košel 2009). New to Russia and the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
The Karelian specimen was collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type spruce dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Phthinia larvae develop in webs on the surface of fungal mycelium and moulds in rotten wood. The larvae pupate in silky cocoon (Plachter 1979).

Notes
Plassmann's original figure of male genitalia is sketchy, however the study of the holotype (Sweden, Abisko) confirmed identity of Karelian and Swedish speciemens.

Distribution
Holarctic. Described from North America, based on material collected from Canada (Quebec, British Columbia) and USA (Alaska) (Zaitzev 1982b), also recently found from Greenland (G. Varkonyi, pers. comm.). In Europe the species has been found only in Norway (Økland and Zaitzev 1997) and Russian Karelia (Polevoi 2001a). New for Finland.

Ecology
The

Distribution
The species appears to have an Arctic distribution. Described from Novaya Zemlya archipelago, Matotschkin Sharr (Holmgren 1883), later found in the Russian Arctic, Taimyr Peninsula (Lundström 1915), in Alaska and northern Canada (Zaitzev 1982b). In Fennoscandia only known from Finland .

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites are a mountain birch forest with herb-rich vegetation (Saana fell) and a luxuriant headwater stream surrounded by an old-growth coniferous forest with a mixture of deciduous trees (Törmäoja). Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European, possibly boreal-mountainous. The species was described from the Italian Alps (Matile 1983) and later recorded from Great Britain , and from Fennoscandia: Norway (Økland and Zaitzev 1997), Sweden  and Russian Karelia Polevoi 2008, Polevoi 2000). The species was included in the Finnish Red List ), but is here formally reported as a new species for Finland.

Ecology
Collecting site in Törmäoja is a stream valley with seepages and young deciduous forest. Slopes nearby are coniferous stands dominated by Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Pinus sylvestris. Collecting site in Värriö is a headwater stream surrounded by pristine spruce and pine forest. The male specimen from Savonranta was collected from a decaying aspen (Populus tremula) tree by using an eclector trap.

Conservation
The species was red-listed in Finland (EN, ) based on the single record from Savonranta. Sciophila salassea is also red-listed in Norway (NT), so far observed from pristine spruce forests (Anonymous 2010, Gammelmo

Distribution
European. Widely distributed in Europe , also in the Nordic Region, but records from Finland are very scanty. Only one recent record from Murmansk Province in NW Russia (Polevoi 2010).

Ecology
The species lives as larvae in caves and rock crevices, on the walls, in slimy tubes, pupae are free hanging (Madwar 1937(Madwar , Ševčík et al. 2012

Distribution
Palaearctic. Boletina atridentata (Fig. 10) was described from North Sweden (Lule Lapmark) and Russian Karelia (Paanajärvi) . Other Swedish records are also from Lule Lapmark ) and additional records reported from NW Russia Polevoi 2008, Polevoi 2010). There is also an unpublished record from West Siberia (E.Subbotina in litt.). Finnish localities are situated in central and eastern Lapland, north boreal zone.

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites are a headwater stream with luxuriant riparian vegetation, surrounded by coniferous forest (Joutenoja), and aapamires (sites in Kittilä). Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
The species is rather numerous in Malaise trap cathces collected from Finnish Lapland in June, less so during July. One of the most common fungus gnats in riparian woodlands and aapamires. Larval ecology is unknown.

Taxon discussion
Boletina borealis is very close to B. intermedia Lundström. These two taxa can reliably be distinguished if internal structures, especially parameres, of the male hypopygium are studied (see Fig. 11). In B. borealis, apices of parameres are thin and curved (Fig.  11a), whereas in B. intermedia these are stout and spear-shaped (Fig. 11b). It is likely that B. intermedia has been overlooked in faunistic surveys, but the material studied here suggests that B. borealis is rather common in North Finland, whereas B.
intermedia is locally less abundant and has a smaller area of occupancy. Another species, perhaps an undescribed species close to B. hymenophalloides Sasakawa & Kimura, 1974, is superficially similar to B. borealis and B. intermedia. However, aedeagus of this species is surrounded by a weakly sclerotized membrane and additional differences are present in the sturucture of sternal submedian appendages and parameres. This species, collected from NE Lapland, will be described elsewhere.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe ). In the Nordic Region recorded from Norway (Gammelmo and Søli 2006), northern and central Sweden , and Finland (Lundström 1912a, as B. winnertzii). Most of the Finnish records are from the northern part of the country.

Ecology
Recently collected Finnish material is from riparian forests, boreal forests and mountain birch forests. Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
Boletina dubia has been reared from liverworts (Cheetham 1920). New Finnish records are mainly from rich fens, and there are single records from a Sphagnum dominated sloping fen and from a headwater stream with rich riparian vegetation.

Conservation
Due to the scarcity of records until the 2010 Red List assessment, the species was considered to be rather rare in Finland. However, the species was obviously overlooked due to its mire-dwelling ecology. Boletina dubia is currently red-listed in Finland (NT, ), but the new data provided here indicate that the species is actually rather common in suitable habitats in the middle and north boreal mires.

Distribution
European. So far was known only from the type locality in Finland (Jakovlev and Penttinen 2007) and from the Italian Alps (Kurina 2008) but might be overlooked in the Fennoscandian region. New to Russia and Karelia.

Ecology
The Karelian specimen was collected in herb-rich aspen dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Holarctic. Boletina groenlandica (Fig. 12) was described from Greenland, and displays a northwestern distribution in Europe, including Great Britain, Germany, Latvia, Norway, Sweden, Finland and northwest Russia . British records are only from montane habitats in Scotland, mainly by streams above the tree line (Falk and Chandler 2005). All former Finnish records are old (1911, leg. R Frey) and originate from NW Finnish Lapland (Kittilä and Muonio, Lundström 1912b). Old records from NW Russia originate from Murmansk region (Kuzomen and Kandalaksha) and one recent record from Pasvik Nature Reserve (Polevoi 2010). New Finnish records presented here are from the north boreal zone.

Ecology
New Finnish records are mainly from aapamires, including both poor and rich fens. Some of the specimens were taken from the vicinity of running water. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Boletina intermedia (Fig. 11b) is a poorly-known fungus gnat, described from Russia, New Siberian Islands (Lundström 1915). In Europe there is a previous record from Germany (Plassmann and Joost 1986) here reported for the first time from Fennoscandia. Finnish records are from the north boreal zone, central (Sodankylä) and eastern (Salla, Savukoski) Lapland.

Ecology
Collected from fens (an intermediate rich flark fen and a rich spring fen) and in the vicinity of a headwater stream. Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
In Fennoscandia it is a characteristic species of old-growth boreal forests. In Scotland recorded from wet native woodland (Falk and Chandler 2005) and from a broad-leaved forest (P. Chandler, pers.comm.). Immature stages are unknown.

Conservation
Red-listed in Finland (VU,

Ecology
Karelian specimens were collected in mixed forests and adjacent meadows (Polevoi 2013b). Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown. Adults have been collected around lotic waters in a subarctic fell area (Utsjoki) and the coniferous zone (Savukoski), and also from mountain birch forests in Finland and Murmansk region (Polevoi 2013b (Zaitzev 1994), Finland, Estonia, Latvia , Scotland , Norway (Gammelmo and Søli 2006) and Sweden ). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites in Lapland are a rich fen (Kittilä) and riparian forests (Savukoski). Karelian specimens were collected in secondary Vaccinium myrtillus type pine dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. The species was described from Spitsbergen (Holmgren 1869) and has since been recorded in Europe from the Kola Peninsula in Russia (Lundström 1914, as B. longicauda, Zaitzev 1994, Sweden ) and Norway (Søli and Rindal 2012), and also from Latvia, Germany and Austria  indicating an arctic to boreal-mountainous distribution. Only three records exist so far from Finland, from Muonio (Lundström 1912b

Ecology
Finnish collecting localities are characterized by small lotic waters surrounded by pristine or seminatural boreal forests. Immature stages are unknown. a b Figure 14.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Boletina pseudonitida (Fig. 15) was described from the Altai Mountains (Zaitzev 1994) and has been since only recorded from north Sweden ) and northernmost Norway (Søli and Rindal 2012). New for Finland.

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites are mainly coniferous forests around lotic waters, also caught from a subarctic mountain birch forest and from a rich fen. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. The species was described from Japan (Sasakawa and Kimura 1974) and has been later found on the Kuril Islands (Zaitzev 1994). In Europe it has recently been reported only from the Fennoscandian region: Russian Karelia , Murmansk Province (Polevoi 2010), Finland , Sweden ) and Norway (Gammelmo andSøli 2006, Søli andRindal 2012). All Finnish findings are from the north boreal (Sodankylä) and subarctic (Utsjoki) areas, however in Eastern Fennoscandia there are also records from the south boreal zone.

Ecology
The trapping site in Sodankylä is a headwater stream surrounded by coniferous forest.
In NW Russia collected mainly in secondary deciduous and mixed forests but also in mountain scrub. Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites are old-growth boreal forests and a headwater stream surrounded by seminatural boreal forest. The Karelian specimen was collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type spruce dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
Finnish sampling localities are riparian forests and a rich fen. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Holarctic. Coelosia gracilis (Fig. 17) is here reported for the first time from the Palaearctic region. The species was described from the USA, California and Colorado (Johannsen 1911) and according to Søli (Søli 1997) the species has a wide range in the western part of the Nearctic region.

Ecology
Finnish sampling sites are headwater streams surrounded by boreal forests, a mountain birch forest and a rich spruce mire. Immature stages are unknown.

Taxon discussion
Coelosia gracilis is very close to the European species Coelosia truncata Lundström, 1909, and perhaps overlooked in the Palaearctic region.

Ecology
The Karelian specimen was collected in a black alder fen. Immature stages are unknown. Coelosia larvae are generally associated with fungal fruiting bodies (Jakovlev 1994), but some species have been collected with eclector traps over dead wood, or on soil (Jakovlev et al. 1994(Jakovlev et al. , Økland 1999.

Ecology
All Finnish collecting sites are wetlands, in a wide sense. The species is apparently quite common on rich fens in central Lapland (Kittilä) and it was very numerous on the shores of Lake Matalajärvi, Espoo (hemiboreal zone). Coelosia limpida may prefer calcareous habitats. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. The species was known from the type locality in Central Russia (Zaitzev 1994) and Norway (Gammelmo and Søli 2006). New to the Republic of Karelia and Finland.

Ecology
The Karelian specimen was collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type spruce dominated forest. The Finnish sampling site is a north boreal headwater stream with swampy margins, surrounded by old-growth spruce forest. Larvae feed on fungal mycelium in decaying wood (Zaitzev 1994).

Distribution
European, wide range in Europe . Rather common in herb-rich forests in South Finland, no former records from Finnish Lapland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown, but adults have been reared from moss patches and exposed forest soil in Norway (Økland 1999) and from an aspen log bearing polypores (J. Jakovlev, unpublished). However, due to the methods used (eclector trap in situ), it can not be ruled out that adult specimens were already present in the substrate when the trap was set (Økland 1999). Congeneric species G. apicalis Meigen, 1818 has been reared from moss cushions around a seepage in Germany (Lenz 1927

Distribution
Fennoscandian. Only known from Finland (Hutson 1979, Polevoi 2003, Sweden ) and Norway (Søli and Rindal 2012). New to the Republic of Karelia and Russia.

Ecology
The Karelian specimen was collected in moist spruce dominated forest. Saproxylic, reared from a rotting pine log .

Ecology
The only Finnish record is from a herb-rich old-growth forest in the hemiboreal zone. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Docosia larvae develope in a variety of microhabitats, including fungi, fungus infested wood, other vegetable matter and the nests of birds and mammals (Hutson et al. 1980).

Distribution
European species, known from Central Europe, British Isles (Laštovka and Ševčík 2006) and Fennoscandia . The only Finnish record is Hackman's ) checklist, where the species was included with a question mark. Here we confirm two records from Finland (the localities are in the hemiboreal and north boreal zones).

Ecology
The collecting site in Savukoski (Fig. 5c)

Distribution
Palaearctic. Docosia muelleri (Fig. 18) is in Fennoscandia so far known only by the type material from northern Sweden (Plassmann 1986). No former records from Finland.

Ecology
Current knowledge based on a few findings suggests a northern distribution. Finnish records are from subarctic mountain birch forest on the slopes of Saana mountain, from old-growth coniferous stands close to the timberline (Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park) and from riparian forests (Savukoski). Immature stages are unknown. a b Figure 18.

Distribution
European. Described recently from Czech Republic and Italy (Laštovka and Ševčík 2006), and later recorded from Sweden  and northwest Russia (Polevoi 2010). New for Finland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. The species was described from Siberia, Buryatia (Zaitzev 1994) and has been subsequently found only from Fennoscandia ).

Ecology
Collected from seminatural or old-growth boreal forests, larvae are associated with saproxylic fungi (Zaitzev 1994). In Finland has been collected with an eclector trap over aspen log bearing polypores Phellinus tremulae and Trametes ochraceae (J. Jakovlev, unpublished).

Ecology
Larvae are saproxylic, apparently feeding on mycelia in decaying wood (Zaitzev 1994). Finnish specimens were collected in wood-storage areas in the city parks of Helsinki. Interestingly, a related species, G. stackelbergi Zaitzev was also found only in semiurban habitats in Norway and Sweden; in Sweden the larvae had probably developed in a garden compost in which fungal fruiting bodies were regularly discarded by the mycologist M. Karström (Søli and .

Distribution
European. A rare and poorly known species, so far only known from the Netherlands (Barendrecht 1938), Great Britain (Chandler 1992), Norway (Anonymous 2010) and Germany (Plassmann 1988). The first record from the Baltic sea catchment area, new for Finland.

Ecology
Finnish sampling locality is a swampy lake shore with luxuriant vegetation. Collecting sites reported by Chandler (Chandler 1992) are wetlands and the only known Norwegian locality is a lake shore wetland (Anonymous 2010). Relatively long flying period, specimens were caught between May and October. However, 60 % of the caught specimens were trapped between 23rd of August -20th of October. Larval habitats are unknown. Generally, Leia larvae spin a slimy web on the under surface of fungi and dead wood ). In addition, some species have been reared from the nests of birds and mammals (Falk and Chandler 2005) and from tussocks of grasses and sedges (Ševčík and Roháček 2008).

Distribution
European. This species was known only from type locality in Czech Republic (Ševčík 2004). New to the Republic of Karelia, Russia, and Fennoscandia.

Ecology
Immature stages of this rare species are unknown. Generally, Allodia species for which rearing records exist are associated with fruiting bodies of soft macrofungi, chiefly agarics. Some Allodia species within the subgenus Brachycampta colonize ascomycete fungi of the order Pezizales (Jakovlev 1994.

Distribution
Fennoscandian. Allodia huggerti (Fig. 20) is a recently described species, hitherto only known from the type locality in South Sweden . New for Finland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. The species was described from Czech Republic (Ševčík 1999), and has been recorded from Sweden (north, south, ), Russian Karelia  and Finland (south). Here reported from North Finland.

Ecology
Sampling sites are a headwater stream and a swampy lake shore. Immature stages are unknown. Related species Allodia (Brachycampta) pistillata Lundström was reared by Jakovlev (Jakovlev 1994)

Distribution
Palaearctic. Known from European and Asian parts of Russia , Great Britain, Switzerland and Romania . New for Finland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown. The larval microhabitats of Allodiopsis species are quite similar to those of Allodia. Some species colonise also Lycoperdales (Ševčík , Jakovlev 2011a

Distribution
European. Described from Great Britain (Chandler 1994) and later found from Norway (Anonymous 2010), Sweden , Germany , Russia  and Finland. In Finland recorded only once before, from the eastern part of the country (Karelia borealis, Polevoi 2001).

Ecology
In Britain the species is associated with wet meadows and peatlands (Falk and Chandler 2005). Finnish sampling sites are an abandoned field (Polevoi 2001) and a swampy lake shore (Matalajärvi

Ecology
Finnish sampling localities are headwater streams surrounded by pristine or seminatural boreal forests. Immature stages are unknown. In their larval habitats, Brevicornu do not resemble closely related species of Allodia. At least some Brevicornu species develop in dead wood and in soil litter, feeding probably on microfungi

Distribution
Palaearctic. Rather widespread in Europe , also recorded from the Russian Far East (Kuril Islands, , but so far not recorded from other parts of Russia. In the Nordic countries recorded from Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Denmark (Kjaerandsen 2012, Søli andRindal 2012). Here reported for the first time from Finland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown. Finnish collecting sites are located in Lapland, Savukoski (north boreal zone, riparian forest) and Kilpisjärvi (subarctic zone, mountain birch forest).

Distribution
Palaearctic. Described from Western Siberia  and later recorded only from southern Sweden . A record from Germany (Plassmann and Schacht 2002) is incorrect ). Here reported formally for the first time from Finland; the records presented here are from the hemiboreal, south boreal, north boreal and subarctic zones.

Ecology
In Finland collected from swamps, herb-rich forests and from a subarctic mountain birch forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Conservation
Included in the Finnish Red List (DD, , but reported here formally as a new species for Finland.   and Sweden . New for Finland.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown. The Finnish collecting site is a swampy shore of a shallow, eutrophic lake.  , NW Russia , Polevoi 2010), Finland (Polevoi 2001b) and Sweden (north, ). In Finland hitherto collected only from a locality in the eastern part of the country (Ilomantsi). Here reported from Finnish Lapland, north boreal zone.

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites are an abandoned field (Polevoi 2001b), riparian forests and rich fens. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Described from Hungary (as Brachycampta spathulata, Lundström 1911), later recorded from Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic ) and from Altai Mountains, Western Siberia . In the Nordic Region recorded from Sweden . No former records from Finland.

Ecology
The Finnish sampling locality is a herb-rich forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. This species was recently reinstated as separate from E. spinuligera Lundström, 1912(lectotype from Enontekiö, Palojoki, Kjaerandsen et al. 2007a; before that it has been overlooked and confused with E. frigida (Boheman) in Europe (Chandler and Perry 2010). In the Nordic Region known from Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007a).

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown. Mainly collected from northern areas. This species was recorded as widespread and common in Iceland (Kjaerandsen et al. 2007a), and occurs also in Greenland (G. Varkonyi, pers.comm).

Distribution
Palaearctic, rather widely distributed in Europe . In Fennoscandia recorded from Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russian Karelia . In Finland only known from the southern parts of the country.

Ecology
Immature stages are unknown, hibernating adults have been observed in caves in Norway (Kjaerandsen 1993). In Finland collected from old-growth forests, burnt forests, herb-rich forests and from a swampy lake shore (Matalajärvi).

Conservation
Red-listed (NT) in Finland

Distribution
Palaearctic. Widespread in western Europe  and has recently been recorded from Britain (Chandler and Perry 2010). Scattered records from the Near East and East Russia , Kurina and Ševčík 2006. In Fennoscandia recorded from South Finland  and Sweden ). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
The Karelian specimen was collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type pine dominated forest.

Distribution
Holarctic. Epicypta limnophila is known from USA, British Isles , Central Europe and Fennoscandia . In Fennoscandia recorded from Russian Karelia , citing Zaitzev 1987, Norway (Anonymous 2010) and Sweden . New for Finland.

Ecology
In the British Isles the species is associated with wet woodlands and bogs, suggesting that it may develop on decaying herbaceous vegetation, rather than dead wood, unlike the related species, Epicypta aterrima (Zetterstedt) and Epicypta scatophora (Perris) . Finnish sampling sites are a herb-rich forest and a swampy lake shore.

Conservation
Red-listed in Finland (VU, ). This species is common in the British Isles and western Europe, but in Finland was found only in two localities, a herb rich forest at Parikkala and a city park at Helsinki, both situated in southernmost part of the country. Its host fungus P. squamosus is distributed chiefly in southern Finland, e.g. colonize elm, ash, maple trees in parks, but could also be found at moist places on willows in central Finland.

Distribution
Palaearctic, rather wide range in Europe . Listed from Finland as M. affluctata Edwards, 1941 without locality data. Most likely a very rare species in Fennoscandia (cf. , Anonymous 2010.

Ecology
The Finnish collecting site is a herb-rich forest in the south boreal zone. Immature stages are unknown. Generally, Mycetophila species are associated as larvae with fruiting bodies of macrofungi, both terrestrial and wood-growing; a few species feed on slime moulds .

Distribution
European. The species was described from Bulgaria (Bechev 1988) and has been later recorded only from Slovakia  and Ukraine . No previous findings from the Nordic region, new for Finland.

Ecology
Collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type spruce dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. Mycetophila distigma (Fig. 21) is recorded from central and northern Europe . In Fennoscandia known from Sweden (Lule Lapmark, ) and Norway (Akershus, Soli et al. 2009). New for the Finnish fauna.

Ecology
Finnish specimens were collected in wood-storage areas in the city parks of Helsinki. Probably a saproxylic species, reared by Ševčík (Ševčík 2010) from the polypore fungus Bjerkandera adusta.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe and East Palaearctic . In Fennoscandia known from Sweden ), Finland and Murmansk Province Penttinen 2007, Polevoi 2010). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
Karelian specimens were collected in Vaccinium myrtillus type coniferous forests, the Finnish sampling sites are chiefly old-growth coniferous forest, but also burnt clear cuts with some retained trees. Larvae live in bracket fungi, most rearing records are from Piptoporus betulinus (Jakovlev 1994(Jakovlev , Ševčík 2010.

Distribution
Palaearctic. The species was described from Russia (European part and Far East, Zaitzev 1999) and has been later found from southern Sweden . No previous records from Finland.

Ecology
In Sweden collected from a mixed forest , the Finnish sampling site is a herb-rich forest in the hemiboreal zone. Saproxylic, larvae were found in a bracket fungus (Inonotus sp; Zaitzev 1999.

Distribution
European. The species was described from Germany (Plassmann and Schacht 1999) and has been later recorded from Czech republic (Ševčík 2001a), Switzerland ) and southern Sweden . New for Finland.

Ecology
The Finnish sampling site is a herb-rich forest characterized by old oak trees. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Scattered records from Europe and West Siberia . In Fennoscandia known from Norway (Gammelmo and Søli 2006) and Sweden ). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
The Karelian specimens were collected in secondary Vaccinium myrtillus type pine dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
European. This very rare species was only known from the Austrian type material (Lundström 1911) and from one recent record from Russian Karelia, from the shore of the White Sea (Humala and Polevoi 2008). No former records from Finland. The species is possibly arctic-alpine.

Ecology
The Finnish sampling locality is a mountain birch forest in NW Lapland. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe and East Russia . In Fennoscandia known from Finland , Norway (Gammelmo and Søli 2006) and Sweden ). New to the Republic of Karelia.

Ecology
Finnish collecting sites are old-growth boreal forests, mountain birch forests and a riparian forest. Immature stages are unknown.

Distribution
Palaearctic. The species was described from West Siberia, Kutznetskyi Alatau Nature Reserve, based on a holotype male . Here reported for the first time from Europe. The Finnish sampling locality is in NE Lapland, north boreal zone.

Ecology
The holotype male was collected from a swamp . The Malaise trapping locality in Värriö is a headwater stream with wet margins, including seepages and rich riparian vegetation, surrounded by old-growth boreal forest. Immature stages are unknown.