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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">1</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="aggregator">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Biodiversity Data Journal</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">BDJ</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1314-2836</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1314-2828</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/BDJ.13.e176155</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">176155</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">29082</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Taxonomy &amp; Inventories</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Taxon classification">
          <subject>Braconidae</subject>
          <subject>Hymenoptera</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Subject classification">
          <subject>Biodiversity &amp; Conservation</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Geographical classification">
          <subject>Asia</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>First records of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (<tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Hymenoptera</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Braconidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>) from South Korea, with descriptions of newly-recorded species</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Seokho</surname>
            <given-names>So</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sohn</surname>
            <given-names>Juhyeong</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0976-4114</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Hyojoong</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">hkim@kunsan.ac.kr</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-2991</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
        <institution>Kunsan National University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Kunsan</addr-line>
        <country>Republic of Korea</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Hyojoong Kim (<email xlink:type="simple">hkim@kunsan.ac.kr</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>13</volume>
      <elocation-id>e176155</elocation-id>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/929E83B9-A63B-5687-9568-9D6B3DF1EB59">929E83B9-A63B-5687-9568-9D6B3DF1EB59</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/18074190">18074190</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <sec sec-type="background">
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The subfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> comprises more than 2,000 valid species worldwide. Members of this subfamily are koinobiont endoparasitoids, with parasitism generally culminating in the eventual death of the host. Several species of <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> have been utilised for biological control of agricultural pests. The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> is the largest genus within <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, with more than 1,000 valid species worldwide. It is divided into several subgenera, classification of which remains under active discussion. The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was formerly regarded as a subgenus of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, but was elevated to genus level, based on differences in the form of the occipital carina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="new information">
          <title>New information</title>
          <p><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi">youi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Li &amp; van Achterberg, 2013 is recorded for the first time from South Korea, representing the first record of the species outside China. <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Fischer, 1963 is also newly recorded from South Korea, constituting the first record of the species outside Europe, where it was previously known from Germany and the Netherlands. For each species, detailed morphological descriptions are provided, accompanied by diagnostic characters illustrated with photographs of the relevant body structures. The barcode region of mitochondrial <italic>cytochrome c oxidase I</italic> (<italic>COI</italic>) was also analysed for the species.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>DNA barcoding</kwd>
        <kwd>faunistic record</kwd>
        <kwd>natural enemy</kwd>
        <kwd>parasitoid wasps</kwd>
        <kwd>species distribution</kwd>
        <kwd>systematics</kwd>
        <kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="Introduction">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The subfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> is a relatively large taxon within the family <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Braconidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>. Due to both its considerable size and species diversity, it has been regarded as one of the most taxonomically challenging subfamilies. More than 2,000 species of <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> have been recorded worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13499246">Yu et al. 2016</xref>). In Korea this group was first reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13472470">Papp (1978)</xref>, with a total of 107 species currently listed in the National Species List of Korea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13495053">NIBR 2022</xref>).</p>
      <p>The subfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> is recognised as comprising endoparasitoids of <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Tephritidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> and <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Agromyzidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517657">Clausen 1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470754">Ovruski and Schliserman 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517627">Li et al. 2013</xref>). These host groups, particularly <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Tephritidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> and <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Agromyzidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, are regarded as major agricultural pests. Accordingly, <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> species have been utilised as biological control resources against invasive fruit flies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517657">Clausen 1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470676">Clarke et al. 2022</xref>). More recently, the potential of augmentative and inoculative release strategies has been evaluated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470754">Ovruski and Schliserman 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470790">Zamek et al. 2012</xref>). With the rising incidence of invasive pests facilitated by global trade, there is an increasing need to discover and document new or previously unrecorded <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> species that may serve as effective biological control resources.</p>
      <p>The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Wesmael, 1835 represents the largest genus within <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, comprising more than 1,000 described species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13472101">Fischer 1972</xref>). This genus is characterised by the following diagnostic features: the propodeum lacks a medio-longitudinal carina and is smooth or rugose; the fore wing vein m-cu is usually postfurcal and forms an angle with veins 2-CU1 and 2-M; and vein CU1b is short or absent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470781">van Achterberg 2023</xref>).</p>
      <p>The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was initially classified as a subgenus of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470736">Fischer 1979</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13499261">Tobias 1998</xref>), but including several unrelated species. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470772">Papp (2002)</xref> was the first to elevate <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> to the genus level in the checklist, later properly based on morphological differences in the occipital carina, classification of which has since been maintained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517627">Li et al. 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470781">van Achterberg 2023</xref>). This genus is characterised by the following features: the occipital carina is curved near the mandibular base and approaches the hypostomal carina and a medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum is present (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470781">van Achterberg 2023</xref>).</p>
      <p>In this study, we present new morphological characters and the <italic>COI</italic> barcoding sequences of two newly-recorded species from South Korea. This study also provides descriptions, diagnosis and photographs of the diagnostic characters for the two species.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="Materials and methods">
      <title>Materials and methods</title>
      <p>Materials of the <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Opiinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> were collected using a Malaise trap. The examined specimens are deposited in Kunsan National University (KSNU). Terminology for morphological characters follows <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13472462">van Achterberg (1988)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13472454">van Achterberg 1993</xref>. For observation and photography, a LEICA DMC2900 digital camera mounted on LEICA M205 C microscope (Leica Geosystems AG) was used and images were stacked with Helicon software (Helicon Soft).</p>
      <p>For DNA barcoding, genomic DNA was extracted using the LaboPass Tissue Kit (COSMOgenetech, Korea), following the manufacturer’s protocol. In order to conserve morphologically complete voucher specimens, a non-destructive extraction method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13498223">Favret 2005</xref>) in combination with the freezing method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13498250">Yaakop et al. 2009</xref>) was adapted. The modified extraction protocol was as follows: samples were incubated in 180 μl of buffer ATL and 20 μl of proteinase K without prior crushing, followed by incubation at 55°C for 10 min and subsequently stored at −22°C overnight. The extracted DNA was used to amplify the <italic>mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I</italic> (<italic>COI</italic>) region for barcoding. Amplification was conducted with the universal invertebrate primers LCO-1490 (5′-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3′) and HCO-2198 (5′-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3′) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13498295">Folmer et al. 1994</xref>). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed in 20 μl reaction volumes comprising 2 μl of DNA extract, 2 μl of primer and 16 μl of ddH₂O, using a GS1 thermo-cycler (Gene Technologies, Ltd., U.K). Cycling conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 1 min 30 s; 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 50°C for 1 min and extension at 72°C for 1 min; followed by a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were visualised by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels. A single band was observed and sequenced using an automated sequencer (ABI Prism 3730 XL DNA Analyzer, California, USA) at Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea). All <italic>COI</italic> sequences generated in this study have been deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers are as follows: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/PX369197">PX369197</ext-link> (<italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi">youi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/PX369196">PX369196</ext-link> (<italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>)</italic>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="Taxon treatments">
      <title>Taxon treatments</title>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">45BD84C6-4928-5CE2-837B-928B0D8CD0E1</object-id><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species">youi</tp:taxon-name-part><object-id xlink:type="simple" object-id-type="GenBank">PX369197</object-id></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>Li &amp; van Achterberg, 2013</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius"/>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi"/>
              </tp:taxon-name>
              <comment><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi">youi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Li &amp; van Achterberg, 2013</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="materials">
          <title>Materials</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower" list-content="occurrences">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Type status:</bold> <named-content content-type="dwc:typeStatus" xlink:type="simple">Other material</named-content>. <bold>Occurrence:</bold> sex: <named-content content-type="dwc:sex" xlink:type="simple">female</named-content>; lifeStage: <named-content content-type="dwc:lifeStage" xlink:type="simple">adult</named-content>; occurrenceID: <named-content content-type="dwc:occurrenceID" xlink:type="simple">602C17EB-FD9D-59F0-A3B4-F71D03BB0D8D</named-content>; <bold>Taxon:</bold> scientificName: <named-content content-type="dwc:scientificName" xlink:type="simple"><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi">youi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Li &amp; van Achterberg, 2013</named-content>; kingdom: <named-content content-type="dwc:kingdom" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="kingdom">Animalia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; phylum: <named-content content-type="dwc:phylum" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Arthropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; class: <named-content content-type="dwc:class" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="class">Insecta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; order: <named-content content-type="dwc:order" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Hymenoptera</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; family: <named-content content-type="dwc:family" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Braconidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; genus: <named-content content-type="dwc:genus" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; specificEpithet: <named-content content-type="dwc:specificEpithet" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius"/><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi">youi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; taxonRemarks: <named-content content-type="dwc:taxonRemarks" xlink:type="simple">species</named-content>; <bold>Location:</bold> island: <named-content content-type="dwc:island" xlink:type="simple">Jeju-do</named-content>; country: <named-content content-type="dwc:country" xlink:type="simple">South Korea</named-content>; countryCode: <named-content content-type="dwc:countryCode" xlink:type="simple">KR</named-content>; stateProvince: <named-content content-type="dwc:stateProvince" xlink:type="simple">Jeju-si</named-content>; municipality: <named-content content-type="dwc:municipality" xlink:type="simple">Hangyeong-myeon</named-content>; locality: <named-content content-type="dwc:locality" xlink:type="simple">Cheongsu-ri</named-content>; verbatimLatitude: <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimLatitude" xlink:type="simple">"33 18 13N"</named-content>; verbatimLongitude: <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimLongitude" xlink:type="simple">"126 14 48E"</named-content>; <bold>Event:</bold> samplingProtocol: <named-content content-type="dwc:samplingProtocol" xlink:type="simple">Malaise trap</named-content>; startDayOfYear: <named-content content-type="dwc:startDayOfYear" xlink:type="simple">05 May 2020</named-content>; endDayOfYear: <named-content content-type="dwc:endDayOfYear" xlink:type="simple">13 Jun 2020</named-content>; year: <named-content content-type="dwc:year" xlink:type="simple">2020</named-content>; <bold>Record Level:</bold> type: <named-content content-type="dwc:type" xlink:type="simple">Dried specimen</named-content>; language: <named-content content-type="dwc:language" xlink:type="simple">English</named-content>; institutionCode: <named-content content-type="dwc:institutionCode" xlink:type="simple">NIBR, National Institute of Biological Resources</named-content></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Description">
          <title>Description</title>
          <p><bold>Female</bold>: 1♀, Body length in lateral view 2 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>A), length of antenna 3.1 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>E), length of fore wing 2.5 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>L).</p>
          <p><bold>Colour.</bold> Head entirely black (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>A and B). Mesosoma black, with the mesopleuron dark brown (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>F, G and H). Metasoma is black on the first tergite, becoming light brown from the second tergite onwards (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>I and K). Legs are generally yellowish, with the apices of the tarsi dark (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>J).</p>
          <p><bold>Head.</bold> Width of head 1.3 times as long as its height (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>B). Antennae consist of 31 antennomeres (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>E). Length of first flagellomere 3.1 times longer than width, length of the second 2.5 times longer than width and 0.9 times as long as the first flagellomere (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>D). First antennomere pale in comparison with third antennomere, while all flagellomeres remain dark brown (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>E). Width of the face 1.6 times as long as its height; face smooth with setose (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>B). In frontal view, gena rounded (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>B). The width of clypeus 2.2 times longer than its height (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>B). Mandible brown, becoming dark apically; widest at the base and gradually narrows towards apex (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>B). In dorsal view, length of eye 2.1 times longer than temple (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>C). Ocello-ocular line (OOL) 1.3 times as long as ocellar diameter (OD). The vertex smooth, shiny and sparsely setose (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>C).</p>
          <p><bold>Mesosoma.</bold> In lateral view, length of mesosoma 1.2 times as long as its height (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>F). The mesoscutum smooth and shiny, with the notauli distinctly impressed basally, but not extending to median area (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>H). Scutellar sulcus impressed, but lacks carinae. Scutellum smooth and shiny, bearing setae along its margins (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>G). In lateral view, mesopleuron smooth and polished. Metapleuron rugose and non-shiny, with setae present along its margins (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>F). Precoxal sulcus impressed only medially (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>F). Propodeum smooth and dull, becoming rugose near the margins; in its lower two-thirds, it curves inwards, forming a large, flattened tubercle.</p>
          <p><bold>Hind leg.</bold> Length of femur 4.4 times longer than its width (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>J). Length of tibia 8.3 times longer than width and 1.3 times as long as the femur. Length of basitarsus 3.5 times longer than wide. The coxa bears sparse setae, whereas the remaining leg segments are densely setae. Overall colouration is yellowish, with the apical parts of the tarsi darkened.</p>
          <p><bold>Wing.</bold> Length of fore wing 2.3 times longer than its width (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>L). Stigma wedge-shaped, with vein r arising from its anterior third. Proportions of vein r : 3-SR : SR1 = 1 : 15 : 31, while those of 2-SR : 3-SR : r-m = 2 : 4 : 1. Vein SR1 slightly curved dorsally at mid-length. Vein r-m is absent. Vein 1-M curved inwards at its apical three-quarters and vein 1-SR+M arises from the basal quarter of vein 1-M.</p>
          <p><bold>Metasoma.</bold> Length of first tergite 1.3 times as long as its maximum width, transversely rugose and bears a weak transverse carina medially; setae are sparsely present (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>I). Two spiracles situated dorsally. Ovipositor approximately one-quarter length of the metasoma (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>K). Hypopygium equal in length to the ovipositor and bears setae dorsally (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>K). Metasoma comprises about one-half of the total body length (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517627">Li et al. 2013</xref>).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Diagnosis">
          <title>Diagnosis</title>
          <p>Notauli present only anteriorly and not reaching the median depression; the median depression is absent (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>H). In frontal view, the gena is rounded. The clypeus is flattened and comparatively large, with the median portion slightly convex dorsally (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>B). The pronotum is short. The hind tarsus is yellowish-brown, except for the telotarsus (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13470809">1</xref>J).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Distribution">
          <title>Distribution</title>
          <p>China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517627">Li et al. 2013</xref>), South Korea (in this study).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Notes">
          <title>Notes</title>
          <p><italic>COI</italic> data of the original description from China and data from the present specimens (South Korea) exhibit a high degree of similarity, 99.85% of base pairs. Morphological comparison with the type material revealed differences in the head region. The most conspicuous differences occur in the relative proportions of the third and fourth antennal segments, the length of the temple and the proportions of the clypeus. Whereas the original description was based on a male specimen, the present study is based on a female, whose variation may account for the observed differences. More rigorous assessment requires re-examination of the type material and evaluation of intraspecific variation, based on a larger number of specimens. A description of the type specimen can be found in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517627">Li et al. (2013)</xref>.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">859BE5C1-4B14-5EAB-8942-A6DC694E236F</object-id><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part><object-id xlink:type="simple" object-id-type="GenBank">PX369196</object-id></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>Fischer, 1963</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia"/>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula"/>
              </tp:taxon-name>
              <comment><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Fischer, 1963</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="materials">
          <title>Materials</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower" list-content="occurrences">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Type status:</bold> <named-content content-type="dwc:typeStatus" xlink:type="simple">Other material</named-content>. <bold>Occurrence:</bold> occurrenceID: <named-content content-type="dwc:occurrenceID" xlink:type="simple">6EDB503B-5DFE-52B0-BB57-8648EDD65BA7</named-content>; <bold>Taxon:</bold> scientificName: <named-content content-type="dwc:scientificName" xlink:type="simple"><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Fischer, 1963</named-content>; kingdom: <named-content content-type="dwc:kingdom" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="kingdom">Animalia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; phylum: <named-content content-type="dwc:phylum" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="phylum">Arthropoda</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; class: <named-content content-type="dwc:class" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="class">Insecta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; order: <named-content content-type="dwc:order" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Hymenoptera</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; family: <named-content content-type="dwc:family" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Braconidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; genus: <named-content content-type="dwc:genus" xlink:type="simple"><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></named-content>; specificEpithet: <named-content content-type="dwc:specificEpithet" xlink:type="simple"><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia"/><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic></named-content>; scientificNameAuthorship: <named-content content-type="dwc:scientificNameAuthorship" xlink:type="simple">Fischer, 1963</named-content>; <bold>Location:</bold> higherGeography: <named-content content-type="dwc:higherGeography" xlink:type="simple">East Asia</named-content>; island: <named-content content-type="dwc:island" xlink:type="simple">Jeju island</named-content>; country: <named-content content-type="dwc:country" xlink:type="simple">South Korea</named-content>; countryCode: <named-content content-type="dwc:countryCode" xlink:type="simple">KR</named-content>; municipality: <named-content content-type="dwc:municipality" xlink:type="simple">Jeju-si</named-content>; locality: <named-content content-type="dwc:locality" xlink:type="simple">Cheongsu-ri, Hangyeong-myeon</named-content>; verbatimLatitude: <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimLatitude" xlink:type="simple">"33 18 13N"</named-content>; verbatimLongitude: <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimLongitude" xlink:type="simple">"126d 14' 48"E"</named-content>; <bold>Identification:</bold> identifiedBy: <named-content content-type="dwc:identifiedBy" xlink:type="simple">Ju-Hyeiong Sohn</named-content>; <bold>Event:</bold> startDayOfYear: <named-content content-type="dwc:startDayOfYear" xlink:type="simple">05 May 2020</named-content>; endDayOfYear: <named-content content-type="dwc:endDayOfYear" xlink:type="simple">13 Jun 2020</named-content>; year: <named-content content-type="dwc:year" xlink:type="simple">2020</named-content>; <bold>Record Level:</bold> type: <named-content content-type="dwc:type" xlink:type="simple">Dried specimen</named-content>; language: <named-content content-type="dwc:language" xlink:type="simple">English</named-content>; institutionCode: <named-content content-type="dwc:institutionCode" xlink:type="simple">NIBR, National Institute of Biological Resources</named-content></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Description">
          <title>Description</title>
          <p><bold>Male</bold>: 1♂, Body length in lateral view 2 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>A). Length of antenna 2.4 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>B). Length of fore wing 2.1 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>K).</p>
          <p><bold>Colour</bold>: Body and mesosoma entirely black (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>A, F, G and I). Antenna yellowish-brown up to the second flagellomere, remaining to dark brown (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>C). Legs overall yellowish-brown; apical part of tarsi, including arolium and tarsal claws, dark brown (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>J).</p>
          <p><bold>Head.</bold> Width 1.3 times as long as height in frontal view (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>D). Antenna with 25 antennomeres (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>B); length of first flagellomere 3.0 times longer than wide, its length nearly equal to that of the second flagellomere (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>C). Third flagellomere darker in colour than preceding segments, with this darker shade extending to the apical antennomeres (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>B). Width of face 1.5 times as long as its height, smooth and shiny, sparsely punctate with setae; distinct median longitudinal carina (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>D). Gena straight in frontal view. Width of clypeus 1.8 times as long as its height, semicircular in shape. Mandible yellowish-brown basally, apically darkened; basally broadened in a distinct step-like manner (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>D). In dorsal view, length of eye 1.5 times as long as temple (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>E). OOL 3.4 times longer than OD (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>E). Vertex smooth and polished.</p>
          <p><bold>Mesosoma.</bold> In dorsal view, length of mesosoma 1.6 times as long as its width (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>F); in lateral view, length of mesosoma 1.2 times as long as its height (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>I). Mesoscutum smooth and polished. Notauli present, distinctly impressed basally, thereafter faintly traceable and ending as a small pit posteriorly (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>F). Scutellar sulcus with eight carinae (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>F). In lateral view, mesopleuron smooth and polished, with few setae along the margins. Metapleuron rugose, smoother medially compared to mesopleuron (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>I). Precoxal sulcus distinct, but not extending from the anterior margin (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>I). Propodeum rugose, not dorsally curved in lateral view, 2.1 times longer than wide at maximum length; ventral margin with a carina, curved inwards at one-third of its length (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>G and H).</p>
          <p><bold>Hind leg.</bold> Length of femur 4.6 times longer than its width; length of tibia 8.8 times longer than its width; length of basitarsus 3.4 times longer than its width (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>J). Hind coxa and femur with few or no setae; hind tibia and tarsus densely setose. Hind leg overall yellowish-brown, apical part of tarsus dark brown (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>J).</p>
          <p><bold>Wing.</bold> Fore wing. Length of fore wing 2.3 times longer than its maximum width (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>K). Stigma wedge-shaped. Vein r arising from anterior third of stigma; ratio of r : 3-SR : SR1 = 1 : 7 : 15; ratio of 2-SR : 3-SR : r-m = 3 : 6 : 2. Vein SR1 shallowly curved dorsally at mid-length. Vein r-m represented only by a trace. Vein 1-SR+M arising from basal quarter of vein 1-M. Vein m-cu postfurcal.</p>
          <p><bold>Metasoma.</bold> Length of first tergite 1.3 times as long as its maximum width, medially convex and finely rugulose; dorsal carinae arising from anterior quarter of tergite and curved outwards (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>H). Second tergite anteriorly rugose towards the mid-line, otherwise smooth (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>H). Length of metasoma 0.5 times as long as body length (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>A).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Diagnosis">
          <title>Diagnosis</title>
          <p>The temple is approximately two-thirds the length of the eye (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>E); the face bears a distinct median carina (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>D). The mandible is broadest at its base, broadened in a step-like manner; the gena is straight and narrowed (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>D). The notauli are distinct anteriorly, but vanish medially (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13472090">2</xref>F). The median depression is represented as a small puncture.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Distribution">
          <title>Distribution</title>
          <p>Germany (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13470718">Fischer 1963</xref>), Netherlands (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13517627">Li et al. 2013</xref>), South Korea (in this study).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR202520202 and NIBR202510201). It was also supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2022R1A2C1091308).</p>
    </ack>
    <sec sec-type="Author contributions">
      <title>Author contributions</title>
      <p>Hyojoong Kim conceived and designed the study. Seokho So and Juhyeong Sohn collected the data. Seokho So wrote the manuscript. Hyojoong Kim and Juhyeong Sohn critically revised the manuscript and all authors approved the final version of the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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  <floats-group>
    <fig id="F13470809" position="float" orientation="portrait">
      <object-id content-type="arpha">EFC32C0E-930E-57CD-A2C1-D24E801FBF44</object-id>
      <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/BDJ.13.e176155.figure1</object-id>
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      <label>Figure 1.</label>
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        <p><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Opius">Opius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="youi">youi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Li &amp; van Achterberg, 2013 female <bold>A</bold> habitus, lateral view; <bold>B</bold> head, front view; <bold>C</bold> head, dorsal view; <bold>D</bold> scape, pedicel, F1 and F2; <bold>E</bold> antennae; <bold>F</bold> mesosoma, lateral view; <bold>G</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view, scutellar sulcus; <bold>H</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view, mesoscutum; <bold>I</bold> anterior half of metasoma, dorsal view; <bold>J</bold> hind leg; <bold>K</bold> metasoma, lateral view; <bold>L</bold> wings.</p>
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      <graphic xlink:href="bdj-13-e176155-g001.gif" position="float" id="oo_1408058.gif" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple">
        <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1408058</uri>
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    <fig id="F13472090" position="float" orientation="portrait">
      <object-id content-type="arpha">A0AF077C-FAB9-5809-BB84-6D44913AB942</object-id>
      <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/BDJ.13.e176155.figure1</object-id>
      <object-id content-type="zenodo_dep_id">18074198</object-id>
      <label>Figure 2.</label>
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        <p><italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Apodesmia">Apodesmia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="incisula">incisula</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Fischer, 1963 <bold>A</bold> habitus, lateral view; <bold>B</bold> antennae; <bold>C</bold> scape, pedicel, F1 and F2; <bold>D</bold> head, front view; <bold>E</bold> head, dorsal view; <bold>F</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view, mesoscutum; <bold>G</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view, scutellar sulcus and propodeum; <bold>H</bold> anterior half of metasoma, dorsal view; <bold>I</bold> mesosoma, lateral view; <bold>J</bold> metasoma and hind leg, lateral view; <bold>K</bold> wings.</p>
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      <graphic xlink:href="bdj-13-e176155-g002.jpg" position="float" id="oo_1443927.jpg" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple">
        <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1443927</uri>
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</article>
