Cocoa plantations in Côte d’Ivoire and mealybug colonies with examples of associated ants and natural enemies. A Healthy cocoa plantation; B Plantation infected by the cocoa swollen shoot virus; C Colony of Dysmicoccus neobrevipes associated with ants of the genus Camponotus; D Colony of Formicococcus njalensis associated with Oecophylla longinoda; E Colony of parasitised mealybugs showing mummies and emerged parasitoids (arrows); F Cecidomyiid larva feeding on a mealybug (arrow).