Corresponding author: Tadashi Ishikawa (
Academic editor: Jenő Kontschán
To further increase the basic knowledge regarding the establishment of pest control for pepino (
Pepino (
To date, 13 insect and mite species have been recorded in Japan as pests of pepino (
In order to expand the basic knowledge required for the establishment of pest control for pepino plants, we conducted investigations of pepino pests in Japan in the experimental fields of our university, Tokyo University of Agriculture, as well as on farms and in garden centers in Japan. This study was conducted under a project for regional development titled ‘Launching of Nodai-branded Pepino Crop’ conducted by the Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture (
This study was conducted at 11 sites in Japan (Fig.
All specimens were collected by looking at or beating the leaves, branches and fruits of pepino plants. A total of more than 80 collections were performed in the 11 study sites (once at sites 1, 6, 7, 10, and 11; three times at site 4; four times at sites 8 and 9; nine times at site 5; 24 times at site 3; and more than 30 times at site 2) from February 24th, 2017 to March 14th, 2019. Our sampling period followed that of
Identification of insect and mite specimens was performed using stereoscopic microscopes (Olympus SZ60 and Olympus SZX16, Tokyo, Japan) and optical microscopes (Olympus BH-2 and Olympus BX41, Tokyo, Japan) by Tadashi Ishikawa, Yoshihiro Yamada, and Naoki Kaneko according to the following studies:
In this study, 701 individual insects and mites belonging to 38 species were recognized as pests of pepino plants (Suppl. material
Prior to the present study, the following 13 species of insects and mites were recognized as pests of pepino plants in Japan (
Including the results of the present study, a total of 41 species of insects and mites have been recorded as pests of pepino plants in Japan (Table
Among the 38 species detected in the present study, onion thrips (
In the world, 25 species of insects and mites are known as pests of pepino plants and seven species of them are considered as important pests (
Although most of the Japanese pest species of pepino plants are leaf-feeders, two lepidopteran species, tussock caterpillars and tobacco budworms (
We are highly grateful to farmers and staff of garden centers for kindly allowing us to collect insects and mites in their fields and garden centers, and to Yoshihiro Yamada, Yuki Ono, and Naoki Kaneko (LETUA) for kindly offering materials, supporting our field investigations, and/or identifying species. We also thank the members of the Laboratory of Vegetables and the Laboratory of Plant Pathology of our university for their committed cultivation and management of pepino plants in our experimental fields. We are also indebted to Jenő Kontschán, Luiz Alexandre de Castro, Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi, and an anonymous reviewer for their critical reading of the manuscript and for giving valuable comments. This study was financially supported by the Strategic Research Project from Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.
Locations of the 11 study sites in Japan.
Study sites 1–6.
Study site 1, the inside of a greenhouse in Tochigi Prefecture (36.439N 139.668E).
Study site 2, an open field in Kanagawa Prefecture (35.433N 139.348E), just after planting of nursery pepinos.
Study site 3, an open field (with a roof against rain) in Kanagawa Prefecture (35.432N 139.346E).
Study site 4, the inside of a greenhouse in Kanagawa Prefecture (35.431N 139.350E).
Study site 5, the inside of a greenhouse in Kanagawa Prefecture (35.429N 139.349E).
Study site 6, the inside of a greenhouse in Kanagawa Prefecture (35.400N 139.282E).
Study sites 7–11.
Study site 7, the inside of a greenhouse in Aichi Prefecture (34.600N 137.097E).
Study site 8, an open field in Okinawa Prefecture (26.189N 127.735E).
Study site 9, an open field in Okinawa Prefecture (26.186N 127.736E).
Study site 10, a garden center in Okinawa Prefecture (26.172N 127.734E), pepino nursery stocks (shown in the middle) are lined up with other plant pots.
Study site 11, a garden center in Okinawa Prefecture (26.171N 127.737E), pepino nursery stocks (shown in the middle) are lined up with other plant pots.
A garden springtail (
A spotted grasshopper (
a Chinese thrips (
a flower thrips (
a western flower thrips (
a chrysanthemum thrips (
a melon thrips (
an onion thrips (
Whiteflies and aphids feeding on pepino.
a cotton whitefly (
a greenhouse whitefly (
a cotton aphid (
a Spiraea aphid (
a potato aphid (
a green peach aphid (
An
True bugs feeding on pepino.
a chrysanthemum lace bug (
a
a
a
a brown marmorated stink bug (
a winter cherry bug (
Leaf beetles feeding on pepino.
a false melon beetle (
a tobacco flea beetle (
a solanum flea beetle (
a cabbage flea beetle (
Coleopterans feeding on pepino.
a twenty-eight-spotted ladybird (
an
a black chafer (
A vegetable leafminer (
Lepidopteran caterpillars feeding on pepino.
a tussock caterpillar (
a hibiscus looper (
a cabbage looper (
a tobacco budworm (
a tobacco cutworm (
Mites feeding on pepino.
a clover mite (
a tomato red spider mite (
a
a two-spotted spider mite (
Two-spotted spider mites (
Pepino infested with two-spotted spider mites.
Two-spotted spider mites collected from pepino.
Insect pests feeding on the fruits of pepino.
A tobacco budworm (
A tussock caterpillar (
List of insect and mite pests found on pepino plants in Japan in the present study. The presence of the pests is indicated by "+".
Class, Order, Family | Species | Development stage | Feeding parts | Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 4 | Site 5 | Site 6 | Site 7 | Site 8 | Site 9 | Site 10 | Site 11 |
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | + | + | |||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | + | + | |||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | + | + | ||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | + | + | ||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult, nymph | stem | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult, larva | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult, larva | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
larva | leaf, fruit | + | + | |||||||||||
larva | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
larva | leaf | + | + | + | ||||||||||
larva | fruit | + | ||||||||||||
larva | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | ||||||||||||
adult | leaf | + | + | |||||||||||
adult, nymph | leaf | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Comprehensive list of insect and mite pests of pepino plants in Japan.
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PEPINO_PESTS data
occurrences
Occurrences of insect and mite species of pests of pepino plants in Japan.
File: oo_321746.xls