Corresponding author: Pedro Cardoso (
Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
The North Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens present a unique biological diversity including, presently, 56 endemic spider species. Several recent projects provide valuable information on their distribution across most islands and habitats. To date, the only endemic spider assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria is
Seven species were found to have a continuing decline in either range or population size. Their decline can be mostly attributed to habitat destruction or degradation, invasive plant species that reduce quality of habitat, forest fires at high mountain regions and possible competition for resources from invasive congeners. The tetragnathid
Toyota Global Species Programme
The archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens are renown for presenting a unique biological diversity, which is a major contributing factor (together with threat levels) for their inclusion in one of the major biodiversity hotspots worldwide, jointly with two other Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores and the Canaries) (
The most emblematic ecosystem of the archipelago – the laurisilva forest – is restricted to Madeira Island where it covers nearly 20% of the land surface (
Recent efforts were made to update the knowledge on the taxonomy and conservation priorities for the archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens (
Despite the known vulnerability of many endemic spider species, only the Desertas wolf spider -
The objective of this paper is to assess the remaining 55 endemic spider species according to the IUCN criteria and advise on possible future conservation actions critical for the survival of endangered species. In the future we intend to assess a number of species currently being described in order to contribute to the proper protection of this unique fauna.
Species data were collected from all bibliography on Madeira and Selvagens spiders published until July 2017. These included mainly taxonomic and faunistic works. We also used numerous unpublished data collected within multiple projects (e.g.
For all analyses we used the R package red - IUCN redlisting tools (
In this work, the EOO and AOO were calculated in one of two ways:
- for extremely range restricted species for which we assumed to know the full range, these values were classified as observed, the minimum convex polygon encompassing all observations used to calculate the EOO and the 2x2 km cells known to be occupied used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines (
- for widespread species or those for which we did not have confidence to know the full range, we performed species distribution modeling (SDM). This was done based on two environmental datasets depending on the distribution of each species. For single island endemics of Madeira proper (main island) we used 100x100m resolution data on altimetry, slope, annual precipitation, annual maximum and minimum relative humidity, annual maximum and minimum temperature, land cover and a disturbance index based on the latter (
For SDMs we used ensemble modeling with the Maxent method (
weigthrun = max(0, (AUCrun - 0.5))2
Isolated patches outise the original distribution polygon were then excluded from maps to avoid overestimation of values. When performing SDMs, confidence limits for EOO and AOO were calculated using the number of models (runs) that predicted presence for each cell applying the percentiles 0.025 and 0.975 for the upper and lower limits respectively. All final maps and values were checked and validated by our own expert opinion. KMLs derived from these maps were also produced using the red package.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Blackwall, 1859)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: This species is not found since its description in 1859 (
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): This species EOO and AOO are unkown.
Range description: Only reference for the Island of Madeira, from unspecified locality (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): The population size and trend are unknown.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The habitat is unknown, the only specimen was captured in a garden at 200m altitude (
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Suitable
Habitats: 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens
Size: 5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown
Ecology and traits (narrative): The ecology of the species is unknown. The species and family are orb weavers feeding mostly on flying insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Less important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: The species has not been found since original description in 1859 (
Scientific name:
Species authority: Roewer, 1960
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): This species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description: Recorded from both Madeira Island and Porto Santo, from unspecified localities (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): The population size and trend are unknown.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): There is poor information on species habitat, although the second record was from a sandy beach (
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
Size: 13-15 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown
Ecology and traits (narrative): The species ecology is unknown. Species of the same family and genus are active epigean hunters of insects and other arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Conservation action type: In Place
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Adults of this species have not been found since the original description (
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995
Common names: Aranha-cavernícola-de-São-Vicente
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: Possible junior synonym of
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): Known from two lava tube systems (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 150
Range description: Only found in the lava tubes of Gruta dos Cardais in São Vicente, on northern Madeira Island, and Furnas do Cavalum in Machico, on eastern Madeira Island. Gruta dos Cardais is part of the largest known cave system in Madeira. The neighboring Grutas de São Vicente, which probably were once habitat for the species, are now in large part converted to show caves with extensive modifications in microclimate, including artificial lighting, water reservoirs and even newly built tunnels.
EOO (km2): 8
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: No decrease in EOO has been registered but it is inferred from decline in habitat quality.
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: No decrease in AOO was observed, but it is inferred from decline in habitat quality.
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 8
Number of locations: 2
Justification for number of locations: Two locations, Gruta dos Cardais and Furnas do Cavalum, are threatened by uncontrolled visits, accumulation of litter and, in the case of the first, being used as shelter for domestic animals (
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The possible third location was lost more than 10 years ago, meaning the current trend in number of locations is probably stable despite the impeding threats.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (estimated)
Justification for trend: The current threats are believed to cause a decrease in the species population numbers in unknown rates.
Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): The uncontrolled visits by tourists and locals that think of caves as adventure playground, accumulation of litter and use by domestic animals cause major changes in the cave environment and consequent decrease in quality of habitat for the species. This is believed to be leading to a decrease in population numbers, although no monitoring is being made and the rates are unknown.
Number of subpopulations: 2
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Only two subpopulations historically known.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Species known from two lava tube systems.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The quality of habitat is inferred to be decreasing due to severe changes in the environment of caves.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves
Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Ecology and traits are largely unknown as the only references to the species are from a short taxonomic description and a checklist. Yet, congeners are known to build sheet webs and this species might build them on cave walls on the hunt for insects.
Justification for threats: The species was probably driven away from part of its historical range by touristic activities that include digging of new tunnels, water regime modifications (artificial pools) and artificial lighting. Both current locations are threatened by use of caves by domestic animals, uncontrolled visits and accumulation of litter.
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities7.2. Natural system modifications - Dams & water management/use7.3. Natural system modifications - Other ecosystem modifications
Justification for conservation actions: Furnas do Cavalum are considered scientific patrimony by the "Plano Director Municipal" of Machico. Yet, this cave species would benefit from effective protection with adequate legislation of the two lava tube systems where it occurs with eventual restoration of natural conditions of the environment and recovery and re-introduction in the lost location. While this is not possible, or as an alternative, a strict code of conduct for touristic or other activities in caves should be enforced and both communication to the general public and training of touristic agents should be subject of a conservation plan.
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction4.2. Education & awareness - Training4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications5.1. Law & policy - Legislation5.3. Law & policy - Private sector standards & codes5.4. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends
Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992
Common names: Aranha-cavernícola-do-Machico
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: Possible senior synonymy with
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): Only known from a single lava tube system (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 150
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 150
Range description: Only found in the lava tubes of Furnas do Cavalum, close to Machico on eastern Madeira Island (
EOO (km2): 4
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: Possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter (
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: Possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter (
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 4
Number of locations: 1
Justification for number of locations: A single site is known for the species, which is currently under serious threat.
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The single location is the full known historical range.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The population size of this species is unknown. It is possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter (
Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): A single subpopulation exists of unknown size.
Number of subpopulations: 1
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Species known from a single lava tube system, Furnas do Cavalum, Machico.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This is a troglobiont species with considerable eye reduction, depigmentation and appendage elongation. Ecology and traits are largely unknown as the only reference to the species is from a short taxonomic description. However, congeners are known to build sheet webs and this species might build them on cave walls on the hunt for insects.
Justification for threats: This species is possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter (
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.4. Pollution - Garbage & solid waste
Justification for conservation actions: Furnas do Cavalum are considered scientific patrimony by the "Plano Director Municipal" of Machico. Yet, this cave species would benefit from effective protection with adequate legislation of the lava tube system where it occurs with eventual restoration of natural conditions of the environment and recovery of its population. It should also be formally protected by adequate legislation.
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery5.1. Law & policy - Legislation5.4. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends
Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with
Scientific name:
Species authority: Denis, 1962
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 256-432-716
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present seem not to affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present seem not to affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 232-432-716
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present seem not to affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder on the tree branches and under stones, feeding mainly on small insects. The species seems closely associated to the laurisilva forest.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range lies inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Denis, 1962)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1650
Range description:
EOO (km2): 181-360-640
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 120-352-640
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Sheet-web builder of the canopy stratum, feeding on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Denis, 1962)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Only four records for this species exist, mostly recent and all in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 250
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 192-404-725
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 192-404-708
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 1.3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): As other species in the genus,
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Denis, 1962
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only two records for the species (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1400
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1800
Range description:
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The two only known sites for the species are in open, mountain areas.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 11-16 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is mostly unknown, but it is probable that they are active nocturnal hunters at ground level.
Justification for threats: The mountain areas of Madeira Island have been affected by recent wildfires, which might have affected this species.
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends
Justification for research needed: The distribution of the species should be researched through extensive collections on the islands' mountainous areas above the tree line. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted in the future and the negative effects of possible threats, such as wildfires, should also be assessed.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Macías−Hernández & Arnedo, 2010
Common names: Aranha-tenaz-das-Selvagens
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): The restricted distribution of the species allows to known its EOO and AOO with reasonable confidence.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160
Range description: The species is restricted to the small Selvagens archipelago that lies between Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it possibly occupies all islets - Selvagem Grande, Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora (
EOO (km2): 15
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No current threats to the species.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No current threats to the species.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 12
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No current threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No current threats to the species.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No current threats to the species.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: 3
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No current threats to the species.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The Selvagens archipelago is dominated by barren areas with low herbaceous vegetation and rocky outcrops.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The natural vegetation of Selvagem Grande has been largely recovered by successful projects coordinated by the Madeira Natural Park devoted to the eradication of invasive species.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 10 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is found across the islands living on barren and rocky areas. The diet of
Justification for threats: Although not currently a threat, the invasive
Threat type: Future
Threats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
Justification for conservation actions: The entire range of the species is within the Selvagens Nature Reserve.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm this species status. In addition, some information on the species life history, namely feeding regimen, should be collected as it might be restricted to very few prey types with implications for its conservation.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Denis, 1962
Common names: Aranha-tenaz-de-Coiffait
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest. It was possible to perform species distribution modeling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See methods for details.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 141-398-780
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not declining in area and the invasive species present should not affect this spider's population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect this spider's population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 116-396-780
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No known threats to the species
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: No known threats to the species.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not declining in area and the invasive species present should not affect this spider's population.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 9-17 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Found across the laurisilva forest of Madeira Island, living on the soil. The diet of
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Blackwall, 1862
Common names: Aranha-tenaz-
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): A single record is published on the original description without a precise locality (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 800
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 13-264-644
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Inferred to be stable as the preferred habitat area and quality is stable.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Inferred to be stable as the preferred habitat area and quality is stable.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 12-264-644
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Possibly stable as the preferred habitat area and quality is stable.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No species abundance estimates exist
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): High altitude laurisilva forest.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: Preferred habitat area and quality is stable.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 8 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The species is found on few places of the high-altitude laurisilva forest of Madeira Island, living on the soil. The diet of
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: All the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: As few localities are known for the species, basic research on species distribution should be made. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995
Common names: Aranha-tenaz-do-Porto-Santo
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): Only two subpopulations of this species are known. These are in close proximity, on the Island of Porto Santo, which has been extensively surveyed, therefore the entire current distribution of this species should be known.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 320
Range description: The species seems to be restricted to the northeastern part of the island of Porto Santo. It was originally described from Pico Branco (
EOO (km2): 8
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: Although the species is not known to ever have occupied areas outside its current range, this is extremely small (EOO is in effect < 1km2) and restricted to two nearby peaks with very few remnant native vegetation, with most areas surrounding them being converted to agricultural fields now abandoned or exotic pine and cedar plantations.
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The species is not known to ever have occupied areas outside its current range, this being extremely small (AOO is in effect < 1km2) and restricted to two peaks with very few remnant native vegetation. Most areas surrounding them were converted to agricultural fields now abandoned or exotic pine and cedar plantations.
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 8
Number of locations: 2
Justification for number of locations: The two peaks where the species is found are surrounded by exotic tree plantations with numerous invasive plant species. The species seems to be able to survive mostly among native vegetation but also in few sheltered sites with planted trees. Yet, the spread of invasive plants might jeopardize the subpopulations in these two peaks.
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Further subpopulations were almost certainly lost in nearby peaks (e.g. Moledo or Pico da Gandaia), but probably before the species description in 1995.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: Inferred from possible decline in habitat quality (leading also to possible decline in EOO and AOO) due to the effects of invasive plant species that do not provide adequate shelter for the spider.
Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: 2
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: Yes
Justification for fragmentation: As only one juvenile individual (identified through clear somatic characters) was found in Pico do Facho despite intensive sampling, it is possible that this subpopulation is endangered due to loss of habitat quality in the near future. That would mean that only a single subpopulation (50%) in Pico Branco would be left.
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be restricted to rocky or few native vegetation areas with
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (estimated)
Justification for trend: Possible estimated decline in habitat quality (leading also to possible inferred decline in EOO and AOO) due to the effects of invasive plant species that do not provide adequate shelter for the spider.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The species is found living within scarce patches of native vegetation. The diet of
Justification for threats: As the species seems to be able to survive mostly among native vegetation, probably due to difficulty in finding adequate shelter within other plant species, the spread of invasive plants might jeopardize its survival.
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the original habitat (Pico Branco) is included in the Natura network, but both localities urgently need to be restored jointly with the neighbouring peaks. The spider would benefit from recovery and re-introduction to these new areas which should have been part of its historical range with possible ex-situ breeding for both re-introduction and raising awareness on its emperiled status.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservation4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications5.1. Law & policy - Legislation
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat trends should be conducted to confirm species status. In addition, some information on life history, namely feeding regimen, should be collected about the species, as it might be restricted to very few prey types with implications for its conservation. The species would benefit from a species conservation plan that would include recovery actions for both the spider and the habitat and a management plan for new protected areas to be created within its historical range.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Denis, 1962
Common names: Aranha-tenaz-de-Vandel
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): Distribution of the species is unknown as there is only a single record from Caldeirão do Inferno in 1962 (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1500
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1500
Range description: Distribution of the species is unknown as there is a single record from Caldeirao do Inferno in 1962 (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): Probably humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The diet of
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: The known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: This species has not been found since the original description (
Scientific name:
Species authority: Kulczynski, 1899
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: Not recorded since original description from Madeira with uncertain locality (
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description: Only mentioned from Madeira Island, with no locality data.
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 18. Unknown
Size: 4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): If similar to other congeners, probably an active nocturnal hunter at ground level.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: The species has not been found since original description in 1899 (
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Kulczynski, 1899)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1450
Range description:
EOO (km2): 53-296-736
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 52-296-732
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Sheet-web builder at the canopy of native trees feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Schenkel, 1938)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites have been recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 250
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1550
Range description:
EOO (km2): 208-361-720
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 144-356-720
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Sheet-web builder on the tree branches feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Schenkel, 1938
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1700
Range description:
EOO (km2): 207-364-716
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 188-364-708
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder among the leaf-litter and low vegetation feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992
Common names: Tarântula-de-BiscoitoBiscoito Wolf Spider
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: Despite intensive searches during the last decade it was not possible to find this species recently described from undetermined locality in the island of Porto Santo (
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description: Only recorded from the Island of Porto Santo, from undetermined locality.
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 18. Unknown
Size: 9-13 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): If valid, the species should be an active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Clarification of the taxonomic status is necessary. If valid, basic information would be needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Thorell, 1875)
Common names: Tarântula-de-HeerHeer Wolf Spider
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, many of them recent and in a number of different habitats (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1755
Range description:
EOO (km2): 876-1087-1439
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 36-408-812
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, from barren areas to laurisilva forest.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.4. Grassland - Temperate4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)16. Introduced vegetation
Size: 13-15 mm
Generation length (yr): 2
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park and in the Desertas Nature Reserve.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1. Land/water protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: The disjunct distribution of the species is currently being researched and might lead to a change in the current estimated maps. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Kulczynski, 1899)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig.
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites have been recorded for the species, mostly recent in all Madeiran islands at low altitude (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 320
Range description:
EOO (km2): 1333-2412-3518
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, open grassland or shrubland with frequent rock outcrops, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, open grassland or scrubland with frequent rock outcrops, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 80-208-644
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, open grassland or shrubland with frequent rock outcrops, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): Open grassland or shrubland with frequent rock outcrops, very common in the eastern part of the archipelago at low altitudes.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 11-20 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside several protected areas including the Ponta de São Lourenco Special Protection Area and Desertas Nature Reserve.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Walckenaer, 1837)
Common names: Tarântula-da-MadeiraMadeira Wolf Spider
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, usually in open areas but at all altitudes, from coastal areas to the plateau of Paúl da Serra (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1800
Range description:
EOO (km2): 304-368-908
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 28-368-908
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on several open habitat types, including coastal areas and high-altitude plateaus dominated by grasses.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
Size: 25 mm
Generation length (yr): 2
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: The disjunct distribution of the species is currently being researched and might lead to a change in the current estimated maps. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description: The true distribution of
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): The species was found from few sites in humid laurisilva forest (Ribeiro Frio) on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 15-17 mm
Generation length (yr): 2
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: The known locality is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992
Common names: Tarântula-de-Porto-Santo (Portuguese)Porto Santo Wolf Spider (English)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig.
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 270
Range description: Across the entire island of Porto Santo and its small islets. Habitats include areas close to human settlements but exclude densely forested areas.
EOO (km2): 32-64-68
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 32-64-68
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No current threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements. It only avoids densely forested areas.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 20-30 mm
Generation length (yr): 2
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on medium/large size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: A small part of the species range is inside the Porto Santo Network of Marine Protected Areas (which include islets).
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Blackwall, 1862)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in all habitat types (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1460
Range description:
EOO (km2): 744-3373-3699
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 40-544-948
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)16. Introduced vegetation
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Small cribellate web builder on vegetation or ground level feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Much of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park and in several protected areas across the archipelago.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Kulczynski, 1909
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 200
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 153-400-736
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 152-400-736
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder on the tree branches feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Schenkel, 1938
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 750
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 40-288-600
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 40-288-600
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder close to the soil, being first described from the entrance of a lava tube (Gruta da Ribeira do Inferno).
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 200-316-524
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 200-316-524
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder close to the soil, being first described from the entrance of a lava tube (Grutas de São Vicente).
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites have been recorded for the species in both Porto Santo and Desertas (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 270
Range description:
EOO (km2): 529-599-599
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 36-104-104
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative):
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 4-5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active hunter on low vegetation feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the species range lies inside the Desertas Nature Reserve and in the Porto Santo Network of Marine Protected Areas (which includes islets).
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Kulczynski, 1899)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 153-372-688
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 136-372-688
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 10-13 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active nocturnal ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Kulczynski, 1899
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): There are only three records for the species, mostly old (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 650
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description: Known from few sites at high altitude, in laurisilva forest or above tree-line.
EOO (km2): 28-256-720
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species range.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species range.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 28-256-720
Number of locations: 2
Justification for number of locations: A single wildfire event may affect the entire area above tree-line. The forest areas are in general not threatened.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species range.
Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species population.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The only records of the species are from both laurisilva (Queimadas) and the mountain peaks (Pico do Cidrão).
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: Although the laurisilva areas are extensive and mostly well-preserved, the mountain areas above the tree-line have suffered recent (2010) extensive wildfires that destroyed much of the native habitat. It is unknown whether these events have affected the species and to what proportion of its range, although this can be inferred.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Wildfires have negatively impacted the subpopulations above treeline in the past and may do it again in the future.
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is predicted to be inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends
Justification for research needed: Given the high uncertainty the species range should be extensively studied. Furthermore, studies on the ecology of the species and how it was affected by wildfire is necessary. Afterwards, monitoring of population and habitat trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Kulczynski, 1899
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species mostly in laurisilva forest, although none recently (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 0-352-899
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species has not been recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species has not been recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): 0-352-880
Number of locations: 0-1
Justification for number of locations: The species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener
Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted however that the species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is an orb-web builder, possibly on the tree branches, feeding mainly on small insects. The congener
Justification for threats: The endemic congener
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 8.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Problematic native species/diseases
Justification for conservation actions: All the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park. If its apparent disappearance from the native range is confirmed some measures targeting species recovery should be implemented.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 3.2. Species management - Species recovery
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: The true distribution of the species and possible confusion with
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 200
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1400
Range description:
EOO (km2): 98-336-832
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 96-324-812
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 7-11 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is an orb-web builder, possibly on the tree branches, feeding mainly on small-medium size insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Less important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Denis, 1963
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description:
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The only place of confirmed presence in Funchal was largely occupied by farms and gardens at the time. The unconfirmed identification in Ponta de São Lourenco is on a semi-arid grassland.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry16. Introduced vegetation
Size: 6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Unknown, but congeners are ambush hunters in low-vegetation, often seen waiting for prey on flowers.
Justification for threats: The only confirmed locality and location is now mostly residential area in the outskirts of Funchal.
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas
Justification for conservation actions: If a small range is confirmed in the future the species should benefit from a recovery plan. Yet, little information available precludes from advising on any concrete measures.
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 3.2. Species management - Species recovery
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan
Justification for research needed: The true distribution of the species should be assessed along with possible threats along its range. If endangered, a species conservation plan encompassing recovery actions and area management should be needed to ensure the species survival.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Kulczynski, 1909
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description:
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The only known locality probably is in laurisilva forest.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Unknown, but congeners build small flat webs over rocks or trunks where they hunt for small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: The known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: The true distribution of the species should be assessed along with possible threats along its range.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): The restricted distribution of the species allows to know its EOO and AOO with reasonable confidence.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160
Range description: The species is probably restricted to the Selvagem Grande Island between Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it was found in an unnamed erosion coastal cave in 1958 (
EOO (km2): 4
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 4
Number of locations: 1
Justification for number of locations: If the suspicion that the introduction of
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Probably stable for the last 10 years.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener
Basis for decline: (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: 1
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: A single subpopulation is historically known.
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Only know from two caves.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 13.2. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Caves/Karst
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): It is probable that this is a species that lives underground due to the two known localities being inside of caves and it being largely depigmented. Congeners build small flat webs where they hunt for small insects.
Justification for threats: The cosmopolitan
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
Justification for conservation actions: The island of Selvagem Grande is part of the Selvagens Nature Reserve. If competition is confirmed, the invasive
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservation
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan
Justification for research needed: The current distribution of the species and possible threats from the invasive congener should be thoroughly studied. If outcompeted,
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Kulczynski, 1899)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: Possible junior synonym of
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description: Described from undefined locality in Madeira Island (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): The species population size and trend are unknown.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 18. Unknown
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Unknown.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: The species is not found since original description in 1899 (
Scientific name:
Species authority: Kulczynski, 1905
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1750
Range description:
EOO (km2): 201-419-782
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 132-396-776
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 5-12 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The species is an active hunter at low to high vegetation feeding mainly on small size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Denis, 1962
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1860
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1860
Range description: Only known from Pico Ruivo, the highest mountain in Madeira Island with 1861 m altitude (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The single site where the species was sampled is in high mountain above tree-line.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Nothing is known about the species but congeners are active hunters mainly feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: If this species is restricted to the high peaks of Madeira recent wildfires may have affected its population. Given the lack of information this is purely speculative.
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression
Justification for conservation actions: If only living in the mountain peaks of Madeira, this species habitat is protected by the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Individuals of this species are not found since the original description (
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unkown.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 450
Range description:
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): Habitat was never specified.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 18. Unknown
Size: 4-5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The species ecology is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Conservation action type: In Place
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (Wunderlich, 1987, unpublished). It was possible to perform species distribution modeling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See methods for details.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 350
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 47-332-761
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 12-332-752
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): Mainly humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island, but also known from the southern slopes in undescribed habitat.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane18. Unknown
Size: 5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Part of its range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status. As the preferred habitat outside laurisilva forest is unknown, research on distribution and preferred habitats should be a priority.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The EOO and AOO of this species are unknown.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 700
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 700
Range description: Only known from Portela, on eastern Madeira Island (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): Only known from under a bridge surrounded by undescribed habitat (
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 18. Unknown
Size: 5-6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The ecology of the species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): Four collection sites are recorded for the species, most recently in laurisilva forest close to the northern coast of Madeira (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1150
Range description:
EOO (km2): 76-213-912
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 16-204-912
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern valleys of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 4-5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The ecology of the species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, from both laurisilva forest and open areas above 450 m altitude (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 450
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1800
Range description:
EOO (km2): 38-440-888
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 20-440-888
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The species occurs in both laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude
Size: 4-5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm this species' status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Blackwall, 1862)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Only three collection sites have ever been recorded for this species, mostly from laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 600
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850
Range description:
EOO (km2): 52-456-87
Trend: Unknown
Justification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Impossible to infer on the current trend.
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Unknown
Justification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Impossible to infer on the current trend.
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 16-456-872
Number of locations: Unknown
Justification for number of locations: Impossible to infer if there are any threats.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Justification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Impossible to infer on the current trend.
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): It seems to be mostly found in high-altitude laurisilva forest but possibly also in other habitats above 600m.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Justification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Therefore, it is impossible to infer the current trend.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane18. Unknown
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Unknown, but sister taxa such as
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1700
Range description:
EOO (km2): 235-432-792
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live within several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 188-404-792
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live within several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative):
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Habitat importance: Suitable
Habitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Cobweb spider at all vegetation layers feeding on small arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Blackwall, 1864)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): As the species is thought to be restricted to the three small islands/islets of Selvagens, the EOO and AOO can be calculated with some confidence.
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160
Range description: Restricted to Selvagem Grande, Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora in the archipelago of Selvagens.
EOO (km2): 13
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The EOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The AOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 12
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The population size seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: 3
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The islands and islets of Desertas have a mix of grassland and rocky outcrops within coastal cliffs. The species seems to be relatively common in grassland, unknown if also occurs in other habitats.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The habitat in Selvagem Grande was subject of a recovery plan during 2000-2002 and seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
Size: 3-10 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is probably a nocturnal hunter of small arthropods at ground level.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: The species range is inside the Selvagens Nature Reserve.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): This species is only known from Selvagem Grande (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160
Range description: Only known from Selvagem Grande, from both a small coastal cave (Gruta das Pardelas) and rocky areas.
EOO (km2): 4
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The EOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The AOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 4
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The population size seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Number of subpopulations: 1
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): Found both in a coastal cave and rocky outcrops.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands13.2. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Caves/Karst
Size: 1-2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This is a tangle-web spider hunting for small arthropods on rock walls.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: The species range is inside the Selvagens Nature Reserve.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Blackwall, 1859)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Taxonomic notes: Possible junior synonym of
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): The EOO and AOO of this species are unknown.
Range description: Only mentioned for "Madeira" (
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 18. Unknown
Size: 5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about this species ecology except it should be a cobweb builder (if the species is valid).
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed:
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Schenkel, 1938)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 550
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1750
Range description:
EOO (km2): 181-488-700
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 160-488-692
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): Most common in humid laurissilva forest but recorded from several habitat types.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types such as cultivated forest, even close to human settlements.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Habitat importance: Suitable
Habitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens
Size: 2-3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder at the arboreal layer feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Range description:
EOO (km2): 202-389-764
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 172-368-764
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): Most common in humid laurissilva forest but recorded from several habitat types.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (observed)
Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Habitat importance: Suitable
Habitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens
Size: 0.9-1.3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This tiny spider has been found living among the rocks and trees, shrubs and herbs and also in moss on tree trunks (
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Schenkel, 1938)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1700
Range description:
EOO (km2): 181-351-700
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 172-344-700
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder at different vegetation levels feeding mainly on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: All of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: Crespo, 2013
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, all recent and in open habitats (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1750
Range description: Living on relatively high-altitude open areas across Madeira (Paúl da Serra and the region between the highest mountain peaks), Deserta Grande (south plateau) and Bugio (south and north plateaus).
EOO (km2): 372-568-1397
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 20-64-656
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live within different open habitat types, including grassland and rocky mountain peaks.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Size: 1.2-1.4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Living at ground level, probably actively hunting for small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Most of the known species range is inside protected areas.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1. Land/water protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Wunderlich, 1992)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Observed
Basis (narrative): Species possibly restricted to the islands of Deserta Grande and Bugio (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 400
Range description: This species is possibly restricted to the islands of Deserta Grande and Bugio where it is know from three sites but probably extends across the entire islands given the adequate microhabitat (steep slopes).
EOO (km2): 24
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although the invasive
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: Although the invasive
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 24
Number of locations: 1
Justification for number of locations: A single event, the introduction of the invasive species
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The introduction of the invasive congener
Basis for decline: (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist. The introduction of the invasive
Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The introduction of
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Yes
Habitat (narrative): This species is possibly restricted to rocky areas, now only on coastal slopes.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)
Justification for trend: The introduction of
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
Size: 5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is an ambush hunter of small insects over rocks and possibly low vegetation.
Justification for threats: The introduction of the invasive species
Threat type: Ongoing
Threats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
Justification for conservation actions: All of the species range is inside the Desertas Nature Reserve. The invasive
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions: 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservation
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: The current distribution of the species and possible threats from the invasive congener should be thoroughly studied.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Wunderlich, 1992)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown
Basis (narrative): This species EOO and AOO are unknown.
Range description: This species is only known from Fajã da Nogueira at the northeastern region of Madeira Island in laurisilva forest (Fig.
EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
AOO (km2): Unknown
Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown
Habitat (narrative): Only known from laurisilva forest.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Size: 6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): As all congeners, certainly an ambush hunter feeding on small insects.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: The known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats
Justification for research needed: Basic research is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats throughout the range.
Scientific name:
Species authority: (Blackwall, 1859)
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig.
Region for assessment: Global
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Countries: Portugal
Map of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material
Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model
Basis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in open grassland or shrubland (
Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160
Range description: Known from all islands and few islets of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. Always at low altitude in open habitats such as grassland or shrubland.
EOO (km2): 10682-10682-13343
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
AOO (km2): 32-188-432
Number of locations: 0
Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Justification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.
Trend: Stable
Extreme fluctuations?: No
Severe fragmentation?: No
System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No
Habitat (narrative): Open grassland and shrubland, often in disturbed areas, close to or even inside houses.
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens
Size: 2-3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No
Ecology and traits (narrative): Most probably an active hunter at ground level feeding on small size arthropods.
Justification for threats: Unknown threats.
Threat type: Past
Threats: 12. Other options - Other threat
Justification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside several protected areas
Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
Justification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.
Out of 56 species evaluated (
Seven species show a continuing decline in either range or population size. Their decline can be attributed to habitat destruction or degradation (
The tetragnathid
A few species are missing critical information to be able to assess their status, namely a couple that are only known from the high peaks of Madeira Island (
The effects of climate change, one of the prevailing threats accross the world affecting numerous species, was never studied for Madeira and Selvagens spiders. This is a known threat to Macaronesian bryophytes (
Among all the conservation measures suggested, the restoration of original habitat areas and control of invasive species are often a priority to guarantee the survival of threatened species. Many actions have been undertaken by the local authorities (Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza) in Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos to control and eradicate invasive plants and mammals jointly with habitat restoration programs. However, it is important not only to ensure the continuity of those actions, but also to monitor their effectiveness by assessing population changes in selected groups like spiders as they already proved to be efficient and effective bioindicators in many terrestrial ecosystems (
The network of protected areas in Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos is extensive and covers most of the areas known to harbour higher values of species richness and endemism (
In conclusion, although most endemic spiders from Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos are in a favourable situation due to the good condition and protection of the laurisilva forests where many live, there are a number of species requiring urgent attention and protection measures. These include the few cave and mountain-restricted species or threatened by competing congeners or invasive plants. Extending current protected areas, restoring original habitats of threatened species and control invasive taxa are still a priority.
Discussion
Sérgio Henriques, Nicola Mumford and Pavel Stoev provided significant input that much improved the paper. We thank Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza (IFCN) for logistic support and permissions for sampling in Madeira and Selvagens. We are also grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) for the financial support through projects PDCT/BIA-BDE/59202/2004, PTDC/BIA-BEC/99138/2008 and FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014 and grant SFRH/BPD/86215/2012 to MB. Team members of the three abovementioned projects and nature rangers of the IFCN were a great help during field and laboratorial work.
Barren area of Pedregal, Deserta Grande (photo by Pedro Cardoso).
Coastal area near Pico Branco, Porto Santo (photo by Pedro Cardoso).
Laurisilva forest at Fajã da Nogueira, Madeira Island (photo by Pedro Cardoso).
Selvagem Grande (photo by António Costa).
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