Species conservation profiles of a random sample of world spiders III: Oecobiidae to Salticidae

Abstract Background The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species. One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group - the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI). The current contribution is the third in four papers that will constitute the baseline of a future spider SRLI encompassing 200 species distributed across the world. New information A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the World Spider Catalogue, an updated global database containing all recognized species names for the group. The 200 selected species where divided taxonomically at the family level, and the familes were ordered alphabetically. In this publication, we present the conservation profiles of 58 species belonging to the famillies alphabetically arranged between Oecobiidae and Salticidae, which encompassed Oecobiidae, Oonopidae, Orsolobidae, Oxyopidae, Palpimanidae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Pisauridae, Prodidomidae and Salticidae.


Introduction
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species (Lamoreux et al. 2003, Rodrigues et al. 2006 but see Cardoso et al. 2011, Cardoso et al. 2012. It is based on a number of objective criteria, which are relatively easy to apply when adequate information is available (IUCN 2001). The Red List has been used to raise awareness about threatened species, guide conservation efforts and funding, set priorities for protection, measure site irreplaceability and vulnerability and influence environmental policies and legislation (Gardenfors et al. 2001, Rodrigues et al. 2006, Martín-López et al. 2009).
One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). The RLI helps to develop a better understanding of which taxa, regions or ecosystems are declining or improving their conservation status. It provides policy makers, stakeholders, conservation practitioners and the general public with sound knowledge of biodiversity status and change, and tools with which to make informed decisions. The RLI uses weight scores based on the Red List status of each of the assessed species. These scores range from 0 (Least Concern) to 5 (Extinct/Extinct in the Wild). Summing these scores across all species, relating them to the worst-case scenario -all species extinct, and comparing two or more points in time gives us an indication of how biodiversity is doing. At a global level, the RLI has been calculated for birds (Butchart et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2010, mammals (Hoffmann et al. 2011), amphibians (Hoffmann et al. 2010), corals , and cycads (United Nations 2015).
For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group -the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI, Baillie et al. 2008). The SRLI is now being developed for plants (Brummitt et al. 2015) and efforts towards a SRLI of butterflies (Lewis and Senior 2010) and Odonata are also in progress (Clausnitzer et al. 2009).
Spiders currently comprise over 47000 species described at a global level (World Spider Catalog 2018). Of these, only 199 species (0.4%) have beed assessed (www.redlist.org), of which the vast majority are from the Seychelles Islands or belong to the golden-orb weavers, Nephilidae (e.g. Kuntner et al. 2017). To these, a large number will be added in the near future, such as 55 species endemic to the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos and 25 endemic to the Azores, all in Portugal (Cardoso et al. 2017, Borges et al. submitted). The vast majority of spiders assessed to date are therefore either regionally or taxonomically clustered and do not represent the group as a whole. The current contribution is the second in four papers (Seppälä et al. 2018a, Seppälä et al. 2018b) that will constitute the baseline of a future spider SRLI encompassing 200 species distributed across the world. All the assessments will in the future be included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.redlist.org).

Methods
A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the World Spider Catalog (2018), an updated global database containing all recognized species names for the group. The 200 selected species where divided taxonomically to the family level, and those familes were ordered alphabetically. In this publication we present the conservation profiles of 58 species belonging to the famillies alphabetically arranged between Oecobiidae and Salticidae, which encompassed Oecobiidae, Oonopidae, Orsolobidae, Oxyopidae, Palpimanidae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Pisauridae, Prodidomidae and Salticidae.
For all analyses we used the R package red -IUCN redlisting tools . This package performs a number of spatial analyses based on either observed occurrences or estimated ranges. Functions include calculating Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), mapping species ranges, species distribution modelling using climate and land cover, calculating the Red List Index for groups of species, among others. In this work, the EOO and AOO were calculated in one of two ways: -for extremely range restricted species for which we assumed to know the full range, these values were classified as observed, the minimum convex polygon encompassing all observations used to calculate the EOO and the 2 km x 2 km cells known to be occupied used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2017).
-for widespread species or those for which we did not have confidence to know the full range, we performed species distribution modelling (SDM). This was done based on both climatic (Fick and Hijmans 2017) and landcover (Tuanmu and Jetz 2014) datasets, at an approximately 1x1 km resolution. Before modelling, the world layers were cropped to the region of interest to each species and reduced to four layers through a PCA to avoid overfitting. In addition, latitude and longitude were used as two extra layers to avoid the models to predict presences much beyond the known region following the precautionary principle. We then used the Maxent method (Phillips et al. 2006) implemented in the R package red. Isolated patches outside the original distribution polygon were excluded from maps to avoid overestimation of EOO and AOO values. All final maps and values were checked and validated by our own expert opinion. KMLs derived from these maps were also produced using the red package. The cells (2x2 km) predicted to be occupied were used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2017).
To infer on possible changes in range and/or abundance, and for forest species only, we have also consulted the Global Forest Watch portal (World Resources Institute 2014), looking for changes in forest cover during the last 10 years that could have affected the species.
Species sizes are total body size in mm and include the range for both males and females when known.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Oecobids usually build mesh-webs that are shaped like stars or multilayered webs that are often found from cracks on rocks or other hard surfaces. These spiders catch their prey by binding silk around it (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). The feeding ecology of most Oecobius species is poorly understood, however, it has been shown that myrmecophagy is common among this genus and these species may be locally specialized predators (García et al. 2014). For instance, Oecobius annulipes is commonly found in the nests of a large ant species, Plagiolepis pygmaea, which is their main prey (Glatz 1967).

Range description
Only reported from St. Augustine, on the university campus (GBIF.org 18th May 2018a) in the Northwest corner of the Island of Trinidad. The region sits between the Caroni Swamp National Park and a well preserved mountain range to the North. The island of Trinidad is less than 20 km east of the Gulf of Paria (Venezuela), separated only by the Bocas del Dragon strait, which contains the small Monos island of Chacachacare, which could reduce that distance to little more than 10km. The region where the species was found is therefore not isolated, and although it would not be surprising that the species is highly restricted biogeographically, the connectivity of the terrain alone, does allow suspecting it.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. The egg-sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997 Region for assessment:

-Global
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance: Habitats: Size: Generation length (yr): Dependency of single sp?: Threat type: Threats:

Habitat (narrative)
Found in leaf litter of tropical forest at an elevation of 1005 m in Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, which is a protected area in Ecuador with an altitudinal range of 600-3723 m (Platnick and Dupérré 2011).

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Oonopids are tiny nocturnal hunters usually found living on the ground in leaf litter or under rocks (Bradley 2013). They have been recorded from many different kinds of habitats ranging from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Oonopids are not known to make capture webs and hunt at night tending to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. They make silken molting chambers and their egg sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997, Bradley 2013. Scaphidysderina is a newly described genus with little data on their ecology (Platnick and Dupérré 2011).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats

Conservation action type:
Conservation actions: Use type: Use and trade: Ecosystem service type: Research needed:

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
This species was found in Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, which is a protected area in Ecuador (Platnick and Dupérré 2011

Justification for research needed
This species is known from a female holotype only, males are unknown (Platnick and Dupérré 2011). Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Habitat (narrative)
A single specimen was found from tropical forest litter at an elevation of 600m (Platnick and Dupérré 2010

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Oonopids are tiny nocturnal hunters usually found living on the ground in leaf litter or under rocks (Bradley 2013 No population size estimates exist. This species is predicted to be common and widespread throughout western and central Europe.

Terrestrial
Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
This species has been recorded mostly from anthropogenic habitats; e.g. in the city centre, parks, houses and in cellars (Van Keer et al. 2006, Hansen 1992, Kaston 1948. One record has been made from a cave (Reiss et al. 2009

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats, from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, webs of other spiders to termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones, in dry plant debris or in leaf litter during the day. The eggsac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.  (Höfer and Brescovit 1996). All specimens were recorded in a non-inundated rainforest (Höfer and Brescovit 1996).

Unknown
Major Importance -

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Individuals of this species seem to live deep in the soil or root mat (Höfer and Brescovit 1996). Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. The eggsac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

System:
Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Habitat
Terrestrial Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
This species has been recorded from forests, in moss and leafmould (Forster 1956, Forster andPlatnick 1985). In addition, the range of this species seems to be mostly within mountain and fjord regions.

Unknown
Major Importance -

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Orsolobids are free-living spiders wandering on the ground in low vegetation and among moss and in humus or leaf litter (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Range description
This species is known only from the type locality close to Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, recorded in 1975 (Forster andPlatnick 1985). All specimens were found in litter of rainforest (Forster and Platnick 1985).

Unknown
Major Importance -

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Orsolobids are free-living spiders wandering on the ground in low vegetation and among moss and in humus or leaf litter (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

In Place
Species conservation profiles of a random sample of world spiders III: ...

Use type:
Use and trade: Ecosystem service type: Research needed:

Map of records (Google Earth):
Other  (Zhang et al. 2005). No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations
Unknown Unknown Unknown

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
The type locality is within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001). Species of the same genus have been observed from tree barks, twigs or shrubs (Zhang et al. 2005).

Unknown
Major Importance

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Spiders of the family Oxyopidae are commonly known as lynx spiders for their catlike hunting tactics. Oxyopids have tapered abdomens and characteristic hexagonal eye arrangements with small anterior median eyes. They are either nocturnal or diurnal, have good vision and are agile hunters living mainly on plants where they jump from leaf to leaf catching their prey with spiny legs. These spiders feed mainly on moths and have also been observed feeding on pests in agroecosystems. Female oxyopids guard their egg-sacs which they often attach to a leaf (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Hamataliwa species are commonly found on the bark of trees and twigs or on woody shrubs (Zhang et al. 2005).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Range description
This species is known from Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, however with unspecified localities (Simon 1893b, Li 2002, Norma-Rashid and Li 2009). The last record is from 1988 in Singapore (Li 2002), although the majority of records are without dates. No population size estimates exist.

Terrestrial
Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
Palpimanids are ground-dwellers and can be found in a wide range of habitats (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Spiders of the family Palpimanidae can be found in a wide range of habitats (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997), but they mostly live on the ground and move slowly, holding their front lengs up while walking. In the daytime they are commonly found hiding under stones in their sac-like retreats and there has been observations of araneophagous behaviour. Apart from this, in general, the ecology and behaviour of this family is largely unknown.

Justification for threats
Between the years 2001-2015 there has been a loss of 4,085,762 ha in the forest area of Singapore and Sumatra (World Resources Institute 2014). Since this species is a grounddweller, and the family it represents can be found in various habitats from arid regions to densely forested areas, it remains unknown whether deforestation really affects this species.

Conservation
In Place

Other
International Ecosystem service type: Research needed:

Map of records (Google Earth):
Basis of EOO and AOO:

Region for assessment:
-Global

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Schick 1965, Dondale andRedner 1968) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species potential historical range spans the west coast of the USA and Mexico (Schick 1965, Dondale andRedner 1968). However, we should note that all records are over 40 years old. No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations
Unknown Unknown Unknown

Habitat
Terrestrial Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
All known specimens have been found in coastal sage and oak habitats, yellow pine forests, and from grass in oak forests (Dondale and Redner 1968).

Justification for trend
This species has been observed in different habitat types. yet the last observations are old.
Major Importance

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Philodromids are agile and free-living, quickly moving hunters that are usually caught on plants or on the soil surface. They can easily hide into rock cracks and crevices due to their flat bodies. Philodromus species have been observed to capture their prey by "lying in ambush with legs extended" (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Mature individuals of this particular species were collected from May through July, mainly in June. Immatures were found from January through March and they molted to maturity in the laboratory from February through April. No diapause was observed (Schick 1965).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection

Justification for conservation actions
At least part of the species range is inside protected areas, for example Ventana and San Rafael wilderness areas in California (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Taxonomic notes
There are only juveniles known from this species. A dubious taxonomic status may be considered.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Range description
This species is known only from the type locality in Nghệ An, Viet Nam, recorded prior to 1909 (Simon 1909). No population size estimates exist.

Unknown
Unknown

Terrestrial
Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
The type locality of this species is within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise habitat preference of this particular species remains unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Philodromids are agile and free-living, quickly moving hunters that are usually caught on plants or on the soil surface. They can easily hide into rock cracks and crevices due to their flat bodies (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -

Justification for research needed
The taxonomic status of the species should be confirmed as it is known from only juveniles. If a valid species, basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits, along with possible threats.

Range description
This species is known only from two localities in eastern China (Xu andWang 1984, Huber 2005b). No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations
Unknown Unknown Unknown

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
The species known localities are located in the border of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (Olson et al. 2001). The precise habitat type is unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Most Belisana species have been collected in primary tropical forests, from the leaf litter or under the leaves (Huber 2005b), but are also known to occur in agricultural regions (Song 1987).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Huber 2000, Huber 2005a, GBIF.org 31th July 2017a) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species is relatively well-known (collected multiple times between 1988 and 1991, see GBIF.org 31th July 2017a, Huber 2000, Huber 2005a in the Amazonas and is predicted to be widespread throughout the northern parts of Brazil and to be present also in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and near the Brazilian border in Venezuela and Peru.

Justification for trend
Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the EOO to be declining.

Justification for trend
Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the AOO to be declining. No population size estimates exist. This species seems to be widespread. However, the forest loss is causing decline in the AOO (World Resources Institute 2014) which may cause decline in the population as well.

Justification for trend
Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the number of subpopulations to be declining.

System:
Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Terrestrial
No

Justification for trend
The forest loss inside the estimated range has been over 7,000,000 ha between 2001 and 2015 (World Resources Institute 2014).

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, the ecology of this particular species is unknown. Research needed:

Justification for threats
The forest loss inside the estimated range has been over 7,000,000 ha between 2001 and 2015 (World Resources Institute 2014).

Conservation
In Place -

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm the currently known population and habitat trends.

Basis of EOO and AOO:
Min Elevation/Depth (m):

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Huber et al. 2010) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species is known from several localities in the Dominican Republic (Huber et al. 2010) and the distribution model predicts it to occur throughout the eastern half of the country.

Number of locations:
Trend:

Number of individuals:
Trend:

Justification for trend
Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Yes
Yes Yes

Justification for trend
Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species. Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?:

Justification for trend
Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Yes
Yes Yes Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist, yet it is assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Justification for trend
Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
Recorded from various habitat types such as tropical deciduous and mixed forest, degraded forest, forests near rivers and also from caves. Usually found close to the ground, for example under dead leaves or logs and in low vegetation (Huber et al. 2010). Therefore, forest loss may not cause plausible effects to the survival of this species, although we do not know for certainty.

Justification for trend
This species seems to adapt to various habitat types and therefore is not experiencing any decline.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection

Region for assessment:
-Global

Map of records (Google Earth):
Basis of EOO and AOO:

Range description
Known only from the type locality in Ji County, China, recorded in 1982 (Zhu et al. 1983).

Habitat (narrative)
The single known specimen was found under a stone near a river (Zhu et al. 1983). The type locality seems to be covered with farmlands and human constructions. The type

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, the ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Very important
Research needed:

Map of records (Google Earth):
Basis of EOO and AOO:

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats. Causes ceased?:

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Lawrence 1967, Huber 2012 it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species is widespread in South and Southeast Africa, from southern Mozambique to Cape Town (Lawrence 1967, Huber 2012. It has also been found in Australia (Perth, Western Australia and Sydney, New South Wales) as an invasive species (Huber 2001). The species distribution model predicts the existence of suitable habitat also in Lesotho and Swaziland.

Justification for trend
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread and even invasive species.

Yes
Yes Yes

Justification for trend
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread and even invasive species.

Number of locations:
Trend:

Number of subpopulations:
Trend: System:

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Unknown
Stable

Justification for trend
This species is predicted to be common and widespread throughout the eastern parts of South Africa and it is notable that it has been reported to be invasive in Australia.

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. This species is predicted to be common and widespread throughout the eastern parts of South Africa and it is notable that it has been reported to be invasive in Australia.

Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Generation length (yr):
Dependency of single sp?: Threat type:

Habitat (narrative)
Smeringopus natalensis is present in a variety of habitats, including highveld, coastal and sand forests, grassveld savanna, dry riverbeds, wastelands and human constructions (Huber 2012).

Justification for trend
Smeringopus natalensis is present in a variety of habitats, including highveld, coastal and sand forests, grassveld savanna, dry riverbeds, wastelands and human constructions (Huber 2012

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Pholcid spiders build a tangled space web. These spiders do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae. When disturbed the pholcid spiders vibrate their web rapidly. A relative species from Africa, S. elongatus, has been reported to prey mostly on ants and building a space web. S. pallidus, on the other hand, has been reported from mammal burrows building a criss-cross web between the webs of Olorunia ocellata and Euprosthenops proximus (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, ecology of this particular species remains unknown.

Threats:
Conservation action type:

Conservation actions:
Use type:

Use and trade:
Ecosystem service type: Research needed: -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection

Justification for conservation actions
Several protected areas exist within the species range. No conservation actions seem to be necessary since the species is widespread and adaptable, often even invasive (Huber 2001

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.

Range description
This species was first collected in Mt. Choungui, Mayotte in 1998 (which is a French overseas territory), and described in 2003 (Huber 2003). The fact that it has not been recorded earlier is likely to be an artifact of undersampling, rather than a reflection of the species rarity, as there were no previous arachnological studies in the region. Mayote is the oldest and smallest island (377km ) in the Comoros archipelago and is probable, although not certain, that the species is indeed endemic to that island, as there are many other taxa with similar ranges.

Habitat (narrative)
Found on the ground of tropical forest (Huber 2003). As the species was collected by pitfall trapping, it is possible that it inhabits the leaf litter.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Thorell 1899, Blandin 1978, Sierwald 1997 it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details). 0 3995

Range description
Recorded from Gabon, Cameroon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Thorell 1899, Blandin 1978, Sierwald 1997, the species distribution model predicts it has potentially suitable habitat throughout Central and Western Africa, across most of the tropical forest region.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Spiders of the family Pisauridae are called nursery-web spiders and most of the species hunt in the vegetation (Sierwald 1997

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to confirm the current distribution and population size and trends in more detail. More data on ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats, is also essential to be gathered in order to make a proper assessment.

Common names
Filipino fishing spider Threat type: Threats:

Habitat (narrative)
This species was found in a small pond (Barrion Alberto 1995). Species of the same genus are often found in fresh waterbodies, for example in lakes and ponds (Carico 1973

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Species of the genus Dolomedes often live near water, feeding on aquatic insects. Despite this, catches of small fish, tadpoles, freshwater shrimps and small toads have been reported (Carico 1973, Dippenaar-Schoeman andJocqué 1997). These spiders have the ability to run on the surface of the water by "skating" to escape from their predators and to hunt. The surface tension of the water traps their prey and allows Dolomedes species to hunt whilst taking advantage of their own hydrophobical body features. These spiders also have the ability to dive underwater, either to escape or to catch prey (Carico 1973). Females carry the egg-cocoon in their mandibles. They make a large nursery web for the juveniles, where they live for a while, after being hatched (Emerton 1902). The nursery web is commonly attached high in weeds (Carico 1973).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Common names
Large fishing spider Trend: Causes ceased?:

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species we assume the trend to be stable.

Yes
Yes Yes

Locations
Not applicable

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Unknown
Stable

Justification for trend
Inferred from the AOO and habitat trends.

Yes
Yes Yes

Number of subpopulations:
Trend: System: Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance: Habitats:

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. However, given the high number of records, most of them from the 2010s, this species seems to be relatively widespread.

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
Commonly found in swamp environments and ponds in southern United States coastal plain and lakes and ponds in the glaciated part of the range and easily collected from vertical tree trunks emerging from slow-moving streams and ponds. In the case of slowmoving streams Dolomedes species are found for example on cypress trees and vegetation rising from the water. D. tenebrosus, in particular, stays near the waterline (Carico 1973). Contrary to other species of the genus, this species is often found in woods under logs and more often in association with houses such as sheds, basements and kitchens (Guarisco 1999, Carico 1973.

Justification for trend
Able to live in various habitat types, from swamps to urban areas.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
D. tenebrosus is one of the largest spiders in the USA (Emerton 1902). Species of the genus Dolomedes often live near water feeding on aquatic insects and often catching small fish, tadpoles, freshwater shrimps and small toads (Carico 1973, Dippenaar-Schoeman andJocqué 1997). These spiders have the ability to run on the surface of water by "skating" to escape from the predators and to hunt. Dolomedes species use the water surface as the web to catch their prey as the insects get trapped by the surface tension but the spiders themselves have hydrophobical features in their body. These spiders also have the ability to dive underwater, either to escape or to catch the prey (Carico 1973). Females carry the egg-cocoon in their mandibles. They make a large nursery web for the juveniles to live for a while after being hatched (Emerton 1902). The nursery web is commonly attached high in weeds. Adult D. tenebrosus females occur throughout the year although suggested to be inactive during the cold months (Kaston 1948). Adult males are commonly found in May, although they can be present also earlier in the south and later in the north. Immatures can be found throughout the year (Carico 1973).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -

Taxonomic notes
This species is known only from juveniles, requiring taxonomic revision (Thorell 1877).

Region for assessment:
-Global

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Spiders of the family Pisauridae are called nursery-web spiders and most of the species hunt in the vegetation (Sierwald 1997). They make a large nursery web for the juveniles to live for a while after being hatched (Emerton 1902). The nursery web is commonly attached high in weeds.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Other
International Use and trade:

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records, all in the 1990s (Platnick and Baehr 2006), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species is distributed in Western Australia and all the records are from the 1990s (Platnick and Baehr 2006).

Justification for trend
Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the EOO to be stable.

Justification for trend
Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the AOO to be stable.

Number of locations:
Trend:

Number of subpopulations:
Trend:

Locations
Not applicable

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Justification for trend
Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the population size to be stable.

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume it to be stable.

Justification for trend
Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the number of subpopulations to be stable.

System:
Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?:

Ecology and traits (narrative)
The ecology and behaviour of this particular species is largely unknown, although it is notable that specimens of P. woodleigh were collected by pitfall traps (Platnick and Baehr 2006). Prodidomids in general are known to be nocturnal ground-dwelling hunters. At daytime they rest and hide under debris or under stones (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat Conservation action type:

Conservation actions:
Use type: Ecosystem service type: Research needed:

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
There are few protected areas within the predicted range of this species, for example the large Nature Reserve of Toolonga (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Range description
Known only from an unspecified type locality in South Africa, collected prior to 1893 (Simon 1893c). Use type:

Terrestrial
Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
The preferred habitat is unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
The ecology and behaviour of this particular species is largely unknown. Prodidomids in general are known to be nocturnal ground-dwelling hunters. At daytime they rest and hide under debris or under stones (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

-Palearctic
Countries: -Afghanistan Suppl. material 28 Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. In South Africa, a species from this genus, Afraflacilla imitator, appears to be a foliage-dwelling spider collected in fynbos habitats in South Africa (Wesolowska and Haddad 2013).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Basis of EOO and AOO:
Min Elevation/Depth (m):

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Range description
Only known from the type locality in the NW foothills of Manrak Mt. Range, ca. 15km upstream of the mouth of Taizhusgen river (Logunov 1998).

Habitat (narrative)
This species was found from an upstream of the mouth of Taizhusgen river (Logunov 1998

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Species from the same genus in Papua New Guinea were collected by beating forest understory vegetation (Zhang and Maddison 2012

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats. Use type:

Habitat (narrative)
The type locality is within a region with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Brettus species have been observed to be araneophagous and web-invading, also eating eggs of their prey and the insects stuck in the web. When invading the web of other species they use aggressive mimicry by making signals to lure the web-building spiders (Jackson 2000).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Number of individuals:
Trend:

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species present in multiple habitat types we assume the trend to be stable.

Yes
Yes Yes

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species present in multiple habitat types we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to this species.

Justification for trend
Inferred from AOO and habit trends.

Yes
Yes Yes

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist, but the number of records and large distribution suggest this is a common and widespread species.

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
Often found on bushes and tall grasses in natural areas (Peter 2009), but also common in agroecosystems like tea, rice and cashew plantations (Bhat et al. 2013, Betz and Tscharntke 2017) and within semi-urban settings (Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2016) and houses (Sherriffs 1931).

Justification for trend
Able to live in various habitat types, from farmlands to houses.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
C. viduus is a medium-sized jumping spider with remarkable sexual dimorfism. This species forages usually on leaf surfaces. C. viduus is known to feed on small insects (thrips, flies) and to make a retreat between leaves with thick layers of silk. Specimens of C. viduus have been observed to occasionally feed on nectar (Jackson et al. 2001). Males are noted to be more active than females, which occur especially on sunny days (Peter 2009).

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
There are numerous protected areas within the predicted range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.

Range description
Only three records are known for the species, all from the 1940s (De Mello-Leitao 1939, Crane 1948, Caporiacco 1954.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. The courtship and threat display behaviour in C. tropica has been wellstudied (Crane 1948). Females lay from 13 to 28 eggs and a leaf is used for a cocoon, with edges glued together using silk and bits of earth (Crane 1948).

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation action type:
Use type: Ecosystem service type: Research needed:

Conservation
In Place

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Harvey et al. 2000, Guthrie and Waldock 2004, Majer et al. 2013, GBIF.org 18th May 2018b it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species has several records from Western Australia and is predicted to occur mostly throughout the southwestern parts (Harvey et al. 2000, Guthrie and Waldock 2004, Majer et al. 2013, GBIF.org 18th May 2018b).

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Yes
Yes Yes

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist.

System:
Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Habitat (narrative)
Seven Grayenulla species are known from scattered localities within Western Australia and this genus has been found only in coastal areas (Żabka and Gray 2002). This species has been recorded from sandplains, the Jarrah forest, avon wheat and Esperance plains (Guthrie and Waldock 2004).

Justification for trend
This species seems not to be restricted to a specific type of habitat, however, an increased risk of fires may affect the extent and quality of habitat. Given the relatively widespread distribution and that the species is not restricted to any certain habitat, the potential fires may not have severe effect on its survival and therefore the trend is assumed to be stable. inhabit savannah and semidesert areas, indicating they may live on either the ground or on plants (Żabka and Gray 2002).

Threats
Ongoing -7.1.1. Natural system modifications -Fire & fire suppression -Increase in fire frequency/intensity

Justification for threats
From 150,000 up to nearly 500,000 fires have been reported per year between 2012 and 2017 in Western Australia (World Resources Institute 2014). This species occurs in dry areas, which are vulnerable to fires, and this may be a threat to this species and cause a decline in its AOO. However, as it seems to be relatively widespread and not specialized in any particular habitat, the threat should be minor.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
Toolonga is a large nature reserve inside the predicted range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm inferred population and habitat trends.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Simon 1901,Wesolowska 1986, Wesolowska and Haddad 2014 it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Number of locations:
Trend:

Number of individuals:
Trend:

Range description
This species has been recorded from South Africa and Lesotho (Simon 1901,Wesolowska 1986, Wesolowska and Haddad 2014 and could be present in Swaziland and at the southernmost tip of Mozambique.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise nothing is know about this species.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to confirm the estimated distribution in more detail and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.

Basis of EOO and AOO:
Min Elevation/Depth (m):

Range description
This species is known only from the type locality in Espirito Santo, Brazil (Ruiz and Brescovit 2008).

Subpopulations
Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
The habitat preference of this species is unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Range description
This species is known only from the type locality in Sri Lanka (Simon 1903) and from India with no specific locality (Wanless 1981).

Ecology and traits (narrative)
The habitus of the salticids of the genus Jerzego is elongate and flat. A closely related species, Jerzego corticicola, was found on tree trunks at the edges of degraded forests. The spiders were either on the surface or in the cracks between the bark flakes. These species were found close to 2 meters above ground, which may indicate that this species is normally a canopy-dweller (Maddison and Piasick 2014).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.

Number of locations:
Unknown

Range description
This species is known from Addis Ababa in Ethiopia only, recorded in the 1980s (Wesołowska 1999). No population size estimates exist.

Unknown
Unknown Unknown Unknown

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
The only records have been made from the urban area (Wesołowska 1999

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Ecology and behaviour of the genus Menemerus is poorly known, but several species (e.g. the Mediterranean Menemerus semilimbatus Hanh, 1829) are known to be synanthropic. Record data of M. mirabilis may suggest that it is a synanthrophic species as well (Wesołowska 1999).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Map of records (Google Earth):
Basis of EOO and AOO:

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Yes
Yes Yes

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Able to live in various habitat types.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Spiders of the genus Myrmarachne are ant-like jumping spiders (Benjamin 2015), which also move similarly to ants (Edmunds 1978). This particular species seems to mimick the ant Opisthopsis haddoni Emery, 1893(Pekár et al. 2017. Myrmarachne species feed mainly on small insects, excluding the ant associates (Edmunds 1978). The predatory behaviour of M. lupata from Australia has been reported to differ from other salticids in their attacks by lunging instead of leaping and they have also been observed to tap their front legs before attacking. Although mimicking ants, Myrmarachne have not been observed to feed on ants but preying on various insects and also eggs of other spiders (Jackson 1986).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm the inferred population and habitat trends. Unknown

Habitat (narrative)
Cambodia is mainly covered with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001). However, the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Spiders of the genus Myrmarachne are ant-like jumping spiders (Benjamin 2015), which also move similarly to ants (Edmunds 1978). Myrmarachne species feed mainly on small insects, excluding the ant associates (Edmunds 1978). The predatory behaviour of M. lupata from Australia has been reported to differ from other salticids in their attacks by lunging instead of leaping and they have also been observed to tap their front legs before attacking. Although mimicking ants, Myrmarachne have not been observed to feed on ants but preying on various insects and also eggs of other spiders (Jackson 1986).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Habitat (narrative)
The type locality is located in a region of tropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001). Yet, the species habitat is unknown.

Unknown
Habitat importance:

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise, the ecology of this species is unknown.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Range description
This species is known only from the type locality in Queensland, Australia, recorded in 1998(Zabka 2002.

Threat type:
Threats: Use type: Use and trade: Ecosystem service type: Research needed:

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise the ecology of this species is unknown.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Yes
Yes Yes

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable. Habitat specialist:

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Unknown
Stable Yes Yes Yes

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Terrestrial No
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Habitat (narrative)
This species is known from a variety of habitats, such as mixed wood forest, deciduous forest, aspen, lodgepole pine, firs, steppes and even open snowfields (Curtis 1892, Ehmann 1994, Ehmann and Macmahon 1996, Heikkinen and MacMahon 2004. P. aeneola appears to be common also in apple and pear orchards (Bajwa and AliNiazee 2001, Horton et al. 2001, Horton et al. 2002.

Justification for trend
This species lives in various habitat types and seems to be tolerant to human disturbance.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. P. aeneola makes a retreat in, for example, rolled leafs. They also make tube-like web retreats among dead leaves with openings often at both ends. If the spider is disturbed it holds the sheets together. Mature individuals have been observed in April, males being present until June and females until September. Females lay about fifty eggs in May and not more than two cocoons. The egg-cocoon of P. aeneola is flat with yellowish eggs which are kept in the silken tube retreat. Hatchlings stay inside until they molt for the second time. Juveniles are found throughout the year (Curtis 1892).

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
There are several protected areas within the range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Justification for ecosystem services
In orchards P. aeneola probably plays an important role providing ecosystem services for humans by preying on pest insects.

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records, although all pre-1940 (Berland andMillot 1941) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species has been recorded from Mali, Guinea and Ivory Coast (Berland and Millot 1941) and suitable habitat is predicted in other West African countries as well. Yet, it is not found for almost 80 years, which might be due to undersampling.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise the ecology of this species is unknown.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
At least part of the species range is inside protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Peckham and Peckham 1909, Richman and Roth 1976, Edwards 1978, Edwards 2004 it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
The latest record is from the 1990s (Edwards 2004) and there are several records from the SE parts of the United States, particularly in Florida and Georgia (Peckham and Peckham 1909, Richman and Roth 1976, Edwards 1978.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known theats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known theats we assume the trend to be stable. Habitat specialist:

Locations
Not applicable

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Stable
Yes Yes Yes

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. Being a widespread species with no known theats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known theats we assume the trend to be stable.

Terrestrial
No Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Habitat (narrative)
This species has been recorded from timbered sandpine scrubs (Edwards 1978), xeric woods from dead barks, okra from shrubs, turkey oak and wire grass (Edwards 2004

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. This particular species has been collected from xeric habitats, scrub or sandhill habitats. It was observed in the early stages of succession on woody herbs and small scrub oaks. Mature individuals are present in summer, females until fall, laying about 30 eggs (Edwards 2004).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats. Causes ceased?:

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable. Habitat specialist:

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Stable
Yes Yes Yes

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. This species is relatively well-recorded and widespread from East Africa to Asia and therefore population trend should be stable.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

No
Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Habitat (narrative)
This species has been recorded on short reeds and in reedclump reeds near marsh streams (Logunov 2010), on low plants on the plains (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) and from tomato cultivations (El-Hennawy et al. 2015).

Justification for trend
This species seems to be able to inhabit different kinds of habitats including modified by humans.
Major Importance

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. A related species, P. paykulli, has been observed to build a nest which it uses in prey capture and detaining the prey. In mating behaviour males use tactics from visual displays to vibratory displays depending on the maturity and the location of the female (Jackson and Macnab 1989 Research needed:

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
There are several protected areas within the range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Justification for ecosystem services
In cultivations P. clemens probably plays an important role providing ecosystem services for humans by preying on pests.

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm inferred population and habitat trends.

Basis of EOO and AOO:
Min Elevation/Depth (m):

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Range description
Only known from the type locality of Noemi in New Guinea, recorded on 1929 (Roewer 1938).

Habitat (narrative)
The type locality is located within the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise the ecology of this species is unknown.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats. The single recorded specimen was found on a Jacaranda mimosifolia (a south American species) tree trunk, 1.3 m up, scuttling across the bark, away from the sun (Wesołowska and Cumming 2008

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. The spiders of the genus Rhene are small beetle-like jumping spiders (Barrion and Litsinger 1995). The adult male of this species was found in spring at the end of the cold-dry season (Wesołowska and Cumming 2008).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Region for assessment:
-Global

Geographic range
Biogeographic realm:

Habitat (narrative)
This species was collected only once and the habitat description mentioned "drained and weedy lowland rice." This habitat is increasing in area and extent (Barrion and Litsinger 1995). However, it is unknown if this is its preferred habitat rather than a habitat type on which it was incidentally discovered.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. The spiders of the genus Rhene are small beetle-like jumping spiders (Barrion and Litsinger 1995). More research is needed on this species to know anything else about its ecology.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

In Place
Other International -18. Unknown

Ecosystem service type:
Research needed:

Map of records (Google Earth):
Basis of EOO and AOO:

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Range description
This species has been recorded only from three localities in Szechwan (Sichuan) Province, China, recorded in 1929 (Fox 1937).

Habitat (narrative)
Specimens were collected at the altitude of 3500 ft (Fox 1937), otherwise the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. The spiders of the genus Rhene are small beetle-like jumping spiders (Barrion and Litsinger 1995).

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable. Trend:

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Yes
Yes Yes

Locations
Not applicable

Justification for number of locations
No known threats to the species.

Unknown
Stable Yes Yes Yes

Population Information (Narrative)
No population size estimates exist. Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Unknown
Stable System: Habitat specialist: Trend in extent, area or quality?: Habitat importance:

Justification for trend
Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Terrestrial
No

Habitat (narrative)
Known from dry habitats such as sandy deserts (Wesolowska 1996), semideserts (Logunov and Guseinov 2002), shrubs and subalpine meadows under stones and gravely bank (Marusik et al. 2004) and even from habitats close to the water (Logunov 2015

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. The hunting behaviour of a species of the same genus, Salticus scenicus, has been studied. It detects its prey with its lateral eyes and then orientates towards a moving prey. When the spider starts to approach its prey its stalking velocity declines gradually (Almquist 2006).

Threats
Past Threats: Conservation action type:

Conservation actions:
Use type: Use and trade: Ecosystem service type: Research needed: -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Conservation
In Place -1.1. Land/water protection -Site/area protection -1.2. Land/water protection -Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions
There are several protected areas within the predicted range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Justification for research needed
Monitoring is needed to confirm inferred population and habitat trends.

Basis (narrative)
Given the relatively high number of records (Bryant 1943, Chickering 1946, De los Santos and Alayón 2012 it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Range description
This species has been recorded from the Dominican Republic in 1938 and Boquete, Panama in 1939 (Bryant 1943, Chickering 1946, De los Santos and Alayón 2012. The SDMs predict the existence of adequate habitat also in Costa Rica and Haiti.

Habitat (narrative)
The most widespread habitat in Costa Rica, Panama and Hispaniola island is tropical and subtropical moist and dry broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats
Past -12. Other options -Other threat

Justification for threats
No known threats.

Justification for research needed
Since the available data is scarce and almost 100 years old, more basic research is needed to know the current distribution in more detail. More information is also required on population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Habitat (narrative)
The type locality suggests this species may prefer mountainous habitats at high altitudes (Bohdanowicz 1987). Otherwise the preferred habitat type of this species remains unknown.

Ecology
Unknown 1 Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)
Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise the ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Justification for research needed
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.