Corresponding author: Anna K Monfils (
Academic editor: Martin Wiemers
Primary biodiversity data records that are open access and available in a standardised format are essential for conservation planning and research on policy-relevant time-scales. We created a dataset to document all known occurrence data for the Federally Endangered Poweshiek skipperling butterfly [
This is a validated and comprehensive dataset of occurrence records for the Poweshiek skipperling (
The Poweshiek skipperling [
Historically, the core range of Poweshiek skipperling was in prairies of western Minnesota and eastern South Dakota (
Primary biodiversity data are critical in driving conservation management of endangered species and ecosystems (
Poweshiek skipperling face a high risk of extinction (
Aggregated occurrence records of the Federally Endangered Poweshiek skipperling (
The study area covered all sites within the historic range of Poweshiek skipperling, including ten states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio and Wisconsin) in the Midwest, United States and southeast Manitoba, Canada.
Poweshiek skipperling occurrence records were aggregated from the following sources: federal agencies (e.g. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service), natural heritage member programmes (e.g. Michigan Natural Features Inventory), state conservation agencies (e.g. Minnesota DNR, South Dakota GFP), citizen scientists (e.g. iNaturalist, The Lepidopterists’ Society) and natural history collections (Table
Occurrence data, lacking associated geographical coordinates, were georeferenced using GEOLocate (
In the process of vetting the dataset, we identified records that appeared to be outside the range of the Poweshiek skipperling. Images of specimens georeferenced outside the previously known range of the Poweshiek skipperling were obtained and checked by DL Cuthrell, who has worked with this species for over 20 years, to ensure the correct identification of the specimen. Specimens collected in Montana, Colorado, Western Nebraska and Western Manitoba were misidentified as
basisOfRecord: Data records with an unknown basisOfRecord were removed from our dataset to ensure the specific nature of the data record was documented.
scientificName: The Poweshiek skipperling was originally described as
eventDate: We contacted original data providers to check label transcription and identification of Poweshiek skipperling occurrences that were listed outside the expected Poweshiek skipperling flight period of mid-June to mid-July. We removed eventDates, that were automatically filled with an institution’s default date (e.g. 1700-01-01). Any cells in the dataset that were filled with N/A abbreviations were removed.
Data within columns were edited to adopt a controlled vocabulary and the Darwin Core standards were used when applicable. Original data were retained when controlled vocabulary could not be utilised. Spelling errors or errors in transcription were noted and changed to reflect correct spelling. We removed any duplicate records that were gathered from multiple sources by removing occurrences with duplicate occurrenceID and/or catalogNumber. Original data were received and downloaded with varying degrees of indexing. Cleaned data were formatted according to Darwin Core standards (
The geographic range of the dataset covers nine U.S. states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio) and one Canadian province (Manitoba; Fig.
38.669 and 49.133 Latitude; -98.253 and -83.468 Longitude.
This dataset is devoted to one species of
Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
---|---|---|
kingdom |
|
Animals |
phylum |
|
Arthropods |
class |
|
Insects |
order |
|
Butterflies and Moths |
family |
|
Skippers |
species |
|
Poweshiek skipperling |
1872 – present (Fig.
Other
See individual records for usage rights.
Aggregated occurrence records of the federally endangered Poweshiek skipperling (
1
Darwin Core Archive
http://ipt.idigbio.org/resource?r=cmc
1.8
Data are formatted according to Darwin Core standards (
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
institutionCode | The name or acronym in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record. |
collectionCode | The name, acronym, coden or initialism identifying the collection or dataset from which the record was derived. |
basisOfRecord | The specific nature of the data record. We used a Darwin Core controlled vocabulary for our basisOfRecord that included "PreservedSpecimen" and "HumanObservation". |
occurrenceID | An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the occurrence ID globally unique. In this dataset, occurrence records use the ID number from its holding facility when applicable. Occurrence records that did not have a unique ID were given their own unique observation ID. |
catalogNumber | An identifier for the record within the data set or collection. |
otherCatalogNumbers | A list of previous or alternative fully qualified catalogue numbers of the catalogued item whether in the current collection or in any other. |
scientificName | The full scientific name. |
scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode. |
genus | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
specificEpithet | The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName. |
identifiedBy | A list of names of people, groups or organisations who assigned the taxon to the subject. |
dateIdentified | The date-time in the Common Era calendar in which the object or observation was identified as being a member of the taxon given in the scientificName. |
recordedBy | A list of names of people, groups or organisations responsible for recording the original Occurrence. The primary collector or observer. |
eventDate | The date-time or interval during which an Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the data-time when the event was recorded. |
year | The four-digit year in which the Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar. |
day | The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred. |
month | The ordinal month in which the Event occurred. |
verbatimEventDate | The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for an Event. |
habitat | A category or description of the habitat in which the Event occurred. |
lifeStage | Indicates the life stage present. |
sex | The sex of the individual represented. |
individualCount | The number of individuals represented present at the time of the Occurrence. |
samplingProtocol | The name of, reference to or description of the method or protocol used during an Event. |
samplingEffort | The amount of effort expended during an Event. |
preparations | A list of preparations and preservation methods for a specimen. |
country | The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs. We used the recommended best practice to use the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names as the controlled vocabulary. |
stateProvince | The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region etc.) in which the Location occurs. |
county | The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department etc.) in which the Location occurs. |
municipality | The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than county (city, municipality etc.) in which the Location occurs. |
locality | The specific description of the place. Less specific geographic information can be provided in other geographic terms (higherGeography, continent, country, stateProvince, county, municipality, waterBody, island, islandGroup). This term may contain information modified from the original to correct perceived errors or to standardise the description. |
locationRemarks | Comments or notes about the Location. |
decimalLatitude | The latitude of the location from which the catalogued item was collected, expressed in decimal degrees. |
decimalLongitude | The longitude of the location from which the catalogued item was collected, expressed in decimal degrees. |
geodeticDatum | The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. Recommended best practice is use of the EPSG code as a controlled vocabulary to provide an SRS, if unknown. Otherwise use of a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the geodetic datum, if unknown. |
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location. Leave the value empty if the uncertainty is unknown, cannot be estimated or is not applicable (because there are no coordinates). Zero is not a valid value for this term. |
verbatimCoordinates | The verbatim original spatial coordinates of the Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in verbatimSRS. |
georeferencedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the Location. |
georeferenceProtocol | A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates and uncertainties. |
georeferenceSources | A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. |
georeferenceRemarks | Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to those formalised in the method referred to in georeferenceProtocol. |
modified | The most recent data-time on which the resource was changed. |
rightsHolder | A person or organisation owning or managing rights over the resource. |
license | A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. |
references | A related resource that is referenced, cited or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. |
bibliographicCitation | A bibliographic reference for the resource as a statement indicating how this record should be cited (attributed) when used. Any data records that were edited cite this data paper in this column. |
ownerInstitutionCode | The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having ownership of the object(s) or infomation referred to in the record. |
occurrenceRemarks | Comments or notes about the occurrence. |
informationWithheld | Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record. In this dataset, we withhold information regarding location of extant sites and locality information from specific agencies. |
eventTime | The time or interval during which an Event occurred. Time is listed in time zone of the respective occurrence record. |
We are thankful to many people for their efforts in collecting and aggregating data. Our thanks extend to Casey Heimeral, Melissa Doperalski, Lisa Joyal and Rich Baker for providing occurrence records that were aggregated for the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. We are especially grateful for the time and effort of Susan Borkin for gathering and transcribing occurrence records gathered over her years researching this species. We thank Sarah Warner for her continued support of Poweshiek skipperling research. We are also thankful to the time and effort of many collection curators and managers, including but not limited to Don Harvey, Nicole Gunter, Anthony Cognato, Tommy McElrath, Christopher Grinter, Karen Wright, Rachel Hawkins, Mark O’Brien, Robin Thomson, Julia Colby, Luciana Musetti, Dawn Roberts and Gerald Fauske. Special thanks to the Partnership for Poweshiek skipperling Conservation for their continued dedication to this species. We greatly appreciate the efforts of Notes from Nature with funding from the National Science Foundation Award # 1458527 for partnering in mobilising citizen scientists in transcribing specimen label data. We thank the National Science Foundation for providing financial support for LepNet projects through the following awards: DBI-1602081, DBI- DBI-1601888, DBI-1601369, DBI-1601002, DBI-1600616, DBI-1601957, DBI-1601164, DBI-1601124, DBI-1600556 and DBI-1601461. Funding also came from the National Science Foundation award DBI-1730526 to develop educational materials for biodiversity data literacy (https://www.biodiversityliteracy.com/poweshiek-skipperling). Financial support also came from Central Michigan University – College of Science and Engineering’s Dean’s Research Assistantship. This paper is contribution number 108 of the Central Michigan University Institute for Great Lakes Research. Additionally, funding for this project was provided by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Endangered Species Program. The findings and conclusions in this project are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Distribution of Poweshiek skipperling occurrence records. Occurrence records that are georeferenced at a state centroid resolution are not shown. Stars display the six extant sites (four occur in eastern Michigan, one in Wisconsin and one in Manitoba).
Temporal profile of the number of Poweshiek skipperling occurrences that were documented on unique days. Survey effort for this species increased in the mid-1990s (
Source of Poweshiek skipperling occurrence records. The total number of occurrences (3676) obtained from each source are listed as of July 2018.
|
|
BugGuide (LepNet) | 4 |
Cal Academy of Sciences | 68 |
Canadian National Collection | 2 |
Cleveland Museum of Natural History Invertebrate Zoology (InvertEBase) | 6 |
Chicago Academy of Sciences - Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum | 1 |
Colorado State University - C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity (LepNet) | 22 |
Denver Museum of Nature & Science - (LepNet) | 2 |
Drexel University - Academy of Natural Sciences (LepNet) | 6 |
Field Museum of Natural History | 5 |
Florida Museum of Natural History (LepNet) | 155 |
Georgia Museum of Natural History – University of Georgia Collection of Arthropods (LepNet) | 1 |
Harvard University - Museum of Comparative Zoology (LepNet) | 11 |
Illinois Natural History Survey | 61 |
iNaturalist (LepNet) | 1 |
Manitoba Conservation Data Centre | 2 |
Michigan Natural Features Inventory | 1790 |
Michigan State University - Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection (LepNet) | 48 |
Milwaukee Public Museum (LepNet) | 66 |
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources | 180 |
Minnesota Natural Heritage Program | 11 |
Mississippi State University - Mississippi Entomological Museum (LepNet) | 12 |
National Museum of Natural History | 82 |
North Dakota State University | 31 |
Oregon State University - Arthropod Collection (LepNet) | 14 |
South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks | 39 |
South Dakota Natural Heritage Program | 1 |
South Dakota State University | 36 |
Texas A&M University - Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collection | 33 |
The Lepidopterists' Society (LepNet) | 28 |
The Manitoba Museum (LepNet) | 206 |
The Ohio State University - C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection (LepNet) | 65 |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | 549 |
UC Davis - Bohart Museum of Entomology (LepNet) | 2 |
University of California Berkeley - Essig Museum of Entomology Collection (LepNet) | 2 |
University of Minnesota - Insect Collection (LepNet) | 113 |
University of Utah - Natural History Museum of Utah (LepNet) | 4 |
Yale University - Peabody Museum (LepNet) | 17 |
The number of Poweshiek skipperling occurrence records across the study area as of July 2018.
|
|
|
United States | Illinois | 10 |
United States | Iowa | 352 |
United States | Michigan | 2043 |
United States | Minnesota | 624 |
United States | Nebraska | 5 |
United States | North Dakota | 56 |
United States | Ohio | 1 |
United States | South Dakota | 238 |
United States | Wisconsin | 96 |
Canada | Manitoba | 228 |