Conservation status of the forest beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Azores, Portugal

Abstract Background Island biodiversity is under considerable pressure due to the ongoing threats of invasive alien species, land use change or climate change. The few remnants of Azorean native forests harbour a unique set of endemic beetles, some of them possibly already extinct or under severe long term threat due to the small areas of the remaining habitats or climatic changes. In this contribution we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 54 forest adapted beetle species endemic to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to four speciose families: Zopheridae (12 species), Carabidae (11 species), Curculionidae (11 species) and Staphylinidae (10 species). New information Most species have a restricted distribution (i.e. 66% occur in only one island) and a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Also common to most of the species is the severe fragmentation of their populations, and a continuing decline in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoing threat from pasture intensification, forestry, invasive species and future climatic changes. Therefore, we suggest as future measures of conservation: (1) a long-term monitoring plan for the species; (2) control of invasive species; (3) species-specific conservation action for the most highly threatened species.


Introduction
The currently known diversity of Azorean endemic beetle taxa totals 76 taxa, including 68 endemic species and the remaining being subspecies , Borges et al. 2017. Nine of the endemics are cave or lavicolous adapted (most of them belonging to the genus Trechus) (see Borges et al. 2004, Borges et al. 2007, three are freshwater species, and the remaining are forest adapted species. Therefore, the remnants of native forests on the Azores harbour a unique set of endemic beetles, some of them possibly already extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015) or under severe long term threats due to small sized habitats  or climatic changes (Ferreira et al. 2016). Only two Azorean beetle species were so far assessed for the IUCN Red List, the click beetle Alestrus dolosus (Nardi and Mico 2010), with a current status of Data Deficient (DD) and the longhorn beetle Crotchiella brachyptera (Nardi and Mico Balaguer 2010), with a current status of Endangered (EN), both requiring reassessements.
In this contribution we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 54 forest adapted beetle species endemic to the Azores. This group of species includes 12 ironclade beetles (Zopheridae), 11 ground beetles (Carabidae), 11 weevil and bark beetles (Curculionidae) and 10 rove beetles (Staphylinidae) representing the four most speciose beetle families in Azores , Borges et al. 2017).

Materials and Methods
To perform the IUCN Red List profiles we went through the following steps: i) the original species descriptions were examined to learn about the habitats and ecology of the species; ii) the most recent literature was also consulted to obtain information about synonyms and In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place This is an univoltine species. The species was a predator with night activity that lived in hyper-humid forest floor. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size. In the last ten years and currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Gunnera tinctoria, Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on soil invertebrates. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection

Basis of EOO and AOO:
carvalhoi Serrano & Borges, but according to the index, length:width of the pronotum, this species is more similar to Calathus lundbladi Colas (Serrano and Borges 1986).

Region for assessment:
-Global

Stable
Only one site left at Terra Brava (Terceira) that is in pristine native forest.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Terra Brava. Despite the fact that Terra Brava was considerered a native forest fragment with a high value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing recent habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants with impacts in soil invertebrates. The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation at Terra Brava, since the other subpopulation in Terra Chã is considered as possible extinct. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is consequently inferred. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation. The species is considered extinct in Terra Chã (Terceira island) due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat and current Eucalyptus spp. wood & pulp plantations management. The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts, and habitat shift and alteration), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is depending on humid forests.

Conservation
In Place The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is 1 No This is an univoltine species. It was a night activity predator that lived in the high elevation native forest. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and the lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place

. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico). It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Park of Pico Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

1
The complete forest is threatened by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Decline (inferred)
Only one location left, since the species seems extinct in all other sites of the island due to major historical land-use changes. The current subpopulation is threatened by invasive plants that are changing habitat structure.

Decline (observed)
A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (sampled in 1989 with a large population and decreasing numbers in 2000 and 2010) (Borges et al. 2005, and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation.

Yes
The species occurs in the hyper-humid native forests of the Azores, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees, with an altitudinal range between 543 and 1000 m.

Decline (inferred)
Ongoing invasion of exotic plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing habitat structure. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation. The species is considered as possibly extinct in Furnas due to major historical land use changes with clearing of original habitat. The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is dependent on humid forests.

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1. The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (S. Miguel Natural Park). The São Miguel Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. LIFE PRIOLO project started with a restoration of degraded habitats increasing the area of pristine forest. A general monitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the subpopulation of this particular species and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. A general monitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the subpopulation of this particular species and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail in order to contribute to perform an area-based management plan and a species potential recovery plan due to recent rarity. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).
Threat type:

Threats:
The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10 years ago.

Yes
The species occurred in the native forest of the Santa Maria Island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 500 and 550 m. It is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Decline (inferred)
Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Santa Maria was greatly reduced to accomodate Cryptomeria japonica plantations . Currently invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The most important ongoing threat to this species is Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Park of Santa Maria Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae Cedrorum azoricus was described from individuals collected in Terceira (Terra Brava and Morro Assombrado), Santa Maria (Pico Alto) and Pico (Caveiro) islands, between 1990 and 1992. This species is recognized by the form of pronotum, the absence of crossed epipleura, the shape of the aedeagus and the shape of the terminal stylomere. C. azoricus has two subspecies, recognized by the form of pronotum (Borges and Serrano 1993).

Observed
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,300 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km .

1200
Cedrorum azoricus is an endemic species with two subspecies, C. a. azoricus occurring in Terceira and Santa Maria islands, and C. a. caveirensis restricted to Pico island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges and Serrano 1993;). The species is known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Biscoito da Ferraria, Serra de Santa Bárbara, Terra Brava (Terceira), Caveiro and Mistério da Prainha (Pico) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

12,300
Decline (inferred) The extent of occurrence includes large areas of unsuitable habitats and the size of its remaining native habitat is now only 40 km . The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) due to the ongoing spread of invasive species in Santa Maria (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), Terceira and Pico (Hedychium gardnerianum). The species occurs in native forests of several islands (Terceira, Pico and Santa Maria). The AOO with native forest is around 40 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation (mainly Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) due to the ongoing spread of invasive species in Santa Maria (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), Terceira and Pico (Hedychium gardnerianum).

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

6
The species inhabits in six native isolated forest patches in three islands (Terceira, Pico, Santa Maria).

Decline (observed)
Six locations known since in the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Pico Alto (Santa Maria) site has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants that can drive the local subpopulation to extinction very fast. In recent times at least one location was lost in S. Maria island due to major changes in habitat with the removal of vegetation.

Decline (inferred)
The species is particularly restricted and the subpopulation of Santa Maria is very low in number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (never sampled in Santa Maria after its description, in spite of several sampling efforts in the last ten years) (Borges et al. 2005, and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Gaspar et al. 2011).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is known from four subpopulations. The subpopulation of Santa Maria is very low in number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (never sampled in Sta. Maria after its description, in spite of several sampling efforts in the last ten years) (Borges et al. 2005, and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants.

Yes
Major land-use changes at all elevations in Santa Maria, Terceira and Pico islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in four natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. At least two of the locations will be under severe threat in the next 10 years due to the aggressive spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum.

Terrestrial
Yes Decline (inferred) In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat .
Major Importance -1.4. Forest -Temperate Ecology 1.34-1.6 cm 1 No This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator that lives in the soil. In both Terceira and Pico islands it occurs mostly in sites with deep crevices in hyper-humid forest. The peak of activity in October, being an autumn breader.

Justification for conservation actions:
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Ongoing invasion of an invasive plant species (Hedychium gardnerianum) in Terceira and Pico and in addition Pittosporum undulatum in Santa Maria, are major threats since these plant species are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection -2. Land/water management The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Terceira, Pico and Santa Maria). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in the island of Santa Maria. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae Olisthopus inclavatus was described from a single male collected on the 10. VII.1982 in Santa Maria (Airport) island. This species is similar to O. elongatus Wollaston but differs by the absence of a conspicuous nail-shaped sclerite in the internal sac of the penis (Israelson 1983). The species occurs in several exotic forest patchs in Santa Maria island and it is relatively widespread by the island, but highly fragmented. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, invasive plant spread and habitat fragmentation.

Decline (inferred)
The species is particularly restricted but the abundance is relatively high in some of the known sites. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants and the destruction of exotic plantations for the implementation of pastures. The species is particularly restricted but the abundance is relatively high in some of the known subpopulations. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants and the destruction of exotic plantations for the implementation of pastures.

Yes
The species occurs in exotic forests (dominated by Cryptomeria japonica, Acacia spp.), semi-natural forests and in semi-natural pastures in Santa Maria island, with an altitudinal range between 150 and 300 m, being relatively widespread (Meijer et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015 In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently the modified habitats where it occurs are being highly disturbed, namely pactches of Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia spp.. Agriculture and wood & pulp productions are also a major threat. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is not protected by regional law. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the ongoing impact of invasive plants and future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by alien plants.

International
This species is not utilized. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in some of the isolated exotic Acacia spp. patches. Tarnier Pseudanchomenus aptinoides was described from an individual collected in S. Miguel, on 1867, and deposited in the Natural History Museum of Paris. The specimens found more recently in Pico Island have no difference in the shape of aedeagus (PAV Borges, pers. observation).

Region for assessment:
-Global The extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore only 16 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km .

Extent of occurrence
16 Decline (inferred) The EOO was calculated based on Pico distribution. The species continues in decline due to ongoing native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. The species is considered extinct in Furnas locality at S. Miguel due to major land-use changes and habitat destruction. The species occurs in native forest patches included in the Natural Reserves of Caveiro, Lagoa do Caiado and Mistério da Prainha in Pico island and it is considered extinct in S. Miguel (Furnas), due to habitat destruction. The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. Despite an AOO of 16 km , the current areal area of available native forest is only 9.52 km . The species occurs in several native forest patches in Pico, and in a location in a S. Miguel island (Furnas), but possibly extinct there.

Decline (observed)
Three locations known but the original area was larger. In one of the locations now is possibly extinct. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Decline (inferred)
The species is relatively abundant in Pico Island native forest in particular in the pristine fragment of Caveiro. In spite of several sampling efforts in the last 20 years no individuals were sampled in S. Miguel (Borges et al. 2005, and consequently the subpopulation of this island is possibly considered extinct, which is inferred from major land-use changes in this locality in the last 100 years, that were maintained in the last ten years with increaing pasture development and urbanization.
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is relatively abundant in Pico Island native forest in particular in the pristine fragment of Caveiro. In spite of several sampling efforts in the last 20 years no individuals were sampled in S. Miguel (Borges et al. 2005, and consequently the subpopulation of this island is considered extinct, which is inferred from major land-use changes in this locality in the last 100 years, that were maintained in the last ten years with increasing pasture development and urbanization.

Yes
The species occurs in native forests dominated by montane Juniperus brevifolia woodland in Caveiro but also lavic formations dominated by Erica azorica in Mistério da Prainha, in the island of Pico, with an altitudinal range between 800 and 1200 m Decline (observed) Due to ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species.
Major Importance -1.4. Forest -Temperate Ecology 1.2 cm 1 No This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator that lives in native trees and in the soil, particularly in ravines. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016 (see Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being most abundant in summer and autumn. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum;) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is considered extinct in S. Miguel island due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat.

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1. The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico). Degraded habitats should be restored and of critical importance is the continued expansion and linking of habitat fragments as well as removal of invasive non-native species where this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

International
This species is not utilized. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in S.Miguel and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends in both S. Miguel and Pico islands. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011). Trechus terrabravensis was described from three individuals (one male and two females), collected from 18. VII.2001to 02.VIII.2001. The aedeagus of this species clearly resembles those of the cavernicolous troglobitic species Trechus jorgensis (S. Jorge) and T. pereirai (Pico) (Borges et al. 2004).

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Suppl. material 11
Observed Trechus terrabravensis is a single-island endemic species restricted to Terceira (Azores, Portugal) , known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto, Pico do Galhardo, Terra Brava and Serra de Sta Bárbara.

1000
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 32 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km .

32
Decline (inferred) This species occurs in native forests included in several protected areas of Terceira island. The extent of occurrence of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) mostly caused by invasive plants, and habitat fragmentation. This species occurs in native forests included in several protected areas of Terceira island. The AOO including only native forest is around 21 km². The area of occupancy of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) mostly caused by invasive plants, and habitat fragmentation. The species occurs in four native forest patches included in Natural Park of the Terceira island, and two of them (Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto, Pico do Galhardo) were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years having a low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
Four locations known but the last ten years we observed a spread of invasive plants changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Decline (observed)
The species is particularly restricted but abundant in some of the localities (Gaston et al. 2006). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005) and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Gaspar et al. 2011). The species is particularly restricted but abundant in some of the subpopulations in Terra Brava and Caldeira St. Barbara (Gaston et al. 2006). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005) and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants in Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo.

Yes
Major land-use changes at middle elevations promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in four natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations, and is very rare in two of the subpopulations (Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo).

Yes
This species occurs deep inside very humid laurel forests (native forests dominated by Laurus azorica, Ilex perado subsp. azorica and Juniperus azorica) on Terceira, with an altitudinal range between 500 and 1000 m. Several specimens were collected in leaf litter, suggesting that this is a litter species. In both Terra Brava and Caldeira da Serra de Santa Bárbara, the terrain is basaltic with a system of cracks and deep holes and the forest floor is covered by a dense carpet of mosses and ferns with little light reaching the ground (Borges et al. 2004) Decline (inferred) In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

International
The species is not utilized. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan as a consequence of invasive plant species spread in two native forest fragments (Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo). Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011 The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 24 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km . The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015) due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.

Stable
The species occured in two areas now dominated by exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island (Sete Cidades and Furnas). The extent of occurrence of this species declined due to habitat degradation in the native forest, mostly caused by invasive plants, and suitable habitat has been extirpated from areas where the species once occurred (historical distribution). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Stable
The species occured in two areas now dominated by exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island. The area of occupancy of this species declined in the last decades due to habitat degradation in the native forest, mostly caused by invasive plants, and suitable habitat has been extirpated from areas where the species once occurred (historical distribution). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The species occured in two areas now dominated by exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island (Furnas and Sete Cidades). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Stable
Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

Stable
The species was historically particularly restricted and with very low number of sampled individuals. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes, from massive land-use changes in the last 100 years and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants in the last 10 years. Despite intensive collecting efforts in the past 20 years (Borges et al. 2005, no specimens have been collected since 1985 and according to Terzopoulou et al. (2015) this species is possibly extinct.

No
Yes Unknown Unknown Subpopulations 0-2

Stable
The species was particularly restricted and with very low in number of sampled individuals. A possible decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005, from massive land-use changes in the last 50 years and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants. Despite intensive collecting efforts in the past 20 years, no specimens have been collected since 1985 and according to Terzopoulou et al. (2015) this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

Yes
This species occurred originally in native forest in S. Miguel island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 700 and 845 m. However, if still extant it should occur in exotic plantations of Cryptomeria japonica. It is a predator that lives in the soil associated with debris and litter.

Decline (inferred)
Massive land-use changes in the last 100 years have probably led to strong declined of this species due to changes in habitat size and quality. This is an univoltine species and it is a predator that lives in the soil associated with debris and litter. In the last record in 1985 it was sampled associated with debris in a lake shore near a Cryptomeria japonica plantation (Gillerfors 1986a). In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation ). The species is potentially considered extinct due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The most important ongoing threat to this species is Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is not protected by regional law. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in Furnas and Sete Cidades. Therefore, degraded habitats in Furnas and Sete Cidades should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the ongoing threat by invasive species and future threat by climate change. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in historical areas of Furnas and Sete Cidades. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.

Species information
Leaf beetle (English); Escaravelho-do-musgão (Portuguese) The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 13 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km .

Extent of occurrence
13 Stable This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Flores island. The extent of occurrence is stable in the last 60 years and has a high value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Flores island. In spite for the fact that the whole nature reserve has some levels of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), part of the area is being recently invaded by two invasive plants ( Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) with destruction of some areas.

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

1
The species occurs in a single native forest fragment in the Flores island that is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground.

Stable
Between 1940 and 1950 major land-use changes occurred in the island, the reserve has a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), but the historical site is already under strong impact of invasive plants that are decreasing the cover of Sphagnum spp., disrupting the quality of forest ground, habitat of the species.

Decline (inferred)
The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Flores island. The surrounding area is protected and it is well preserved with a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline un the number of individuals. The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Flores island. The surrounding area is protected and it is well preserved with a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground and the supopulation may be under threat.

Yes
This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Flores island (Azores), dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Calluna vulgaris shrubs and Sphagnum spp. moss (Gillerfors 1986a), with an altitudinal range between 560 and 880 m.

Decline (observed)
The Habitat is stable in the last 60 years, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently invasive plants Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

International
This species is not utilized. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about population trends and habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011)

Region for assessment:
-Global

Observed
Atlantocis gillerforsi is an endemic species present in Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) , known from Natural Forest Reserves of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Pico Galhardo and Terra Brava (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

1000
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 34,000 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km .

Stable
The species occurs in several islands and many natural areas, most of them currently well preserved. The species occurs in areas of native and exotic forests of several islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). The area with native forest is around one third of the AOO. The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. The species occurs in eleven native and exotic forest patches in five islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). All the locations are currently under severe invasion by plants like Hedychium gardnerianum, with major impacts on the structure of the forest floor.

Decline (inferred)
Eleven locations known but the original area was larger with decreasing of habitat quality in the last 10 years due to land-use changes and invasive plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. In fact, Pico Galhardo (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria) have a low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
The species is highly abundant. However, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline in the number of individuals. Major land-use changes at all elevations in the islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in seven natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure in more than 50% of the subpopulations, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The sites at Pico Galhardo (Terceira); Atalhada (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria) have a low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Yes
The species occurs in native (dominated by Laurus azorica and Juniperus brevifolia) and exotic (e.g. Eucalyptus spp.) forests of several islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria), with an altitudinal range between 350 and 1000 m. This species was an inhabitant of ancient azorean laurel forests and successfully adapted itself to changed conditions of life (habitat transformation) (Israelson 1985c).

Decline (observed)
The habitat was stable during last century. However, in the last ten years invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.  In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently invasive plants Hydrangea macrophylla, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Common names:
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

International
This species is not utilized. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Extreme fluctuations?:
Calacalles azoricus is a single-island endemic species from Faial (Azores, Portugal) , known from Natural Forest Reserve of Caldeira do Faial.

1000
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km .

Decline (inferred)
This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Faial island. The host plant is also very rare and decreasing its distribution due to invasive plants, that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest of Faial island. The AOO with native forest is around 1.9 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation. The species occurs only in Caldeira do Faial in the Faial island.

Decline (inferred)
The species had a larger distribution in recent past, but major reductions in the distribution of the host plant (Tolpis azorica) due to major land-use changes in the last decades decreased the number of adequate patches of habitat. The single site is being heavily impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to restricted distribution and host-plant rarity (Tolpis azorica). The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of supoputaions is inferred due to restricted distribution and host-plant rarity (Tolpis azorica), with potential extinction of the species. Threats:

Yes
The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in the Faial island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 800 and 1000 m.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 100 years, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are also decreasing the quality of the remaining habitat In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius) are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, as they are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -5. The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Faial). Degraded habitats should be restored in Caldeira do Faial and of critical importance is the removal of invasive non-native species where this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
True weevil, Snout beetle, Weevil (English); Gorgulho (Portuguese) Calacalles droueti was originally described based on specimens collected by Godman in the island of Flores associated with stems of Euphorbia stygiana. More recently the Lectotypes were designated by Stüben 2004 based on specimens collected in Pico (Lagoa do Caiado) and Faial (Caldeira).

Region for assessment:
-Global

Number of locations:
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km .

706
Decline (observed) This species occurs in several areas of native forest of Faial and Pico islands. Possibly extinct in Flores. Most of the EOO includes habitats not occupied by this species that is restricted to few patches with the rare host plant (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). The extent of occurrence of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation. The species occurs in several native forest patchs in Faial and Pico islands, but possibly extinct in Flores island. The area of occupancy of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation. This species occurs in seven isolated native forest patches in the Faial and Pico islands. Possibly extinct in Flores.

Decline (inferred)
Seven locations known but the original area was larger. Most of the sites have very few plants of Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana, and the species can easily be extinct in some sites in near future.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Faial island and several subpopulations in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to host-plant rarity (Euphorbia The species is very rare, possibly extinct in Flores, known from a single subpopulation in Faial island and six subpopulations in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to host-plant rarity (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). Decline is due to rarity and abundance decreasing of host plant. five natural forest fragments in Pico that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Most of the small fragments are not sustainable at long-term due to the spread of invasive plants. Possibly only the Lagoa do Caiado fragment is sustainable at long-term due to its larger size and larger populations of the host plant.

Yes
The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in the Faial and Pico islands (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 600 and 1200 m.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 100 years, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are also decreasing the quality of the remaining habitat. The host plant is very rare and has a declining trend (IUCN classification: Critically Endangered). In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plants ( Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). Other important threat is the extreme rarity of the host plant.

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2. Land/water management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial and Pico). It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. The conservation of the host plant is critical. Since this species occurs in relict native Azorean forests and associated also with a very rare plant, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice.

International
This species is not utilized.

Less important
There is insufficient information available to identify the ecosystem services for this species. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in other sites with the host plant, and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

1200
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 42,600 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 220 km .

42,600
Increase The species is expanding its range to exotic trees and man made habitats.

Increase
The species is expanding its range to exotic trees and man made habitats. The species is expanding to non-native habitats.

Yes Unknown
Locations 0 This is a widespread species, with no threats.

Increase
Possibly is increasing distribution due to adaptation to exotic trees, namely low altitude orchards. Trend in extent, area or quality?:

Population
Increase C. subcarinatus is a widespread and highly abundant species. The species is expanding to exotic habitats and population is increasing. We assume no impact for the population as it occurs naturally in several native and exotic patches in all islands of the archipelago. Stable C. subcarinatus is a widespread and highly abundant species. The species presents a stable population and occurs in several islands. We assume no impact for the subpopulations as it occurs naturally in several patches in all islands of the arquipelago.

No
The species occurs in several habitats and in all islands of the Azorean arquipelago, with an altitudinal range between 100 and 1200 m. C. subcarinatus inhabits the native forests dominated by native and endemic vegetation, prefering Ilex perado subsp. azorica but also occurring in Juniperus brevifolia, Frangula azorica, Vaccinium cylindraceum and Erica azorica; exotic forests (mainly plantations and forests of Pittosporum spp. and Eucalyptus spp.); in agricultural areas occurs in orchards associated with Castanea sativa. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality Terzopoulou et al. 2015). However, the species seems to be adapting to other non-native trees and is expanding its range. No threats are known for this species, but possibly invasive species may create an impact in future.

In Place
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). No special measures of conservation are needed since the species also occurs in non-native plants. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. A monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011)

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Caulotrupis parvus was described from two individuals collected in Santa Maria island (Pico Alto), between 11.VII.1982 and 8.VIII.1983, deposited in G. Israelson collection. The particularities of the aedeagal structures may indicate a more profund difference between C. parvus and the Madeiran forms (Israelson 1985a).

Region for assessment:
-Global The area of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km², but the AOO is 8 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore also 8 km².

550
Caulotrupis parvus is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) , where it is restricted to the highest elevations of the island (310 to 550 m asl) and to the unique native primary forest. However the species was also found recently by Meijer et al. 2011 in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon.

Extent of occurrence
This species occurs in a native forest patch and in a small fragment of exotic forest in Santa Maria island. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. In addition one of the sites is an industrial Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon, which will imply a reduction of EOO to half. There is an inferred continuing decline in AOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. In addition one of the localities is an industrial Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon. The main native complete forest is threatened by invasive plants. The additional location is a pulp Cryptomeria japonica plantation that will be cut soon.

Decline (observed)
Only one location of native forest left, that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants that can drive this species to extinction very fast. The other location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation that will be cut soon.

Decline (observed)
The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainable subpopulation (the species occurs in a single native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity, Gaspar et al. 2011)), since the second known location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation threaten by deforestation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants, and deforestation of pulp plantation of Cryptomeria japonica. The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainable subpopulation, since the second known location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation threatened by deforestation. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants, and deforestation of production pulp plantation of Cryptomeria japonica.

Yes
Major land-use changes at all elevations in Santa Maria island promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in one natural forest fragment and in a small patch of exotic forest that are both isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. The subpopulation of the exotic plantation is not sustainable in the next ten years and the single native forest patch is included the Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Terrestrial Yes
The species occurs in the native forests of the Azores, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures, but also found in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation. This species has an altitudinal range between 310 and 550 m.

Decline (observed)
Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation. The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is depending on humid forests.

. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Santa Maria Natural Park). The Santa Maria Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A general monitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the population of this particular species and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the Pico Alto native forest and surrounded areas of non-native habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Hypera multifida Israelson, 1984  The area of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km², but the AOO is 4 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore also 4 km².

550
Donus multifidus is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) , where it is restricted to the highest elevations of the island (450 to 550 m asl) and to the unique native forest remnant included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
This species occurs in a single native forest patch of Santa Maria island. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. The species occurs in a single native forest patch in the Santa Maria island.

Stable
The species occurs in a single native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainable subpopulation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum ; Pittosporum undulatum), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat  In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation. The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is dependend on humid forests.

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future decline of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in the Pico Alto region (including non-native habitats) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Laparocerus azoricus Drouet, 1859 True weevil, Snout beetle, Weevil (English); Gorgulho (Portuguese) The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction at lower altitudes and habitat continuing degradation and fragmentation. This species occurs in eleven isolated locations at lower altitudes by the occidental group (Flores and Corvo islands), central group (Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira islands) and also in São Miguel. All these locations are under threat due to continuous change of the habitat as a consequence Human activities at lower elevations. The locations keeping native vegetation are also changing due to the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Pittosporum undulatum)

Decline (inferred)
Eleven locations known but the original area was larger due to major land-use changes in low elevation habitats.

Decline (inferred)
The species is rare (very few specimens known) and known from subpopulations in low elevation areas in several islands (Corvo, Flores, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities at lower elevations.
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare (very few specimens known) and known from subpopulations in low elevation areas in seven islands (Corvo, Flores, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities at lower elevations.

Unknown
Yes As a consequence of major past and ongoing land-use changes at low and middle elevations in all islands the seven subpoulations are restricted to small patches.

Yes
This species has four subspecies (D. a. azoricus present in Faial, S. Jorge and Graciosa islands; D. a. nitens present in Occidental group (Corvo and Flores islands); D. a. parallelirostris restricted to Terceira island and D. a. separandus restricted to S. Miguel island), and occurs in modified native forests (dominated by Erica azorica and Morella faya), exotic forests and semi-natural pastures (Machado 2009). Some specimens can also be found inside caves at Terceira island, possibly falling there when migrating to the soil (adults stay underground during the day). This species has an altitudinal range between 0 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)
Due to major land-use changes at low elevations, with the destruction of many habitats for urbanization and implementation of agriculture activities.
Major Importance It is frequent to find specimens in caves, since the adults stay underground during the day. The fact that the species is polyphagous facilitates its survival in a highly human modified territory at lower elevations. Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on plant tissues. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). One of the most important ongoing threat to this species is the continuous change of habitat due to Human activities at lower elevations. The sites keeping native vegetation are also changing due to the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Pittosporum undulatum). Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and Habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). In the other six islands none of subpopulations are located within the range of protected areas. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats at low elevations.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in all the historical localities and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in many of the historical localities. In addition, there is the need of special area-based management plans for most of the subpopulations.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,600 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km .

11,600
Decline (observed) The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. This species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.
The species occurs in the native and exotic forests of the islands of the central group (Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira) and S. Miguel island. Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated. The area of occupancy of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

17
This species occurs in 17 native and exotic forest patches distributed by the islands of the central group (Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira islands) and S. Miguel island.

Decline (observed)
Seventeen locations known, but the original area was larger. Invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.

Decline (inferred)
D. borgesi is a widespread and still an abundant species in some pristine sites. The species currently has a decreasing population density due to the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. D. borgesi is a widespread and still a highly abundant species. The species presents currently a stable population only in pristine sites. However, the spread of Hedychium gardnerianum) is changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species and potential decline of the most disturbed subpopulations.

Yes
Major land-use changes at all elevations in all islands promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in 17 natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In the last ten years many of those subpopulations were highly impacted by invasive plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The trend of invasive plant species spread will continue in future with negative impacts in most of the subpopulations.

Yes
This species has three subspecies: D. b. borgesi present in Terceira island, inhabits native forests (dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Ilex perado subsp. azorica, Laurus azorica and Erica azorica) and Cryptomeria plantations; D. b. centralis present in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and Graciosa islands, inhabits in native and exotic forests, native plants on lavic formations (Erica azorica) and grasslands and natural pastures and D. b. sanctmichaelis restricted to S. Miguel island, inhabits native forests.

Decline (inferred)
The spread of Hedychium gardnerianum is changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.  In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Justification for conservation actions
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species occurs in relict native Azorean forests, some awareness measures were put recently in practice using for instance images from extreme macro (see Fig. 17  Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in more sites and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).   ). The species occurs in coastal areas, but in Graciosa also at higher altitudes (Pico Timão).

22,000
Decline (inferred) The Extent of Occurrence includes many unsuitable habitats not occupied by this species. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction at lower elevations and habitat continuing destruction and fragmentation.

Decline (inferred)
Six locations known but the original area was larger due to major changes in low elevation habitats. Possibly extinct in some of these six locations and in danger in the others due to continuing disturbance and land-use changes for urbanization ang agriculture activities.

Decline (inferred)
The species is extremely rare and there are six known subpopulations at low elevation areas in several islands (Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira and São Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities. Recently in 2016 (Borges et al. 2017a) found two specimens in the historical site from Terceira in a highly degraded marsh associated with native and exotic plants (Paul do Belo Jardim).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is extremely rare and there are six known subpopulations at low elevations in several islands (Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira and São Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities. Recently in 2016 few specimens were found in the historical site from Terceira in a highly degraded marsh associated with native and exotic plants (Paul do Belo Jardim) (Borges et al. 2017a).

Yes
Major land-use changes at low and middle elevations in all islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in six islands in small patches of exotic habitats fragmented due to urban and agriculture development, that will keep occurring in the next ten years in all the subpopulations.

Yes
This species has two subspecies (D. o. oceanicus restricted to Terceira island and D. o. tristis present in Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa and S. Miguel islands), and occurs in modified native forests (dominated by Erica azorica and Morella faya), exotic forests and marsh areas (in Terceira) (Machado 2009;Borges et al. 2017a). Some of the historical llocalities are completely destroyed and urbanized or with intensive pastures, which may imply local extinction. The subpopulation of Terceira is located in a small water course near a march area surrounded by an industrial area. This species has an altitudinal range between 0 and 200 m. The habitat is being highly modified and is currently under extreme disturbance regimes due to urbanization and agriculture activities at low elevations. Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on plant tissues. The fact that the species is polyphagous facilitates its survival in a highly human modified territory at lower elevations. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). One of the most important ongoing threat to this species is the continuous change of habitat due to Human activities at lower elevations, mostly urbanization and pollution, but also The species is not protected by regional law. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats at low elevations.

Max Elevation/Depth (m):
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens at lower elevations and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. In addition, there is the need of special area-based management plans for most of the subpopulations. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011). Neocnemis occidentalis is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) ).

0-4 Stable
Based on the area of a unique cell of the historical locality. The species is considered extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work (Borges et al. 2005. The species is potentially extinct due to destruction of the habitat in all its range (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Unknown
Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

Unknown
The species is only known from a single subpopulation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from historical records. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago. The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

Yes
The species occured in the native forest of Santa Maria Island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 450 and 550 m. It is considered extinct.

Decline (observed)
Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Santa Maria was greatly reduced to accomodate Cryptomeria japonica plantations ). In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and of critical importance is the removal of invasive non-native species where this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens at Pico Alto (Santa Maria) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).  Decline (inferred) The species is well adapted to Juniperus brevifolia, species that is protected, but is reducing its area due to invasive plants and forest fragmentation.

Decline (inferred)
Eight locations known but the original area was larger. In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla, Pittosporum undulatum, Clethra arborea), changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

Decline (inferred)
P. gillerforsi is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native forests (very common in the host tree Juniperus brevifolia). The species is currently abundant but a declining in the abundance of some subpopulation is inferred from the fragmentation and declining of the host species Juniperus brevifolia.  In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015

. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, Pico and S. Miguel). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the host plant species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in small fragments with the host plant Juniperus brevifolia. and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in some areas. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

33,700
Decline (observed) The EOO includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. The EOO of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

Decline (inferred)
Thirteen locations known but the original area was larger. The natural forest reserves of Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge); Pico Galhardo (Terceira) and Pico Alto (St. Maria) have a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) and in the last ten years invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species. Habitat importance: P. nodosum is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native and few patches of exotic forests. The species currently has a decreasing population density due to the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species No Yes Unknown Unknown Subpopulations 13 Decline (inferred) P. nodosum is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native and few patches of exotic forests. A decreasing in the number of subpopulations is inferred as a consequence of the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.

Yes
The species occurs in native forests (mainly dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica and Ilex perado spp. azorica) and Cryptomeria japonica plantations in Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 400 and 1200 m.

Decline (inferred)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the quality of the habitat in part of its range is decreasing due to the invasions of alien plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) and Cryptomeria japonica plantations managemen. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management an the spread of invasive plants changing the structure of the forest. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in most islands order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

International
The species is not utilized. Map of records (Google Earth):

Basis of EOO and AOO:
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in more native forest sites and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in some of the islands. An Area-based Management Plan is needed for some of the subpopulations, namely in Santa Maria and S. Miguel. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011

Decline (inferred)
The species is only known from a single subpopulation on Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to the ongoing threats, mainly due to human disturbance associated to agricultural activities. No This is an univoltine species. S. velhocabrali is an herbivorous xylophagous species (i.e. whose diet consists primarily of wood). In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality ). Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). In addition, environmental degradation is also Research needed: occurring due to agriculture activities an invasive species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum, since this species is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Main additional threat will be the change of vineyards to other land-use, or urban development due to tourism. The species is not protected by regional law, but some enforcement should be put in place in this direction. Thus, it is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. Since this species is one of the few endemic species of insects in the Azores that lives associated with vineyards, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice, due to its unique natural value of the species and cultural value of vineyards for the Azorean region. Therefore, current habitat should be maintained and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change.

International
The species is not utilized. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional coastal areas in Santa Maria and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Athous azoricus was described from a single male collected in S. Miguel island. Female has the same coloration of the male; it differs latter by the more convex and quadrangular pronotum and shorter antennae not reaching for two articles the apices of the posterior angles of pronotum (Platia and Borges 2002).

Region for assessment:
-Global Decline (inferred) The species keeps a decline trend due to native forest destruction, landscape transformation associated to agricultural activities, introduced species and habitat fragmentation. The species occurs in native forests patches of the Flores, Graciosa, Terceira, and S. Miguel islands. The species keeps a decline trend due to native forest destruction, landscape transformation associated to agricultural activities, introduced species and habitat fragmentation.

Unknown Unknown
Locations 5 This species occurs in five native and exotic forest patches in the Flores, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands.

Decline (inferred)
Five locations known that were highly impacted by land use changes and invasive plants in the last ten years. This species is rare. There is an inferred continuing decline in the number of subpopulations thatare under threat due to major land-use changes at lower elevations.

Yes
Major land-use changes at low and middle elevations promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest in all islands. The species occurs in five natural and exotic forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The species occurs in native and exotic forests of the Flores, Graciosa, Terceira, and S. Miguel islands (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 50 and 300 m.

Decline (observed)
Impact of introduced invasive plant speciesm namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum and human activities decreases the quality of habitat at lower and middle elevations. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently the main threat to this species is the impact of introduced species and the agricultural The species is not protected by regional law. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants. necessary a area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011 Athous pomboi was described from two individuals collected in Santa Maria island, between 20. VIII.1997 and27.VIII.1997. Both deposited in the University of Azores in Terceira at the "Dalberto Teixeira Pombo collection". This new species is distinguished from A. azoricus essentially by the darker colour, in the male by the greater convexity of pronotum, the shape of anterior frontal margin, and shorter antennae (Platia and Borges 2002).

Region for assessment:
-Global This species occurs in one native and three exotic forest patches in Sta. Maria island.

Decline (inferred)
Four locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. The native forest location has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare in all known locations in Sta. Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to small patches and the expansion of alien plants. Threat type:

Threats:
The species occurs in native forests, Cryptomeria japonica plantations and Acacia spp. exotic forests in S. Maria (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 100 and 550 m.

Decline (observed)
In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. One of the most important ongoing threats to this species is the spread of invasive plants ( Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), agriculture activities, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and habitat degradation in the unique site of native forest. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its main native habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional fragments of exotic forest in S. Maria and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Oophorus azoricus Tarnier Decline (inferred) 35 locations, in which many of them in the last ten years were highly impacted by invasive species spread, exotic forest cut, intensive pasture management and urban development. Possibly some of these locations are not currently adequate for the species.

Decline (inferred)
H. azoricus is a widespread and particularly abundant species in several habitats. A decline in the population abundance is inferred as a consequence of the spread invasive plant species, exotic forest cut, intensive pasture management and urban development. Threat type:

No
The species occurs in several habitats, like native forests, exotic forests, lava formations, grasslands and in agricultural land-uses of the Flores, Faial, Graciosa, Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria islands (Azores). It is widespread by the low elevation habitats in the archipelago (altitudinal range between 0 and 500 m).

Decline (observed)
Many of the fragments in the last ten years were highly impacted by invasive species spread, exotic forest cut, intensive pasture management and urban development. Possibly some of the sites are not currently adequate for the species.

Threats
Ongoing Threats: In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently agriculture activities, Cryptomeria japonica plantations as well as invasive plants are promoting dramatic changes in the low elevation habitats. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate changes (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its main native habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). In the remaining islands the species range is outside protected areas. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in historical sites and in additional low elevation sites and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Observed
The area of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km², but the AOO is 4 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore also 4 km².

550
Cryptolestes azoricus is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) ). This species is only known from the original Holotype for which there is no precise locality in the island, but possibly is located in the small remnant of native forest at Pico Alto Natural Forest reserve.

Decline (inferred)
This species possibly occurs in the only remaining native forest patch from Santa Maria island. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat area in the last 100 years and additional loss of habitat quality in the last 10 years.

Decline (inferred)
Based on one locality, the main native forest remaining in the island. There is an inferred continuing decline in AOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat area in the last 100 years and additional loss of habitat quality in the last 10 years.

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

1
The main current native forest that is highly threatened by invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

Decline (inferred)
Only one location of native forest left that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a area of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drive this species to extinction very fast The other possibe locations are now with exotic plantations of Cryptomeria japonica or pastures.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only known from a single possible sustainable subpopulation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from recent past deforestation and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants. The species is very rare and only known from a single possible sustainable subpopulation that may become extinct due to recent past deforestation and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants.

Yes
The species possibly occurs in the single native forests patch of Santa Maria, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures. This species has an altitudinal range between 400 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)
In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality Major Importance -1.4. Forest -Temperate Ecology 1 No This is a predator that lives under bark of native trees. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to major deforestation . The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management andthe spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is depending on humid forests.

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). The Santa Maria Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A general monitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the population of this particular species and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in the surrounding areas of Pico Alto (S, Maria) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Mould beetle, Minute brown, Plaster beetle, Scavenger beetle (English) This species was described from two individuals, collected in Santa Maria island (Pico Alto), between 4.VIII.1983 and 6.VIII.1983. These specimens are deposited in G. Israelson and G. Gillerfors collections. The Azorean species differ of the Macaronesian forms by uniform body colour, broader prothorax, non-raised elytral interstriae, considerably smaller size, more convex elytra and/or in details of the upper-side sculpture (Israelson 1984b).

Region for assessment:
-Global  The species occurs in seven exotic and native forest patches in the Faial, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands.

Decline (inferred)
Seven locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years, and native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
M. occidentalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native and exotic forests. A decline in the population abundance is inferred as a consequence of the spread invasive plant species and exotic forest cut. M. occidentalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native and exotic forests. We assume stability in the number of subpopulations, despite de fact that some subpopulations are under threat.

No
This species occurs in native forests, exotic forests (dominated by Pittosporum undulatum) and Cryptomeria japonica plantations in several Azorean islands (Faial, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands), with an altitudinal range between 100 and 500 m.

Decline (inferred)
Many of the fragments in the last ten years were highly impacted by invasive species spread and exotic forest cut.Possibly some of the sites are not currently adequate for the species.

Threats
Ongoing Threats: In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality ). The main current threats are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the advance of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional low elevaton sites in several islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Leiodidae Catops velhocabrali was described from a single male collected in Santa Maria island, from 12 to 18. VI.1990 (holotype). It is deposited in the University of Azores in Terceira ("Dalberto Teixeira Pombo collection"). Catops velhocabrali differs from its probable nearest C. thurepalmi and C. antoniomachadoi from the Canaries, by having a stronger and more convex general appearance and a less transverse pronotum. It also differs in the antennae, maxillary palpus and aedeagus (Blas and Borges 1999).

Region for assessment:
-Global

Decline (inferred)
One location included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) as a consequence of a dramatic spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum ), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Santa Maria island in native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve (Pico Alto) that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to human activities (associated with agriculture and cattle pollution), a small subpopulation, small patches and by the expansion of alien plants. The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to human activities (associated with agriculture and cattle pollution), small patches and by the expansion of alien plants.

Yes
This species occurs in different habitats: native forests, Cryptomeria japonica plantations and MSS -Mesocavernous Shallow Stratum in Santa Maria island (Blas and Borges 1999). This species has an altitudinal range between 450 and 550 m.

Decline (observed)
Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently the most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2. Land/water management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). The Santa Maria Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the MSS habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in new sites with MSS habitat and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
Only one location left, and the site is under disturbance due to cattle grazing in high altitude semi-natural pastures. Habitat importance:

Habitats:
The species is only known from a single subpopulation in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from historical records. This species can be on the edge of extinction due to major historical changes in its type locality.
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat This is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of native trees and in the soil. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly creation of pastures ). One of the most important ongoing threat to this species is the high elevation dairy cattle and meat cattle semi-natural pastures and the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico; Reserva Natural da Montanha do Pico). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in the high elevation semi-natural pastures of Pico island and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Observed
The historical unknown locality is assumed as one 2 km x 2 km cell.
Atheta azorica was described for Azores but without indication of the island of occurrence. It was never found after its description and consequently there is no precise indication of its locality.

Unknown
The historical unknown locality is assumed as one 2 km x 2 km cell. The historical unknown precise location.

Unknown
There is no information available. Unknown This is a predator species originally associated with native forest, but with unknown current distribution and ecology. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly creation of pastures . The most important ongoing threats to this species are the managment of pulp plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts a nd habitat shifting & alteration).

Needed
The species is not protected by regional law. No information is available on its location and consequently there are no conservation measures planned. Atheta caprariensis was described from individuals collected in S. Miguel island (Furnas), between 28. VII.1983 and31.VII.1984. These individuals are deposited in G. Israelson and G. Gillerfors collections. This species is closely related with species from the subgenera Notothecta and Atheta-complex, but amply distinguished by its larger size among several other characters. The inner armature of the penis of the present species seems to be rather weak for a member of this subgenus but may have been reduced, still more so in the following species (Israelson 1985b).

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Only one site left with additional major changes in the last 10 years with the creation of a public park around Furnas Lake.

Decline (inferred)
The species is only known from a single subpopulations in S. Miguel island. The abundance is unknown and possibly decreasing due to the impact of major urban, forestry and agriculture changes in the historical locality. It is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of native and exotic trees and in the soil. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently the main threat is the major changes in habitats for urban use, industrial plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and pastures, but also the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a degraded area that should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in Furnas and surrounded areas and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Atheta dryochares Israelson, 1985 Species information
Rove beetle (English); Escaravelho-de-asa-curta (Portuguese) This species was described from individuals collected in S. Miguel island (Furnas; Ponta Delgada) between 11. VII.1982 and31.VII.1984. These specimens are deposited in the G. Israelson collection. An Azorean species of similar size and colour as A. dryochares is A. (Hummleriella) azorica Bernhauer, described on a single female. According to the description the latter would differ from the former by its abnormally large head, very small eyes, only being a third as long as the temples, furthermore by the antennal structure and by the abdominal tergite VI being provided with a very weak basal impression (Israelson 1985b).

Region for assessment:
-Global  This species occurs in thirteen native forest patches in seven islands.

Decline (inferred)
Thirteen locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years, with the spread of Pittosporum undulatum, Hedychium gardnerianum (in all islands) and Clethra arborea (in S. Miguel) that are changing habitat structure.

Stable
The species is particularly abundant in the canopy of endemic trees, and subpopulations are known in seven islands (Faial, Pico, Graciosa, São Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria). The species presents a stable population. The habitat is protected and we assume no impact for the population. Threat type:

Stable
The species is particularly abundant in the canopy of endemic trees, and subpopulations are known in seven islands. The habitat is protected and we assume no impact for the subpopulations. This is a predator that lives under bark, and is associated with lichens and bryophytes of endemic trees, being active during the night. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being most abundant in spring and summer. This is an univoltine species.

Threats
Ongoing Threats: In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently the most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum, Clethra arborea and Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control Needed -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -2.3. Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is located in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restore habitats invaded by invasive plants.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in another islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in some islands where invasive plants are changing habitat structure. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see Gaspar et al. 2011). The species occurs in a single human modified forest fragment in the Flores island.

Decline (inferred)
Between 1940 and 1950 major land-use changes occurred in the island. In the last 10 years invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are spreading and changing the structure of the habitat, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns with impacts on the species.

Decline (inferred)
The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Flores island. The area of occurrence is highly modified duet to human activities and invasive plant species. We assume some impact for the abundance of the population. The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Flores island. The area of occurrence is highly modified due to human activities and invasive plant species. We assume a decline for the number of subpopulations. Adults and larvae are nocturnal predators and were found in wet debris and moss near the margin of a small river. This is an univoltine species.

Threats
Ongoing Threats: In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Currently the main threat is the major changes in habitats for urban use, industrial plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and pastures, but also the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based

. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a degraded area that should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in other sites in Flores, particularly in native forest and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
Only three locations left that were highly impacted by land use changes and invasive plants in the last ten years.

Decline (inferred)
The species is only known from three isolated subpopulations, one in Terceira island (Monte Brasil), one in Furnas (São Miguel) and a recent finding in Pico Redondo (Pico Island). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from historical and recent habitat modification. This species can be on the edge of extinction at Terceira island due to major recent changes in its type locality.

Conservation actions:
This is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of native trees and in the soil. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality ). In the last 50 years the invasive plant Pittosporum undulatum spread in the area of Monte Brasil with the major decrease of native trees and shrubs and current dominance of Pittosporum undulatum. In Pico island the plantation of Pinus sp. mixed within native vegetation may become a problem for the adequate persistence of native plants. In Furnas, spread of Hedychium gardnerianum is destroying the habitat, since is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, Terceira, S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the current threat by invasive plants (Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum). It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in new localities in known islands and also in another islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Reviewers:
Editor: Geostiba melanocephala is a single-island endemic species from São Miguel (Azores, Portugal) ). This species is very rare and possibly it is near extinction.

0-4 Stable
Based on the area of a unique cell of the historical locality. The species is considered extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work (Borges et al. 2005. The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Possibly extinct.

Unknown
The species occurred in the native forest of São Miguel Island (Azores), but it is considered possibly extinct. This is a nocturnal predator. The current altitudinal range is unknown.

Decline (observed)
Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of São Miguel was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations  In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size. In the last 50 years additional major changes occurred with pasture intensification and the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection Needed -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -2.3. Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is possibly in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of São Miguel Island). Degraded habitats should be restored and of critical importance is the continued expansion of invasive plant species. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management

. Monitoring -Habitat trends
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in the native forests of S. Miguel island and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
Only one site left that is now well protected and had a relatively high value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, in the last ten years invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Clethra arborea) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Decline (inferred)
The species is particularly abundant and only known from a single subpopulation in a high elevation area in S. Miguel island. There is an inferred declining in the population due to invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Clethra arborea), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species. This is a nocturnal predator that lives in the soil associated with grass roots and litter. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , mostly the creation of plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and pastures. The management of Cryptomeria japonica is still a problem. One of the most important ongoing threats to this species is the spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of S. Miguel). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find more extant specimens in additional areas around Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

8,800
Decline (inferred) The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. The EOO continues in decline due to native forest destruction, habitat fragmentation and the spread of invasive plants.

Decline (inferred)
Eight locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years, namely Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge), Biscoito da Ferraria and Caldeira de Guilherme Moniz (Terceira) and Atalhada (S. Miguel).

Decline (inferred)
The species is particularly abundant and subpopulations are known in Flores, Terceira, Pico, São Jorge, Gracioasa and S. Miguel islands. There is an inferred declining in the population due to invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum), that are changing the structure of the forest decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. One of the most important ongoing threats to this species is the managment of pulp plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and the spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, São Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional areas of native forest and in additional islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).  Phytosus schatzmayri is a single-island endemic species from S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) ). This species is considered very rare and possibly near extinction (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Habitats:

Stable
The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is possibly extinct.

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

0-1 Stable
The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is possibly extinct.

Yes
The species occurred in the native forest of São Miguel Island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 0 and 200 m. The species is possibly extinct.

Decline (observed)
Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of São Miguel was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria plantations ) and the historical locality was possibly destroyed as a consequence of urbanization.
Major Importance -1.4. Forest -Temperate This is a nocturnal predator species usually associated with plant debris in the soil. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size. Currently the historical locality was highly modified due to urbanization. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
Needed -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -2.3. Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level The species is not protected by regional law. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in private gardens in Ponta Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens, possibly in public and private gardens, and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Nesotes azoricus is a single-island endemic species from S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) , known from Furnas (S. Miguel). The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

0-8 Stable
This species occurs in modified habitats at S. Miguel island (Furnas). Possibly the EOO value is slightly overestimated. The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). This species occurs in a fragment of exotic forest of S. Miguel island (Furnas). Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated due to urbanization and pasture intensification. The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

0-1
This species occurs in one single native forest patch in S. Miguel island (Furnas), but is possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015) Stable In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Only one site left, but the current habitat is highly disturbed and according to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is almost extinct.

Stable
The species is only known from a single subpopulation in S. Miguel island. The abundance is unknown and possibly decreasing due to major urban and agriculture changes. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015  The species is only known from a single subpopulation in S. Miguel island. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is almost extinct.

Yes
The species occurs in a single native forest patch in the S. Miguel island (Furnas), with an altitudinal range between 500 and 600 m.

Decline (observed)
Destruction of habitat for creation of urban areas, industrial plantations and pastures.

No
It is a detritivore species that feed of decomposition organic matter and lives in the soil. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality , Terzopoulou et al. 2015. Main recent past and ongoig threats are destruction of habitat for creation of urban areas, industrial plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and pastures and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection Needed -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -2.3. Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of S. Miguel; Área de Paisagem Protegida das Furnas). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens at Furnas but also in native forests in Pico da Vara, and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Region for assessment:
-Global Tarphius acuminatus is a single-island endemic species restricted to Pico island (Azores, Portugal) ,Borges et al. 2017, known from Natural Forest Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado. It is a very rare species that occurs in the native forest of Pico island, with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in two patches of native forest in Pico Island.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Two locations known that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. The species is very rare and only occurs in two small patches of native forest in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is very rare and only from two subpopulations that occur in two small patches of native forest in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017).

Yes
Major land-use changes at middle and high elevations promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in two natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of semi-natural pastures and that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. At least one of the subpopulations is under threat due to the expansion of invasive plants. The species is very rare, and it only occurs in two small patches of native forest, in Pico island (Borges et al. 2017). It has an altitudinal range between 600 and 800 m.

Decline (observed)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017 In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado, in Pico island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in more patches of native vegetation at Mistério da Prainha and Caveiro and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Region for assessment:
-Global The EOO continues in decline due to Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in a five patches of native and exotic forests of S. Miguel and Flores island.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Five locations known that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Decline (inferred)
The species is abundant in native and exotic forests of S. Miguel but very rare in Flores island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonicaa management (Borges et al. 2017).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is abundant in native and exotic forests of S. Miguel but subpopulations in Flores island are very rare. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonicaa plantations management (Borges et al. 2017).

Yes
Major land-use changes at middle and high elevations promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in three natural forest fragments in S. Miguel and two exotic forest patches in Flores that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations and that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Yes
The species occurs under bark of several trees (subcortical), both endemic and exotic. It also occurs in exotic forests dominated by Cryptomeria japonica (Borges et al. 2017).

Decline (observed)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017 In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations could be also a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Forest Reserves of Atalhada and Pico da Vara in S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in more patches of native vegetation particularly in Flores and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Region for assessment:
-Global Tarphius depressus is a single-island endemic species restricted to Santa Maria island (Azores, Portugal) , Borges et al. 2017, known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria). The species occurs in native and exotic forests of Santa Maria island. The EOO is sligthly overestimated, given that includes habitats not occupied by this species. The species continues in decline due to Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017). In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Six locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years and some of them may disappear due to Cryptomeria japonica cut.

Decline (inferred)
The species is relatively abundant in native and exotic forests of Sta. Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017). The species is abundant in native and exotic forests of Sta. Maria island, having two subpopulations. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017).

Yes
Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Maria island promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in one natural and several small exotic forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. The species is relatively abundant. It occurs under the bark of several trees (subcortical), both endemic and exotic. It also occurs in exotic forests dominated by Cryptomeria japonica (Borges et al. 2017). This species has an altitudinal range between 200 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017 In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria plantations could be also a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control Needed -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -2.3. Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in Santa Maria island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in more patches of exotic vegetation around Pico Alto and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Ironclad beetle (English); Escaravelho-cascudo-da-mata (Portuguese) The species belongs to the "tornvalli" complex and is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): pronotal and elytral setae recumbent and slightly acuminate; external row of the lateral margin of pronotum with 27-28 setae.

Region for assessment:
-Global Tarphius floresensis is a single-island endemic species restricted to Flores island (Azores, Portugal) , Borges et al. 2017, known from Natural Forest Reserves of Morro alto e Pico da Sé and Caldeiras Funda e Rasa.

90
Decline (inferred) This species occurs in native forests included in the two Natural Forest Reserves of Flores island. It also occurs in exotic forest patches (mainly dominated by Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia spp.). The Extent of Occurrence is sligthly overestimated, given that includes habitats not occupied by this species. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant species. The species occurs in several native forest patches included in Natural Reserves and in exotic forest patches, in the Flores island.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Ten locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years and some of them may disappear soon due to Cryptomeria japonica removal.

Decline (observed)
The species is abundant, particularly in the well preserved patches of native forests of Flores island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla) (Borges et al. 2017). The species is abundant in all five subpopulations, particularly in the two well preserved patches of native forests of Flores island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations could be also a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserves of Morro alto e Pico da Sé and Caldeiras Funda e Rasa, in Flores island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in more patches of native vegetationbut also at lower elevation modified exotic forests and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Ironclad beetle (English); Escaravelho-cascudo-da-mata (Portuguese) The species belongs to the "tornvalli" complex and is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): setae acuminate with lateral sides slightly rounded and maximum width at middle; external row of the lateral margin of pronotum with 30 or more setae.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Eigth locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years and some may disappear in near future due to removal of exotic forest patches for pasture implementation.

Decline (inferred)
The species is abundant, particularly in the well preserved patches of native forests of S. Jorge, Pico and Faial islands. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Borges et al. 2017).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations could be also a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration). The removal of some patches with exotic vegetation for pasture implementation may also be a threat for some subpopulations occurring in this marginal habitat.

Conservation
In Place The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Forest Reserves of Mistério da Prainha, Caveiro and Caiado in Pico island; Pico Pinheiro and Topo in S. Jorge island and Cabeço do Fogo and Caldeira do Faial in Faial island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice.  information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011 This species belongs to the "azoricus+wollastoni+depressus" complex and is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum slightly arcuate between the anterior and the hind angles; pronotal setae obtuse, rigid and semi-erect; elytral nodules well developed with a pattern formula 3, 3, 2, 1.

Region for assessment:
-Global  This is a very rare species that occurs in the native forest of Pico island, with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in a small patch of native forest, included in a Natural Forest Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado Pico. The AOO is overestimated, being the AOO with native forest around only 1 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area of occupancy, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

Unknown
Locations 1 A single fragment of native forest currently with less than 1 km and with a recent spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum.

Decline (inferred)
One location with a size of 1 km² and invasive plants can drive this species to extinction very fast.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of native forest in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum since this species is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -2. Land/water management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control Needed The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado in Pico island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional areas of native forest in Pico (e.g. Mistério da Prainha and Caveiro) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011). This species is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): anterior margin of clypeus arcuate inwards; humeral angle of elytron very protrude upwards resembling a nodule or a gibbositie; elytral nodules fair developed with a pattern formula 1, 3, 3, 2, 0.

Region for assessment:
-Global  This species occurs in a small fragment of highly modified native vegetation in Santa Maria Island and also in some exotic patches of vegetation. The species continues in decline due to Cryptomeria japonica plantations management, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in native forests included in Natural Forest Reserves of Santa Maria Island. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated, being the AOO with native forest only around 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area of occupancy, Cryptomeria japonica plantations management, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

Yes
Unknown Unknown

4
This species occurs in a small fragment of highly modified native vegetation in Santa Maria Island and also in some exotic patches of vegetation. The species is very rare and the Natural Forest Reserve (Pico Alto) has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Four locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. Some of the exotic patches may disappear in near future for the implementation of pastures.

Decline (inferred)
This is a rare species that occurs in native forests in Santa Maria island (Borges et al. 2017). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonica management (Borges et al. 2017). Some of the exotic patches may disappear in near future for the implementation of pastures with further impacts on the population abundance.
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat , particularly Hedychium gardnerianum since this species is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management can also be a problem. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration). An additional future threat will be the transformation of some of the exotic patches in pastures with further impacts on the population abundance. The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in Sta Maria island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find additional extant specimens in the Pico Alto surrounded areas of exotic forest and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management pland and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Species information
Ironclad beetle (English); Escaravelho-cascudo-da-mata (Portuguese) The species belongs to the "tornvalli" complex and is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum slightly arcuate and sub-parallel in the posterior half; setae less needle shaped; elytral nodules well developed with a pattern formula 2, 3, 2, 1.

Region for assessment:
-Global Tarphius relictus is a single-island endemic species restricted to Terceira island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2017), known in only one locality (Biscito das Fontinhas), being a very rare species.

Decline (inferred)
This species occurs in a very small patch of exotic forest (dominated by Acacia spp.), located in Fontinhas (Terceira island). This is a very rare species with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to The species occurs in a small, disturbed site covered by exotic trees in Terceira island. The AOO is clearly overestimated, being the AOO with exotic forest around only 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area of occupancy and the existence of invasive plant species, being the most endangered Tarphius species in the Azores (Borges et al. 2017).

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

1
The species occurs in one single patch of exotic forest in Terceira island very disturbed.

Decline (inferred)
One location with a area of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drive this species to extinction very fast. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of the Acacia spp. patches could be also a problem for the unique surviving subpopulation. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Justification for conservation actions
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is now included in the Natural Park of Terceira (IUCN Type V level of protection). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. We suggest as a possible additional measure of conservation the translocation of individuals for the pristine patches of forest in the high altitude sites of Terceira Island (i.e. ex.situ conservation). Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice using for instance images from extreme macro (e.g. Fig. 33) Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find additional extant specimens in some meddle elevation forest patches in Terceira island and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.

Species information
Ironclad beetle (English); Escaravelho-cascudo-da-mata (Portuguese) This species is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): body surface sparingly covered with setae; external row of lateral margin of pronotum with about 30 short and leaf shaped setae; elytrae with pale pattern enclosing nodules; elytral nodules developed with a pattern formula 1, 2/3, 2, 2, 1. Tarphius rufonodulosus is a single-island endemic species restricted to Santa Maria island (Azores, Portugal) , Borges et al. 2017, known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

28
Decline (inferred) This species is particularly widespread, occurring in a small native patch of forest and in several exotic forests. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant species that are changing the habitat (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in native and exotic forests, included in a Natural Forest Reserve of S. Maria (Borges et al. 2017). The AOO is sligthy overestimated, being the AOO with native forest around 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant speciesthat are changing the habitat (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in several native forest patches included in a Natural Forest Reserve and in exotic forest patches, in the Santa Maria island.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Four locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years and some of them may disappear as a consequence of transformation of patches of exotic forest into pastureland.

Decline (inferred)
The species is abundant, particularly in the canopy of several endemic trees in a patch of native forest of Santa Maria Island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum) and the Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017). Some of the patches with exotic plants may disappear in near future for the implementation of pastures with further impacts on the population abundance. The species is abundant, particularly in the canopy of several endemic trees in a patch of native forest of S. Maria Island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum) and the Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017). Some of the subpopulations occurring in exotic forest may disappear in near future for the implementation of pastures.

Yes
Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Maria island promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in one natural forest fragment and small patches of exotic forest that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Yes
The species is particularly abundant in the canopies of native trees (e.g. Picconia azorica) and under-bark of dead trees both in native and exotic forests (dominated by Acacia spp. and Cryptomeria japonica). This species has an altitudinal range between 200 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017 In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum that ar changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria plantations could be also a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration). An additional future threat will be the transformation of some of the exotic patches in pastures with further impacts on the population abundance.

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in Sta Maria island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find additional extant specimens in more forest areas in S. Maria and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Region for assessment:
-Global Tarphius serranoi is a single-island endemic species restricted to Santa Maria island (Azores, Portugal) , Borges et al. 2017, known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (S. Maria).

Decline (inferred)
This species occurs in a small patch of native forest (dominated by Erica azorica and Picconia azorica) included in a Natural forest Reserve of Santa Maria island. This is a very rare species with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in a small patch of native forest, included in a Natural Forest Reserve of Santa Maria. The AOO is overestimated, since the area of its remaining native habitat is now only around 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area of occupancy, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No
Yes Unknown Unknown

1
The species occurs in a single native forest patch included in the Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto, that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
One location that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drive this species to extinction very fast.

Decline (inferred)
The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of native forest in Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring protocols and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonica management (Borges et al. 2017).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of native forest in Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the habitat is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonica management (Borges et al. 2017). The remaining patch on native vegetation located in a Natural Forest Reserve (Pico Alto) has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). As a consequence the subpopulation may become extinct in short to medium period.

Yes
The species is very rare, and only occurs in a small patch of native forest, dominated by the native plantas Erica azorica, Morella faya and Picconia azorica and the invasive Pittosporum undulatum in Santa Maria island (Borges et al. 2017). It has an altitudinal range between 400 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017 This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that lives associated with lichens in tree canopies, but also in the soil. This is an univoltine species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection Needed -2.1. Land/water management -Site/area management -2.2. Land/water management -Invasive/problematic species control -2.3. Land/water management -Habitat & natural process restoration -4. Education & awareness -5.4.3. Law & policy -Compliance and enforcement -Sub-national level The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in Sta Maria island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find additional extant specimens in areas od exotic plantations around Pico Alto (S. Maria) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Editor:
The species belongs to the "tornvalli" complex and is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum arcuate since the anterior angles to the posterior ones, slightly sinuate before the hind angles; setae strongly needle-like; elytral nodules well developed with a pattern formula 2, 3, 2, 1.

Region for assessment:
-Global The species occurs in native forests included in Natural Forest Reserves of S. Miguel island. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant species. The species occurs in several native forest patches included in Natural Forest Reserves and in Cryptomeria plantations, in the S. Miguel island.

Decline (inferred)
In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. Seven locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. These invasive plants are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Decline (inferred)
The species is abundant, particularly in the well preserved patches of native forests of S. Miguel island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017).
-(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations can be also a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation
In Place -1. Land/water protection -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Forest Reserves of Pico da Vara, Graminhais and Atalhada, in S. Miguel island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional areas in S. Miiguel namely in Lagoa do Fogo and Lagoa das Sete Cidades and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)
This species is very rare, occurring in the native forest of Faial island, with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species, namely Rubus ulmifolius and Hedychium gardnerianum (Borges et al. 2017). The species occurs in a small patch of native forest, included in a Natural Forest Reserve of Faial. The AOO is overestimated, being the AOO with native forest only around 2 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area of occupancy, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species, namely Rubus ulmifolius and Hedychium gardnerianum (Borges et al. 2017).

Unknown
Locations 1 A single fragment of native forest currently with less than 2 km .

Decline (inferred)
The expansion of invasive plants inside Caldeira do Faial is changing the habitat structure decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017 In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality . Currently, the rapid advance and expansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularly Hedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration). The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Reserve of Caldeira do Faial in Faial island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice. Justification for research needed: Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional areas with native forest around Caldeira do Faial (namely some small patches in water streams) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Discussion
Most species assessed are single-island endemics with a very restricted distribution (66% occur in only one island) and having very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). The grid cell used by IUCN will always overestimate the AOO in small island territories (Martín 2009. The real area of native forest patches in which most of the Azorean beetles still persist is very small, i.e, in 14 out of the 20 fragments the area is less than the 4 km corresponding to the IUCN grid cells. Therefore, the minimum AOO value as calculated by IUCN criteria in GeoCAT is already an overestimate of the real area of occupancy for most species and we did not use species distribution modelling as proposed by . In fact, all the species restricted to the unique patch of native forest from S. Maria island (Pico Alto) occupy an area of only 0.09 km , which with the addition of high levels of habitat destruction by invasive plants makes this small forest patch a road to extinction , Terzopoulou et al. 2015.
Most of the species are now restricted to the Azorean network of protected areas (RAA 2012), but also common to some of the species is the fragmentation of their subpopulations, a continuing decline in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoing threats from pasture intensification, forestry ( Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management), invasive species (particularly Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and future climatic changes (Ferreira et al. 2016). Therefore, we suggest as future measures of conservation: (1) a long-term monitoring plan for the species; (2) control of invasive species; (3) speciesspecific conservation action plans for the most highly threatened species.
The Azorean 18 Natural Forest Reserves were monitored on 2000 and 2010 (see  and are expected to be monitored again in 2020. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011) and allow a better understand on the future trends in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations for the Azorean endemic beetles.