New records of powder-post beetles (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae) from China

Abstract Background The Bostrichidae is a small family of Coleoptera, with up to 600 described species all over the world. Almost 90 species of the family have been recorded in China at present and several new species of powder-post beetles have been described in recent years. Since the 1940s, the family Bostrichidae has become a neglected group in the taxonomy research of the Chinese mainland compared with its extensive territorial and super complex ecological diversity. Thus, there is need for more field specimen collection and in-depth taxonomic study. New information In this study, two powder-post beetles species Trogoxylonspinifrons (Lesne, 1910) and Mintheabivestita Lesne, 1937, are recorded for the first time from China. New provincial distribution records of another 18 Bostrichidae also listed.


Introduction
The family Bostrichidae is commonly recognised as a major pest group with an important economical value due to its negative impact on agroforestry (Chu and Zhang 1997, Chen 2011).Almost 90 species of the family have been recorded in China and several new species of powder-post beetles have been described in recent years (Chu and Zhang 1997, Hua 2002, Liu et al. 2006, Borowski 2007, Borowski and Węgrzynowicz 2007, Liu 2010, Chen 2011, Liu 2021, Zhang et al. 2022, Liu and Beaver 2023).However, detailed locality information on some of China's existing Bostrichidae species have not been specified (Chu and Zhang 1997, Borowski 2007, Borowski and Węgrzynowicz 2007, Chen 2011, Liu 2021 ).China has a vast territory and its geographical span is very large compared to most countries.These faunistic records, which are not recorded in detail at the provincial level, have caused problems for understanding the distribution of the species.In the present study, we examined most of the important collections of Bostrichidae specimens in China and found certain unpublished faunistic records worthwhile to publish.Thus, this study provides a list of Bostrichidae's new records in China to the present time.

Materials and methods
The majority of the materials of this study come from the first author who examined most of the important collections of Bostrichidae specimens in China during the period from 2021 to 2023.Some other materials were also donations from the author's friend.Most of the basis about the new record in this study were preserved specimens in institutions.Only the new record of Coccographis nigrorubra Lesne, 1901 in Anhui and Zhejiang Province were photos from friends.The first author was responsible for all identified and determined materials of the new record.Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

New country or province records from China
Notes: New record for Yunnan Province.This species previously had only an unspecific record in China (Borowski 2007), with no detailed provincial distribution record.Distribution: Cosmopolitan (mostly tropical regions).

Dinoderus favosus
Notes: New record of Guangdong and Hainan Province.

Heterobostrychus pileatus
Notes: New record of Guangxi Province.
Notes: New record of Guangdong Province.Host of: Hevea brasiliensis (Beaver et al. 2011).
Notes: New record of Hainan Province.
Notes: New record of Hainan, Shandong Province and Qinghai Autonomous Region.This species previously had only an unspecific record in China (Liu and Geis 2019), with no detailed provincial distribution record.Due to its age, the label information is not detailed.These records may come from an indoor warehousing environment and were imported to the area along with the transportation of host plants (grain), so may be not distributed in these three provinces in an outdoor environment.Distribution: China (Yunnan), India, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, Thailand (Borowski andWęgrzynowicz 2007, Liu 2010).

Discussion
From the Founding of New China until the early 1990s, most of the research reports related to Chinese Bostrichidae beetles focused on their occurrence, prevention and quarantine in indoor storage environments.Relatively few studies have been conducted on outdoor environments, especially forest environments (Xin and Ding 1958, Chen and Liu 1964, GFRI 1977, Shi and Tan 1980, FDY and IOZ 1987).We found that the distribution records of Bostrichidae in China have been affected by previous insufficient research, leading to some mismatches.There are primarily two situations: first, indiscriminate records of indoor storage and outdoor natural environments within China have resulted in literature-recorded distribution ranges far exceeding the natural distribution range of the species; second, due to inadequate field collection and survey efforts, the recorded existing distribution is far smaller than the actual distribution range.
The best example of the first situation is Rhyzopertha dominica.According to the latest records, this species is documented as being distributed in almost all provinces and municipalities of China, except for Xinjiang and Xizang, ranging from Heilongjiang in the north to Guangdong in the south (Hua 2002).However this species tends to favour tropical and subtropical climates in outdoor natural environments (Wakil 2014), suggesting that its natural distribution in China should be limited to the southern part.Records from northern regions may likely originate from occurrences in storage facilities.
The best example of the second situation is Coccographis nigrorubra.As of 2021, the distribution range of this species is only documented in the region encompassing Vietnam, Laos and Yunnan Province in China (Liu 2021).However, we have found that this species can be distributed as far east as Zhejiang Province and as far north as Anhui Province in China.
In summary, it is urgently required to conduct more extensive and in-depth research on Bostrichidae fauna in China.For future work, it is hoped that specialists will record detailed locality information and distinguish between indoor and outdoor environments when reporting Bostrichidae specimens.Additionally, it is hoped that future research will record more biological information about Bostrichidae, such as host plants, species reproduction and the duration of occurrences.This will aid in understanding the phylogenetic relationships, evolution and the inter-relationships between these species and their environment in comparison to other closely-related taxa.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 were taken with a Leica 1DVM6A.Fig. 3 was taken with Canon EOS E6 Mark II & EOS R7 and RF100-400mm f5.6-8 IS USM lens by Wen-Qi Zhu and Jia-Min Chen.Fig. 4 was taken by Jian-Bo Li.Both figures were combined through Helicon Focus 8.2.5 software and optimised with Adobe Photoshop CC 2020.Abbreviations for the institution having custody of the specimens in this study are: • CLYQ Museum of Chong-Lin-Ye-Qu Cultural Creativity Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China • GCD Gongbei Customs District P.R. China, Zhuhai, China • GIZ Museum of Institute of Zoology Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China • HU Honghe University, Mengzi, China • IOZ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Adults of Coccographis nigrorubra Lesne, 1901 on a leaf in Wu-Chao-Shan, Zhejiang at an altitude of 100 m at daytime in March 2024 (photo by Jian-Bo Li).
Notes: New record of Hainan Province.Genus Minthea