World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores – Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea

Abstract Comprising more than 6500 species, Opiliones is the third most diverse order of Arachnida, after the megadiverse Acari and Araneae. The database referred here is part 1 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of Opiliones as Darwin Core archives, and it includes the superfamilies Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. These two superfamilies are often treated together under the denomination of Insidiatores. In this Part 1, a total of 571 species and subspecies are listed. Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae are both downgraded to subfamilies of Travuniidae. Peltonychia Roewer, 1935 is an available name and senior synonym of Hadziana Roewer, 1935 and is herein revalidated. Seven genera of Triaenonychidae described by Lawrence between 1931 and 1933 originally failed to comply ICZN rules for availability (Art. 13.3). All of them only became available when Staręga (1992) designated a type species for each. Therefore, the correct authorships of Austromontia Lawrence, 1931, Biacumontia Lawrence, 1931, Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, Larifugella Lawrence, 1933, Mensamontia Lawrence, 1931, Monomontia Lawrence, 1931 and Rostromontia Lawrence, 1931 are all Staręga, 1992. Fumontana Shear, 1977, originally referred only to subfamily Triaenonychinae (as opposed to Soerensenellinae then and not corresponding to present Triaenonychinae), not to any tribe (which in turn correspond to modern subfamilies) is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Picunchenops Maury, 1988 originally not included in any tribe of Triaenonychidae, is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Trojanella Karaman, 2005, originally ranked as Travunioidea incertae sedis, is herein included in the Travuniidae Travuniinae. Nuncia ovata Roewer, 1915 (synonymized with Triaenonyx cockayni Hogg, 1920 by Forster (1954), but with inverted precedence) is here combined as Nuncia coriacea ovata Roewer, 1915 as correct senior synonym instead of Nuncia coriacea cockayni (Hogg, 1920), which is current in the literature. Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg, 1909) is reaffirmed as the correct spelling for the species, while the deliberate change to Neonuncia enderbyi by Forster (1954) is an incorrect subsequent spelling.


Introduction Placement and composition
For decades, Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea have been historically regarded as a single unit, called Travunioidea (e.g., Martens 1980). Kury (2003) resurrected the name Insidiatores Loman 1900 to collectively refer to them, but subsequent authors failed to recover the monophyly of Insidiatores (Giribet and Kury 2007) and even of the component families (Sharma and Giribet 2011).
Both morphological (Mendes 2009) and molecular (Giribet et al. 2010, Sharma andGiribet 2011) phylogenetic analyses found that the Palearctic "Triaenonychidae" group with expanded Travuniidae and Travunioidea. Kury (2013) following results of Mendes (2009) fused Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae with Travuniidae, which is also supported by Giribet et al. (2010) and Sharma and Giribet (2011). Herein we adopt this scheme of classification, and downgrade Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae to subfamilies of Travuniidae further. Mendes (2009) found that the Triaenonychoidea sensu stricto are sister to Grassatores, not to Travunioidea, in contrast with Giribet and collaborators, who found Triaenonychidae as sister group of Travunioidea. Giribet et al. 2010 andGiribet 2011 found Synthetonychiidae as the sister group to all other Laniatores, but this placement is not incorporated here.
The North American monotypic Fumontana Shear, 1977 is probably closely related to the southern triaenonychids, although its exact positioning in the family is still unknown (Giribet and Kury 2007, Thomas and Hedin 2008, Mendes 2009). It is currently the only representative of Triaenonychoidea from the Northern Hemisphere. The only analysis with broader representation of Insidiatores (Mendes 2009) found Fumontana closer to Triaenonyx Sørensen, 1886 than to Soerensenella Pocock, 1902, Triaenobunus Sørensen, 1886 and Adaeum Karsch, 1880 hence we consider this species here as a member of the subfamily Triaenonychinae.
According to the results of Mendes (2009), Trojanella serbica Karaman, 2005, currently considered a Travunioidea incertae sedis (Karaman 2005), groups with the European travunioids, forming a clade with Travunia Absolon, 1920, and based on those results we newly assign this species to Travuniidae, subfamily Travuniinae. Mendes also included Picunchenops spelaeus Maury, 1988 in her analyses. Originally this species was placed by Maury (1988) in Triaenonychinae, but not to any of its tribes (which roughly corresponds to subfamilies). In her results, Mendes found that this species is closer to Triaenonyx and other triaenonychines, thus we consider herein this species as a Triaenonychidae, subfamily Triaenonychinae (or in Maury's terms, Triaenonychini).
We provide additional nomenclatural considerations in the section "Additional information".

Recent works on these groups
In the last years, some work has been done with North American Travunioidea. Shear (2008) synonymized a species of Cladonychiidae, Phalangomma virginicum Roewer, 1949 (originally assigned to Phalangodidae) with the travuniid Erebomaster weyerensis (Packard, 1888). Shear and Derkarabetian (2008) redefined Paranonychinae based on characters of the penis and proposed the synonymy of Kaolinonychinae as its junior synonym. Derkarabetian et al. (2011) and Derkarabetian and Hedin (2014) have been studying the sclerobunines using modern integrative taxonomy to detect morphological homogeneous undescribed species, synonymies and the evolution of troglomorphisms (Derkarabetian et al. 2011, Derkarabetian andHedin 2014). Most recent published work on Triaenonychoidea is only cursory and on Afrotropical taxa (e.g., Mendes and Kury 2012), while Australasian and Neotropical members are neglected of late.

General description
Purpose: This project is a checklist of all valid specific and subspecific names (counted together) of the arachnid order Opiliones. The project intends to deliver 12 parts for ease of handling and preparing manuscripts. This is part 1 of 12 and covers the two basal superfamilies of Laniatores -the Travunioidea and the Triaenonychoidea.

Taxonomic coverage
Description: This part 1 of the checklist includes the Insidiatores Loman 1900, which represent the basal Laniatores. Superfamilies Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. The taxonomic outline for large groups of Opiliones used here follows Kury (2013).
phylum not of much use in the context, but important for connection with other bases.
class not of much use in the context, but important for connection with other bases.

Additional information
Nomenclatural notes

1.
Cladonychiinae originally in Triaenonychidae (Hadži 1935), elevated to family by Cokendolpher (1985) by synonymizing Cladonychiinae with Erebomastridae). Both Cladonychiidae and Briggsidae were fused with Travuniidae by Kury (2013) (See Introduction: Placement and composition). In this paper we downgrade them to subfamilies of Travuniidae: Briggsinae, Cladonychiinae. New familial assignment. 2. Forster (1954) synonymized Nuncia ovata Roewer, 1915 with Triaenonyx cockayni Hogg, 1920, which he considered as a subspecies of Nuncia coriacea (Pocock, 1902). But he overlooked the fact that ovata is senior to cockayni (although junior of coriacea) and inverted the precedence. This is corrected here, through the new combination Nuncia coriacea ovata Roewer, 1915. Author name should not be within parentheses because it is combined within the same genus, although in a different subspecific arrangement. 3. Forster (1954) changed the name of Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg, 1909) to Neonuncia enderbyi, better to conform with the spelling of the island name. But this is an incorrect subsequent spelling according to ICZN (32.5.1. -"Incorrect transliteration or latinization, or use of an inappropriate connecting vowel, are not to be considered inadvertent errors."), and the original spelling by Hogg should be conserved. 4. Kury and Mendes (2007) detected that some genera published by Roewer (1935) did not meet ICZN conditions for availability. However, this is not true for Peltonychia. Kury & Mendes saw only the heading of this genus, treated by Roewer in page 55, but they overlooked one nomenclatural act buried amidst the introductory text of Roewer, much earlier in the text. On page 12, Roewer explicitly stated: "Damit ist dieses Tier in die Familie der Travuniidae zu verweisen, und wir bezeichnen es mit Peltonychia leprieuri (LUCAS) als Genotypus dieser Gattung..." Therefore, Scotolemon leprieurii Lucas, 1861 was explicitly designated as type of Peltonychia and this genus was already available in Roewer (1935) being the valid senior synonym of Hadziana, contra Kury and Mendes (2007