Distribution and location of the study plots. a Location of the study area; b Distribution of the 10 km x 10 km (blue squares) and 5 km x 5 km (yellow squares) grids in which A. europaeum has been cited at national (Moreno Saiz et al. 2019) and regional level (Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible. Junta de Andalucía 2022). Shaded polygons indicate natural protected areas (1: Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park; 2: Sierra Nevada National and Natural Park; 3: Desierto de Tabernas, 4: Sierra Alhamilla and 5: Karst en Yesos de Sorbas Natural sites). The white circle indicates the study area; c Detailed map with the location of the monitoring plots in Amoladeras, Almería; d High detailed orthophotography view of one the monitoring blocks with the three different treatments: herbivory by sheep and rabbits (G+R+); excluding only sheep (fenced with hunting netting) (G-R+); and excluding rabbits and sheep (G-R-).