Seven new species of Spathidexia Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Abstract We describe seven new species of Spathidexia (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All were reared from various species of ACG caterpillars during an ongoing inventory of caterpillars, their food plants and their parasitoids. By coupling morphology, photographic documentation, life history and molecular data, we provide a clear and concise description of each species. All are known to be previously undescribed as a result of a comprehensive study of the genus by DMW. Spathidexia atripalpus sp. n., Spathidexia juanvialesi sp. n., Spathidexia marioburgosi sp. n., Spathidexia luisrobertogallegosi sp. n., Spathidexia luteola sp. n., Spathidexia hernanrodriguezi sp. n. and Spathidexia aurantiaca sp. n. are all authored and described by Fleming and Wood. Minthodexiopsis Townsend is proposed by Wood as a new synonym of Spathidexia. A new combination proposed by Wood as a result of the new synonymy is S. flavicornis (Brauer & Bergenstamm) comb. n.


Introduction
The tachinid genus Spathidexia Townsend 1912 is a small New World genus in the tribe Thelairini of the Dexiinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) (O'Hara and Wood 2004). Thelairini is classified as a small cosmopolitan tribe characterized by: an abdominal mid-dorsal depression that does not reach the hind margin of Tergite1+2, bare eyes, plumose antennae, and bearing 3 pairs of marginal scutellars of which the apicals are often crossed (Crosskey 1984, Mesnil 1939. The tribe Thelairini is known to occur from Hesperiidae, and Arctiidae (Arnaud 1978). The name Spathidexia is derived from the Latin term "spatha", in reference to the females' blade-like ovipositor. Males and females within this genus are sometimes strongly dimorphic with only the females possessing proclinate orbital bristles, or distinctive abdominal coloration and pattern. A complete description of the generic characters was given by Arnaud (1960) (we provide a diagnosis and description of the genus based on this work). The genus Spathidexia was erected for a female specimen caught at Melrose Highlands, Mass., in 1908, collected by Mr. D.H. Clemons. The type species Spathidexia clemonsi Townsend was named after the original collector of the specimen. The genus remained monotypic until Reinhard 1934 added Spathidexia cerussata Reinhard and Spathidexia rasilis Reinhard. Arnaud (1960) built on this and raised the number of species to nine, in addition to providing a hint on its biology and extended the generic distribution well into the Neotropics. Today we know that Spathidexia contains 17 nominal species, ranging throughout much of the New World, although specimens are still somewhat rare in collections. Wood and Zumbado (2010) attributed seven species to Spathidexia living north of Mexico and 12 represented in the Neotropics, with only minimal known overlap between their distributions.
This work aims to build on the existing knowledge and describes seven new species of Spathidexia, all reared from caterpillars collected in ACG. In fact, all species of Spathidexia reared in ACG have been found to be undescribed species. These species are recognized based on differences in external morphology, and COI (coxI or cytochrome oxidase I) gene sequences (a.k.a. "DNA barcodes"). By coupling COI data with morphological descriptions we are able to show that abdominal markings are not only different between males and females but are also consistent within a species. As such, they are ideal tools for visual species differentiation.
The treatments reported here is focused on placing names on the species reared from ACG, thereby preparing them for later detailed ecological and behavioral accounts and studies that will normally extend across ACG ecological groups, whole ecosystems, and taxonomic assemblages much larger than a genus. However, all ACG Spathidexia reared largest unsampled void is the upper foliage of the canopy above about 3-4 m above the ground.

Imaging and dissections
Our descriptions of new species are deliberately brief and only include some differentiating descriptions of body parts and colors that are commonly used in tachinid identification. These brief descriptions are complemented with an extensive series of color photos of every species to illustrate the readily-observed differences among these species.
Habitus photographs were taken using a Canon T3i digital SLR, using a 65mm Macro Photo Lens 1:2.8 (MP-E 65mm), mounted on a microscope track stand (AmScope, Model: TS200) modified to accept a Manfrotto QR 200PL-14 quick release plate. Images were shot in aperture priority, allowing the camera to control shutter speed at f/4.5. Stacks of 40 images were taken at equal distance increments. Illumination was provided with a homemade reflective dome (instruction for dome creation can be found at: http:// www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ppd/entomology/Dome/kd-200.html) placed over a 144 LED ringlight (AmScope, Model: LED-144-YK).
The photographic series were processed using Photoshop CS6, and digitally stacked with Zerene Stacker Software v1.04. This produced a final composite image maximizing image quality and depth of field.
The terminology used for components of the terminalia (which refers here only to the sclerotized parts of the genitalia, and not to the soft internal structures) and other body parts, follows Cumming and Wood (2009).
All specimens listed as examined are considered paratypes, except for the holotype which is noted separately.
Wherever a specimen label has been cited, the information is presented using the following symbols: /, indicates the end of a line; //, indicates the end of a label. Labels are presented from top (closest to the specimen) to bottom, with any comments about the label being given in square brackets.

Voucher specimen management
All caterpillars reared from the ACG efforts receive a unique voucher code in the format of yy-SRNP-xxxxx. Any parasitoid emerging from this caterpillar receives the same voucher code, and then if/when later the parasitoid is dealt with individually, it receives a second voucher code unique to it, in the format of DHJPARxxxxxxx. The voucher codes and collateral data assigned to both host and emergent parasitoids are available at http:// janzen.bio.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso. To date, all DHJPARxxxxxxx coded tachinids have had one leg removed for attempted DNA barcoding at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO) at the University of Guelph, with all collateral data and all successful barcodes permanently and publically deposited in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD, www.boldsystems.org) (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007), and later migrated to GenBank as well. A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree (Saitou and Nei 1987) for all Spathidexia reared and DNA barcoded by this inventory through 2013 is included as Supplemental Appendix 1. The inventory grows continually and new specimens can be found by searching the genus Spathidexia in BOLD. Each barcoded specimen also has an accession code, all information for the sequences associated with each individual specimen (including GenBank and BOLD accession) can be retrieved from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) via the publicly available dataset: dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-ASSPATHI.
Inventoried Tachinidae were collected under Costa Rican government research permits issued to DHJ since 1978, and likewise exported under permit by DHJ from Costa Rica to Philadelphia, and then to the final depository in the Canadian National Insect collection in Ottawa, Canada. Tachinid identifications for the inventory were done by DHJ in coordination with a) visual inspection by AJF and DMW, b) DNA barcoding by BIO, MAS, and BOLD, and c) correlation with host caterpillar identifications by DHJ and WH through the inventory itself. Dates of capture of each reared fly in the inventory are the dates of eclosion of the fly, and not the date of capture of the caterpillar. This is because the fly eclosion date is much more representative of the time when that fly species is on the wing than is the time of capture of the caterpillar or (rarely) finding a parasitized pupa. However, the collector listed is the parataxonomist who found the caterpillar, rather than the person who retrieved the newly eclosed fly from its rearing bag or bottle, and processed it by freezing, pinning, labeling and oven-drying. Fly biology and degrees of parasitization by these flies will be the detailed subject of later papers.

DNA barcoding
DNA barcodes (standardised 5' region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene) for all ACG inventory specimens were obtained using DNA extracts prepared from single legs using a glass fibre protocol (Ivanova et al. 2006). Total genomic DNA was resuspended in 30 μl of dH O, and a 658-bp region near the 5' terminus of the COI gene was amplified using standard primers (LepF1-LepR1 (Hebert et al. 2004)) following established protocols (Smith et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2007, Smith et al. 2008. *The new combination is proposed by DMW and result from new generic synonymy and the examination of the type material of other nominal species. Type label information is included for those species.

Diagnosis of the genus Spathidexia
Arnaud 1960 provided a detailed description of the genus Spathidexia. The genus is characterized as follows: small to medium sized, with narrow parafacial, and bare to sparsely haired eyes, lower margin almost at level of vibrissa. Frons moderately wide in both sexes, with a pair of proclinate orbital bristles in both sexes in many species, some males with reclinate orbital bristles in line with frontal bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to middle of second antennal segment. The antennae descend to near the lower facial margin, with the third segment three times longer than the pedicel. First flagellomere in both sexes parallel sided. Parafacial bare or lightly haired along upper portion. Facial ridge strongly divergent, often posessing supravibrissal bristles along facial ridge. Usually with apical and subapical scutellars crossed at their tips, if subapicals not crossed then these are at least strongly convergent. Abdomen lacking discal bristles; female with flattened rectractile ovipositor which is either long and sharply pointed or short and blunt ended. Wing short and broad without unusual modification in tachinid veination. Vein R may be bare or haired with vein R haired up to at least crossvein r-m. It is different from its sister taxon Thelairodes by the presence of 3-4 meral bristles, with Thelairodes possessing 5 or more.

4+5
Seven new species of Spathidexia Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared ... Female (Fig. 1d, e, f), head: Frontal vitta dark black, parallel sided apically equal to twice the width of the ocellar triangle, face 3 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise n o lower than level of pedicel; black hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; proclinate orbital bristles present; antenna black; arista black and plumose, trichia at least 4 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; parafrontal entirely silver; parafacial silvery; palpi black, slightly haired along lower surface; short row of black supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: greyish when viewed dorsally with four longitudinal black vittae, these becoming fused post-suturally, appearing as two indistinct blotches covering just more than 2/3 thorax postsuturally; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum bearing white or yellowish pruinosity over its ½ of its entirety; legs black with silvery sheen on anterior femur. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose from node up to r-m, R bare. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark velvety black, bright grayish bands covering at up to 1/2 of tergal surface along anterior margin of T3 and T4; yellow abdominal band wrapping around the abdomen on the posterior margin of T1+2 visible only when viewed laterally; T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Small black hairs visible over entire body, not as hirsute as males but still present, in particular visible extending from anepimeron, and from underside of T1+2.

Diagnosis
The presence of black palpi is its strongest diagnostic character, differentiating it from almost all other species. This species differs from S. atypica, which also has black(ish) palpi, in having 3 postsutural dorsocentral bristles, bare eyes, and the presence of small black hairs covering entire body especially prominent extending from anepimeron and underside of T . Differs, from S. antillensis, which also bears two bold thoracic vittae but does not bear black palpi.

Etymology
From the Latin "ater", color black, and the noun "palpus", literally the palm of the hand, in reference to the black palpi present in both sexes of this species.

Ecology
Reared from four species of grass-eating rain forest satyrine Nymphalidae (4 records).
One larva per host. lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange; arista orange and plumose, trichia at least 4 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles absent; parafrontal entirely silver with minute white hairs over its entire surface; parafacial silver; palpi orange; short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with four longitudinal grey vittae, these only slightly visible postsuturally, appearing broken at thoracic suture; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum bearing white or yellowish pruinosity over its entirety; legs anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity, tibiae yellow and hirsute with black tarsi. Wings: pale smoky yellowish in color, vein R setose from node up to r-m; R setose along its entire length. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark shiny black medially, with bright grey band covering 1/3 or more of tergal surface arising at the margins of abdominal T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside of the abdomen. Bright yellow blotches appear along tergites T1+2, T3 and the anterior margin of T4, continuing ventrally to the tip of the abdomen; tergites T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Medium length yellow hairs visible over entire body, in particular visible extending from underside of T1+2.

Spathidexia marioburgosi
Female (Fig. 2d, e, f), head: Frontal vitta dark black, narrowed apically to less than the width of the ocellar triangle, face 10 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange; arista orange and plumose, trichia at least 4 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontal entirely silver with minute white hairs over its entire surface; parafacial silver; palpi orange; short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with four longitudinal grey vittae, these only slightly visible postsuturally, appearing broken at thoracic suture; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum bearing white or yellowish pruinosity over its entirety; legs anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity, tibiae yellow and hirsute with black tarsi. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose from node up to r-m; R setose along its entire length. Abdomen: abdominal tergites T , and T dark shiny black medially, with bright grey band covering 1/3 or more of tergal surface arising at the anterior margins of abdominal tergites T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside. Bright yellow blotches appear along T1+2,T3 ending at the margin of T4, resuming along ventral surface of T5; T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Medium length yellow hairs visible over entire body, not as hirsute as males, in particular visible extending from underside of T1+2.

Diagnosis
Differs from S. cerussata, who also possesses fine white hairs on parafacialia, due to its broadly yellow side coloration, and yellow orange antenna.

Etymology
This species is named in honor of Sr. Mario Burgos Cespedes (RIP), whose large land holdings in Sector Pocosol became major parts of the newly forming Area de Conservacion Guanacaste in the late 1980's.

Ecology
Reared 221 times from 5 species of Talides (Hesperiidae; Hesperiinae), all feeding on broad-leafed rain forest monocots (Heliconia spp., Heliconiaceae and Musa spp., introduced Musaceae). Usually 5-12 larvae per caterpillar. This frequently-reared species of Spathidexia displays a very shallow DNA barcode split into two groups (see Supplemental Appendix 1) that are identical in morphology, microgeographic location in ACG, and host records. We judge these specimens to be one species of Spathidexia but they may merit a subsequent deeper genetic probe. Female (Fig. 3d, e, f), Head: Frontal vitta dark black, narrowed apically to less than the width of the ocellar triangle, face 6 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange with dark blotches on the apical outer surface; arista brown and plumose, trichia at least 4 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontal entirely gold at apex up to insertion of upper proclinate orbital bristle with minute hairs over upper half of its surface; parafacial silver; palpi orange; short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with four faintly visible longitudinal grey vittae, these becoming slightly more visible post-suturally, appearing broken at thoracic suture; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum concolorous with thorax over its entirety, thorax silver grey when viewed laterally; anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity; legs anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity, anterior tibiae slightly yellow and hirsute with black tarsi, 2 and 3 pair of legs entirely black. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose along its entirety; vein R bare. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark shiny black medially, with a mid-dorsally broke bright grey band covering 1/3 or more of tergal surface arising at the anterior margins of abdominal tergites T3, T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside; tergites T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles, sharp ovipositor extending out 2 times the length of T5. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Medium length yellow hairs visible over entire body, not as hirsute as males, in particular visible extending from underside of T1 +2.

Diagnosis
Differs from S. cerussata, who also possesses fine white hairs on parafacialia, due to its gold thorax, broadly yellow lateral coloration, and yellow orange antenna with darkened apices.

Etymology
This species is named in honor of Sr. Luis Roberto Gallegos (RIP), whose large land holdings in Sector El Hacha, Sector Orosi and Sector Pocosol became major parts of the newly forming Area de Conservacion Guanacaste in the late 1980's.

Description
Male (Fig. 4a, b, c), head: Frontal vitta dark black, narrowed apically to less than the width of the ocellar triangle, face 6 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange along upper half, first flagellomere darkening apically; arista black and plumose, trichia at least 4 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles absent; parafrontal almost entirely silver, gold along apex following margin of frontal vitta, with minute hairs over its entire surface; parafacial silver; palpi orange; short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: dull greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with two smoky longitudinal grey bands; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum concolorous with thorax over its entirety, thorax silver grey when viewed laterally; anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity; anterior pair of legs with femur bearing silvery pruinosity slightly yellow 1/6 of its length past knee, tibiae yellow and hirsute with black tarsi, 2 and 3 pair of legs black entirely. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose up to crossvein rm; vein R bare. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark shiny black medially, with bright grey band covering 1/10 of anterior margin of T3, and up to 1/5 or more of T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside. Bright yellow blotches appear along tergites T1+2, T3 and the anterior half of T4; T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial Female (Fig. 4d, e, f), head: Frontal vitta dark black, narrowed apically to less than the width of the ocellar triangle, face 8 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange along upper half, first flagellomere darkening apically; arista black and plumose, trichia at least 4 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontal almost entirely silver, gold along apex surrounding ocellar triangle and following margin of frontal vitta, sparse minute hairs over upper half of fronto-orbital plate; parafacial silver; palpi orange; short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with four longitudinal grey vittae, these only slightly visible post-suturally, appearing broken at thoracic suture; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum bearing white or yellowish pruinosity over its entirety; legs anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity, anterior pair of legs with tibiae yellow and hirsute with black tarsi, 2 and 3 pair of legs black entirely. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose up to crossvein c-m; vein R bare. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark shiny black medially, with bright grey band covering 1/3 or more of tergal surface arising at the margins of abdominal tergites T3, T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside. Bright yellow blotches appear along tergites T1+2, T3 and the anterior margin of T4; T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles, ovipositor concealed within segment 5. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Small yellow hairs visible over entire body, not as hirsute as males but still present, in particular visible extending from anepimeron, and from underside of T1+2.

Diagnosis
Species closely resembling S. clemonsi, differs from the former due to the presence of yellow tibiae on the front pair of legs, yellow/pale hairs covering the entire body, and costal spine is reduced in S. luteola, not absent as in S. clemonsi. This species is quite similar to Spathidexia brasiliensis, from which it can be differentiated by the former having an orange pedicel and narrow ocellar triangle.

Etymology
From the Latin adjective, "luteus", yellow, in reference to the pale yellow hairs covering the body of this species, particularly prominent on the underside of the abdomen.

Distribution
Costa Rica, ACG, Prov. Guanacaste, dry forest and dry forest-rain forest interface, 300-600 m elevation.   (Fig. 5a, b, c), head: Frontal vitta dark black, narrowed apically to less than the width of the ocellar triangle, face 8 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange along upper quarter of first flagellomere and pedicel, darkening apically; arista black and plumose, trichia at least 2 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontal almost entirely silver, gold only along apex surrounding ocellar triangle, with minute hairs over its entire surface; parafacial silver; palpi orange; lacking short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: dull greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with two faint smoky longitudinal grey bands; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum concolorous with thorax over its entirety, thorax silver grey when viewed laterally; anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity; anterior pair of legs with femur bearing silvery pruinosity, tibiae dark brownish yellow and hirsute with black tarsi, 2 and 3 pair of legs black entirely; claws of male shorter than apical tarsal segment. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, Vein R setose to just past crossvein r-m; vein R haired along its entirety. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark shiny black medially, with bright grey band covering 1/5 or more of tergal surface arising along the anterior margins of abdominal tergites T3, T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside. Bright yellow blotches appear along tergites T1+2, T3 and the anterior half of T4; median marginal bristles on T3, T4 and T5. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Medium length yellow hairs visible over entire body, in particular visible extending from underside of T1+2.
Female (Fig. 5d, e, f), head: Frontal vitta dark black, narrowed apically to less than the width of the ocellar triangle, face 6 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna orange along upper quarter of first flagellomere and pedicel, darkening apically; arista black and plumose, trichia at least 2 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontal almost entirely silver, gold only along apex surrounding ocellar triangle, up to insertion of upper proclinate orbital, and following margin of frontal vitta, sparse minute hairs over upper half of fronto-orbital plate; parafacial silver; palpi orange; lacking short row of yellow supravibrissal hairs along facial margin. Thorax: greyish-gold when viewed dorsally with four faint longitudinal grey vittae, these only slightly visible post-suturally, appearing broken at thoracic suture; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum bearing white or yellowish pruinosity over its entirety; legs anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity, anterior pair of legs with tibiae yellowish tinge and hirsute with black tarsi, 2 and 3 pair of legs black entirely. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose to just past crossvein r-m; R haired along its entirety. Abdomen: abdominal tergites entirely dark shiny black, with bright grey band covering 1/3 or more of tergal surface arising at the margins of abdominal tergites T3, T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside. Silver pruinose patch appearing along underside of appearing broken at thoracic suture; three post sutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum concolorous with thorax; legs anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity, anterior pair of legs with tibiae yellowish and hirsute with black tarsi, 2 and 3 pair of legs black entirely. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose to just past crossvein rm; vein R bare. Abdomen: abdominal tergites entirely bright orange only darkening on posterior 1/3 of T5, slight grey pruinosity covering less than 1/3 of tergal surface arising at the margins of abdominal tergites T3, T4 and T5, traces of which is apparent along the ventral margins of T3 and T4. Tergites T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles, ovipositor concealed within segment 5. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Small yellow hairs visible over entire body, not as hirsute as males but still present, in particular visible extending from anepimeron, and from underside of T1+2.

Diagnosis
This species differs from the only other reddish-orange species in Spathidexia, S. creolensis from the southern US in that Spathidexia aurantiaca has more pronounced pruinosity along abdominal margins, black ground color on T5 in both sexes, and gold along the fronto-orbital plate.

Etymology
From Latin, "aurantiaco" referring to the orange ground color of the abdomen.

Ecology
Reared from Hesperiidae, specifically two species of sedge (Cyperaceae)-eating Hesperiinae (4 records). 1-5 larvae per caterpillar. Description Female (Fig. 7a, b, c), (to date only females have been reared from the inventory efforts) head: Frontal vitta light to dark brown, apically twice as wide as ocellar triangle, face 3 times as wide as frontal vitta; frontal bristles arise no lower than level of pedicel; lacking yellow hairs lining the margin of the frontal vitta; antenna bearing a black first flagellomere on an orange pedicel; arista black and plumose, sparsely haired with widely interspersed trichia at least 2 times as long as width of base of arista, tapering at apex of arista; proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontal entirely silver, sparse minute hairs over upper half of fronto-orbital plate; parafacial silver; palpi orange with black bulbous tips; lacking any supravibrissal hairs. Thorax: dull grey when viewed dorsally, longitudinal vittae smudging together presuturally appearing as two black smudges separated by grey, then into a large precircular dark smudge post suturally. Vittae are nor readily discernible as bands; scutellum dark over more than 2/3 of its surface becoming grey apically concolorous with rest of thorax; anterior pair of legs yellow from coxae to tibiae, anterior femur bearing silvery pruinosity on yellow ground color, 2 and 3 pair of legs yellow from coxae to ½ of femur, with black from tibiae to tarsi. Wings: pale smoky greyish in color, vein R setose beyond crossvein r-m, but ending approximately 1/3 of vein length away from wing margin; R haired along its entirety. Abdomen: abdominal tergites dark shiny black medially, with bright grey band covering 1/3 or more of tergal surface arising at the anterior margins of abdominal tergites T4 and T5, these bands wrapping around to the underside. T3 does not bear these grey bands of pruinosity but there is a conspicuous lack of pruinosity and bristles along the anterior margin of T3. Bright yellow blotches appear along tergites T1+2, T3 and the anterior margin of T4; T3, T4 and T5 possessing medial marginal bristles, ovipositor concealed within segment 5. Lateral marginal bristles on T1+2. Lacking any nd rd 4+5 1 rd discernible small yellow hairs over entire body, not as hirsute as other species, in particular lacking along anepimeron, and from underside of T1+2.

Diagnosis
Similar to S. setipennis in the thoracic markings, however S. juanvialesi is strongly different in the coloration of the antenna, and the extent of the yellow on the legs.

Etymology
This species is named in honor of Sr. Juan Viales (RIP), whose Finca San Cristobal became a large part of Sector San Cristobal of the newly forming Area de Conservación Guanacaste in the eary 1990's. Fronto-orbital plate entirely silver with no trace of gold, or if gold present, then only in trace amount alongside ocellar triangle (Figs 2e, 7b); vein R setose along its entirety; vein R setose along its entirety 8 -Fronto-orbital plate bearing traces of gold at least at apex, and surrounding ocellar triangle up to insertion of first proclinate orbital bristle (Fig. 4e); antenna orange but darkened apically; orange/yellow blotches present along sides of T1+2, T3, and spilling into T4, but only marginally (Fig. 4d, f); legs black with yellowish tibiae; vein R bare; vein R setose up to crossvein r-m; grey bands present along margins of T3, T4, and T5 Spathidexia luteola sp. n. (♀) 8 Fronto-orbital plate entirely silver with no trace of gold; wide light brown frontal vitta; antenna black only orange on pedicel (Fig. 7b); thoracic vittae joined pre-suturally appearing as two black blotches, and postsuturally as one large black smudge (Fig. 7a); legs bright yellow from coxae to tibiae; grey abdominal banding only along margin of T4 and T5, and no trace of grey band on T3 (Fig. 7c). Fronto-orbital plate with gold color only at apex surrounding ocellar triangle, descending to insertion of upper proclinate orbital in the case of females; antenna dark, only pedicel appears orange (Fig.  5b); thorax grey when viewed dorsally with only slight golden tinge ( Fig. 5a, d); legs entirely black (Fig. 5c, f); vein R bare; vein R setose beyond cross vein r-m, but only up to half its total length in males and up to crossvein r-m in females.