New record of Castanopsides falkovitshi Kerzhner from Korea (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae: Mirini)

Abstract Background The genus Castanopsides Yasunaga, 1992 belongs to the subfamily Mirinae and comprises 11 species worldwide. Prior to this study, two species, C. kerzhneri Josifov and C. potanini Reuter has been recorded from the Korean Peninsula. The genus Castanopsides Yasunaga, 1992 belongs to the subfamily Mirinae and comprises 11 species worldwide. Prior to this study, two species, C. kerzhneri Josifov and C. potanini Reuter has been recorded from the Korean Peninsula. New information In this paper, three species are recognized including a new record, C. falkovitshi (Kerzhner, 1979). Images of dorsal and ventral habitus, and male and genitalic structures are provided. A key to the Korean Castanopsides species is presented.

In Korea, Josifov (1985) reported C. kerzhneri (Josifov, 1985) from Korean peninsula as a new species, with North Korea specimen. Subsequently, Lee and Kwon (1991) added C. potanini (Reuter, 1906) from central part of Korean peninsula, and Josifov (1992) reported this species at North Korea. Accordingly, two species of Castanopsides currently known from the Korean Peninsula.
In this paper, C. falkovitshi (Kerzhner, 1979) is reported for the first time in Korea. The dorsal habitus and genitalic structures of both sexes are provided, along with a key to Korean Castanopsides species.

Materials and methods
All specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection, Seoul National University (SNU), South Korea. Digital images of dorsal habitus are taken with a Canon EOS 70D, with a Canon MP-E 65-mm F2.8 1-5x macro lens. Genital structures are dissected and observed under a Leica DM 4000B microscope, and images are taken using a digital camera attached to the microscope (Lumenera Infinity 3). All measurements (mean and range) are provided in millimeters.

Diagnosis
Castanopsides in East Asia can be recognized by the following characters: Body elongate oval, moderate to large size; dorsum covered with pale sericeous setae; antennae slender, segment I and II incrassate apically; labium rather short, not over metacoxa; male endosoma membranous, with a sclerotized, elongated spiculum and thick-rimmed secondary gonopore; hypophysis of left paramere hooked, sensory lobe rather tumid, or with sparsely toothed process; right paramere elongate, apex of hypophysis crooked; sclerotized ring elongate ovoid, usually not adjacent each other. For detailed diagnostic characters, see Yasunaga (1998) and Yasunaga (2016).

Diagnosis
Recognized by its moderate size; dorsum dark brown to fuscous (in males), and paler (in females) and rather glabrous, covered with sericeous setae (

Notes
This species is host specific to Juglans spp. and Pterocarya rhoifolia Siebold & Zucc.

Diagnosis
Recognized by its moderate to large size; dorsum entirely pale reddish brown, covered with sericeous setae; pronotum punctate, pair of dark spot near calli; cuneus red, apex darkened; metafemur unicolorously chestnut brown to dark brown; male genitalia as in Fig. 2 C, D and Fig. 3 C, D, female genitalia as in Fig. 4 D, E, F; spiculum elongated, slightly curved apically; sensory lobe of left paramere highly modified, with several thorn-like processes (Fig. 15); sclerotized ring elongated horizontally, adjacent to each other (Fig. 4 D, E). For detailed diagnostic character, figures and description, see Yasunaga (1998).

Discussion
Previously, phylogenetic research on Castanopsides and allied genera has been conducted. Yasunaga (1998) discussed the phylogenetic relationship between Castanopsides species, based on morphological data. A superficially related genus, Arbolygus, was synonymized with Philostephanus and the phylogenetic relationships in the allied genera investigated, and genus Mahania was restored as a genus (Yasunaga and Schwartz 2007). Recently, closely related genus Gotoshinomiris Yasunaga, 2016 is newly erected, with discussion about male and female genitalia of allied six genera (Yasunaga 2016).
Although large amount of study have been conducted about their relationship, additional study for establish their cladistic relationship is still needed, with more comprehensive basis (Yasunaga 2016). Further molecular analysis and wider range of morphological study for Castanopsides and allied genus can complement previous studies.