Corresponding author: Yuzu Sakata (
Academic editor: Shinichi Nakahara
Semi-natural grasslands, which house species-rich ecosystems, have rapidly declined since the twentieth century due to land-use practices, such as agricultural intensification and abandonment. Owing to their diversity and known habitat associations, nocturnal moths are considered as one of the most suitable organisms to be studied for assessing the dynamics of species composition as a result of changes in landscape management of semi-natural grasslands. The present study provides the foremost description of nocturnal moth fauna of the semi-natural grassland at Kanpu-zan, northern Japan. Moth population data from 1987 were compared to the data collected in 2018 to evaluate the impact of decline in grasslands on species-richness. During the field sampling in 2018, a total of 226 nocturnal moth species were detected, which was nearly two-thirds of the number of species recorded in 1987, i.e. 396 species. The values obtained in 2018 were found to be nearly constant for different sites. For both periods, it was evident that moth fauna in Kanpu-zan mainly consisted of species that relied on woody plants. Amongst the species which were only recorded in 1987, 107 species were generalists that fed on plants that are commonly distributed in Kanpu-zan. No moth species were recorded that depended upon endangered or extinct plant food sources. Thus, it is unlikely that the decline in the number of moth species in Kanpu-zan was due to the loss in plant food sources. Our results suggest that environmental factors other than food plants may have caused decline and changes in nocturnal moth fauna. More studies on various organism fauna are needed for understanding the conservation of semi-natural grassland, considering that the loss of semi-natural grasslands is one of the major threats to biodiversity.
Semi-natural grasslands house species-rich ecosystems including regional meta-communities by specialists of open habitats (
Nocturnal moths are an ecologically important group of insects that play a key role in herbivory and pollination. They act as a food source for birds as well as potential indicators of ecosystem change across a wide variety of landscapes (
Kanpu-zan, which is located in northern Japan, consists of semi-natural grasslands partly maintained by mowing and burning and accommodates many endangered grassland species (
Surveys of nocturnal moths were carried out at Kanpu-zan during May to October in 2018, twice a month (12 nights in total), on clear nights from sunset to midnight. Three sites that differ in vegetation were selected: 1) grassland maintained by mowing once or twice a year (grassland site), 2) site where grassland management had been abandoned leading to overgrowth of shrubs and trees (forest site) and 3) mixed vegetation with both grassland and woody plants (mixed site) (Fig.
Moths were collected using UV light traps, equipped with a 20 W black (ultraviolet) light fluorescent tube. One light trap was set at each site. The same method was used in 1987 (
Owing to the annual variations in abundance of moth species (
In order to explore the food habits of moth species at each site in both years, the moth species were classified into six feeding groups: 1) species that primarily feed on herbs, 2) species that primarily feed on shrubs and/or trees, 3) species that feed on both herbs and trees, 4) species that primarily feed on lichens, 5) species that primarily feed on dead leaves and 6) species whose food habit is unknown, referring to the guide “The Standard of Moths in Japan I-IV” (
The number of taxa of moths recorded in 2018 at each site (excluding the 4 families and 10 species of micro-moths) was 14 families, 79 genera and 95 species for the grassland site; 16 families, 115 genera and 137 species for the forest site and 14 families, 103 genera and 123 species for the mixed site (Fig.
The results of the PERMANOVA showed that the species composition of the moths significantly differed between years (Fig.
The number of species that may rely on woody plants comprised more than half of the total number of species at all sites in both years (Fig.
For the 118 species that were recorded in both in 1987 and 2018, the composition rate of species that may use both herbs and woody plants was 19%, which was higher compared to that for the species that were only recorded in either 1987 or 2018, at 10.1% and 11.2%, respectively (Fig.
The composition rate of specialist and generalist moths was stable across sites including the year 1987. Generalists consisted of 43.8±1.5% (mean±SE) of the total number of moth species in both years (Fig.
The present study suggests the species composition changed between 1987 and 2018 and the number of moth species largely declined in the last 30 years.
A previous study in Japan covering 31 agricultural areas, including semi-natural grasslands, demonstrated that declines in herbivorous insects in both abandoned and intensified use of agricultural landscapes are also explained by multiple factors (
We are grateful to K. Umetsu for help on the species identification and advice on the study. We thank to M. Takahashi for advice on the fieldwork. We appreciate S. Tsuda for helpful advice on the field site. We also thank D. Plotkin and J. Awad and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments on our manuscript.
Studied area and habitat vegetation:
Number of moths collected in each site in both years in each month.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination graphs of monthly aggregated moth communities showing (a) for both years and (b) for 2018.
Proportion of each food habits for moth species (a) of each site in both years, (b) those unique to each year and common in both years.
Proportion of food range (specialist/generalist) for moth species (a) of each site in both years, (b) those unique to each year and common in both years.
Species list (presence (1) or absence (0)) of the three sites in 2018 and one site in 1987.
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|
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
lichen/moss | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | generalist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
|
herb | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
dead leaves | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
unknown | unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
herb/woody | generalist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
|
herb | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
woody | generalist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
woody | specialist | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
monthly species occurences
occurrences
monthly species occurrences of nocturnal moths
File: oo_320380.csv