Revision of Telothyria van der Wulp (Diptera: Tachinidae) and twenty-five new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica with a key to Mesoamerican species

Abstract Background We describe 25 new species in the genus Telothyria van der Wulp, 1890 from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. All species herein described were reared from an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning two families (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, and Tortricidae). Our study provides a concise description of each new species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation; a redescription of the genus, and its type species as well as a revised key to species of Telothyria occurring in the Mesoamerican region. We also suggest seven new synonymies resulting in 11 new combinations. New information The following 25 new species of Telothyria are described: T. aidani sp. n., T. alexanderi sp. n., T. auranticrus sp. n., T. auriolus sp. n., T. bicuspidata sp. n., T. carolinacanoae sp. n., T. clavata sp. n., T. cristata sp. n., T. diniamartinezae sp. n., T. duniagarciae sp. n., T. duvalierbricenoi sp. n., T. eldaarayae sp. n., T. erythropyga sp. n., T. fimbriata sp. n., T. fulgida sp. n., T. gloriashihezarae sp. n., T. grisea sp. n., T. harryramirezi sp. n., T. incisa sp. n., T. manuelpereirai sp. n., T. obscura sp. n., T. omissa sp. n., T. osvaldoespinozai sp. n., T. peltata sp. n., and T. ricardocaleroi sp. n. The following are proposed by Fleming & Wood as new generic synonyms of Telothyria: Comatacta Coquillett Syn. n., Floradalia Thompson Syn. n., Ptilomyia Curran Syn. n., Ptilomyiopsis Townsend Syn. n., Ptilomyoides Curran Syn. n., Euptilomyia Syn. n., Eutelothyria Townsend Syn. n. The following new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Telothyria bequaerti (Curran, 1925) Comb. n., Telothyria cruenta (Giglio-Tos, 1893) Comb. n., Telothyria frontalis (Townsend, 1939) Comb. n., Telothyria insularis (Curran, 1927) Comb. n., Telothyria itaquaquecetubae (Townsend, 1931) Comb. n., Telothyria major (Thompson, 1963) Comb. n., Telothyria micropalpus (Curran, 1925) Comb. n., Telothyria minor (Thompson, 1963) Comb. n., Telothyria nautlana (Townsend, 1908) Comb. n., Telothyria plumata (Curran, 1925) Comb. n., Telothyria trinitatis (Thompson, 1963) Comb. n., Telothyria variegata (Fabricius, 1805) Comb. n. Musca tricincta Fabricius is synonymized under Telothyria variegata Fabricius, Syn. n. Telothyria schineri Fleming & Wood nom. n. is proposed as a replacement name for Miltogramma brevipennis Schiner. Additionally we provide redescriptions of two previously named species: the type species Telothyria cupreiventris (van der Wulp) due to its being the type species, and Telothyria relicta (van der Wulp) due to its having been reared as an outcome of the inventory.


Introduction
The Neotropical genus Telothyria van der Wulp (1890) was erected to include 38 nominal species. The original work, however, was vague in its concept of the genus, lacking even a designation of a type species. The following year, Brauer and Bergenstamm (1891) fixed Telothyria cupreiventris van der Wulp as the type species, thereby restricting the generic concept. While no subsequent work focused on Telothyria as a genus, a number of species were added and removed as the years passed. With the publication of Wood (1985)'s revision of the Blondeliini of North and Central America, the genus Telothyria sensu van der Wulp underwent an enormous upheaval (because most of the original species were blondeliines). Wood's revision resulted in 177 new generic synonyms and 321 new combinations. Among these new synonymies, and combinations, Wood (1985) reviewed and repositioned many of the species originally included in the Telothyriini. Thirty-three of van der Wulp's original Telothyria were transferred as new combinations or synonyms into the Blondeliini, leaving nine species of Telothyria, with only five of these derived from the original paper. No further work on Telothyria has been published since the changes proposed by Wood (1985). The tribe Telothyriini presently includes eight genera with a combined total of 21 species among them. One of the simplest and most easily recognizable traits of the tribe is the presence of long blonde to reddish-copper plumose thoracic hairs (Fig. 1). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the genus, including seven new synonymies, a generic redescription, a description of 25 new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), and a key to the identification of the Mesoamerican species. Detail of thorax and head of Telothyria relicta van der Wulp, 1890 displaying the characteristic plumose hairs that cover the surfaces of the thorax. These hairs are unique to this genus, within the family Tachinidae.
Our goal is to systematically revise and analyze the known members of the New World tachinid genus Telothyria van der Wulp (Dexiinae: Telothyriini). The tribe Telothyriini is distributed almost exclusively within the Neotropical region, except for one species from North America. The vast tachinid fauna of the Neotropical region, along with the huge number of genera, has proven to be one of the largest hurdles to understanding the generic boundaries within the Telothyriini, and properly understanding Neotropical Tachinidae.
All flies and rearing information described here derive from the ongoing inventory of the tritrophic relationships between caterpillars, their food plants and their parasitoids within the dry, rain, and cloud forests of the terrestrial portion of ACG , Janzen and Hallwachs 2011, Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014). Since 1978 this inventory has yielded an unprecedented amount of invaluable information on the tri-trophic relationships between parasitoids, hosts, and associated food plants.
Our descriptions of these 25 new species of Telothyria are based on differences in external morphology, COI (coxI or cytochrome c oxidase I) gene sequences, and male terminalia (whenever possible). As the inventory is continually growing, this paper should not be taken as an indication of the final total number of species of Telothyria present in Costa Rica or even within ACG. While our key is comprehensive across the Mesoamerican range (also inclusive of several species from the Antilles), our descriptions are limited to a redescription of the type species, and the species known and reared from ACG to date. This paper on Telothyria is part of a larger effort to describe new species reared during the ACG inventory , Fleming et al. 2015c, Fleming et al. 2015a, Fleming et al. 2015b, Fleming et al. 2015d, Fleming et al. 2016a, Fleming et al. 2016b, Fleming et al. 2017). This series of taxonomic papers will represent a baseline for later, detailed ecological and behavioral accounts and studies extending across ACG ecological groups, whole ecosystems, and taxonomic assemblages much larger than a genus.

Project aims and rearing intensity
All reared specimens were obtained from host caterpillars collected in ACG , Smith et al. 2008, Janzen and Hallwachs 2011, Rodriguez et al. 2012, Janzen and Hallwachs 2016. ACG's 125,000+ terrestrial hectares span the provinces of Alajuela and Guanacaste, along the dry forested northwestern coast of Costa Rica and inland to the Caribbean lowland rain forest. ACG comprises several different biomes and intergrades, ranging from sea level up to 2,000 m. The tachinid rearing methods are described at http:// janzen.bio.upenn.edu/caterpillars/methodology/how/parasitoid_husbandry.htm. Since its inception, this inventory has reared over 750,000 wild-caught ACG caterpillars. Any frequencies of parasitization reported here need to be considered against this background inventory. Comparative details of the parasitization ecology of these flies will be treated separately in later papers, in the context of the study of all parasitization rates of tachinids on ACG caterpillars, once the overall alpha taxonomy of ACG caterpillar-attacking tachinids is more complete than at present.

Voucher specimen management
The management of voucher specimens has been detailed in previous papers in this series . In brief, all caterpillars reared from the ACG efforts receive a unique voucher code in the format yy-SRNP-xxxxx. Any parasitoid emerging from a caterpillar receives the same voucher code as a record of the rearing event. If and when the parasitoid is later dealt with individually it receives a second voucher code unique to it, in the format DHJPARxxxxxxx. These voucher codes assigned to both host and parasitoids may be used to obtain the individual rearing record at http://janzen.bio.upenn.edu/ caterpillars/database.lasso.
To date, all DHJPARxxxxxx-coded tachinids have had one leg removed for DNA barcoding at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO) in Guelph, ON, Canada. All successful barcodes and collateral data are first deposited in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD, www.boldsystems.org) (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007), and later migrated to GenBank. Each barcoded specimen is also assigned unique accession codes from both the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and GenBank respectively.
Inventoried Tachinidae were collected under Costa Rican government research permits issued to DHJ, and exported from Costa Rica to Philadelphia, en route to their final depository in the Canadian National Insect collection in Ottawa, Canada (CNC). Tachinid identifications for the inventory were done by DHJ in coordination with a) visual inspection by AJF and DMW, b) DNA barcode sequence examination by MAS and DHJ, and c) correlation with host caterpillar identifications by DHJ and WH through the inventory itself. Dates of collection cited for each ACG specimen are the dates of eclosion of the fly, not the date of capture of the caterpillar since the fly eclosion date is much more representative of the time when that fly species is on the wing than is the time of capture of the host caterpillar. The collector listed on the label is the parataxonomist who found the caterpillar, rather than the person who retrieved the newly eclosed fly from its rearing container. Unless otherwise noted the primary type material of the species newly described herein are all deposited in the CNC.

Descriptions and imaging
Species accounts and descriptions are complemented with a series of color photos of every species, used to illustrate the morphological differences among them. The morphological terminology used follows Cumming and Wood (2009). All dissections and photography were carried out following the methods detailed by . If only one male was available, it was designated as the holotype and not subjected to dissection. Landmark body structures, measurements and examples of parts of the terminalia are illustrated in Fig. 2.

Interim names of undescribed host species
Names of undescribed host species follow a standardized, interim naming system used for taxonomic units considered as distinct species and identified by DNA barcodes. The interim names are given in the format "Phostria Janzen52" or "Desmia benealisDHJ03", where the "species epithet" is either composed of the name of the taxonomist who identified the species and a number or the name of a species-group followed by a code. This prevents confusion with already described species while maintaining traceability of each undescribed species within the ACG project.

DNA Barcoding
DNA barcodes sequences derived from a standardized 5' region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene were obtained for all ACG inventoried specimens using DNA extracts prepared from single legs using a modified glass fibre protocol (Ivanova et al. 2006). A 658-bp region near the 5' terminus of the COI gene was amplified from the total genomic DNA extract using standard insect primers (LepF1-LepR1 and following established protocols , Smith et al. 2008). All information for the sequences associated with each individual specimen (including GenBank and BOLD accession) can be retrieved from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) via the public dataset: http://dx.doi.org/10.5883/ DS-ASTELOTH.
downward curve on apical 1/3, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 2/3. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length, rounded at tip, sometimes slightly pinched at midpoint appearing digitiform, appearing fused with epandrium, when viewed dorsally straight and slender or with a slight sinusoidal curve, parallel at apices. Distiphallus either long and slender or short and stout, ranging from 1.5X to 2X as long as basiphallus and tubular, weakly tapering apically. Distiphallus, hinged at a strong acute angle with basiphallus, a synapomorphy of the Dexiinae.
Female as in male except in the following aspects: head: bearing 2-3 pairs of proclinate orbital setae, as well as 2-3 pairs of reclinate inner orbital setae; one pair of outer vertical setae present; thorax: meron bearing either typical meral setae not plumose blonde hairs as in male (Fig. 2d) or a mix of both plumose blonde hairs and regular setae (Fig. 2e); legs: can display dimorphic coloration from males; abdomen: slightly more globose than males, coloration of the abdomen can be dimorphic between the sexes; female terminalia were not dissected, however external examination showed these to be unspecialized.

Diagnosis
Telothyria can be recognized most easily by the presence of long plumose hairs covering more than 50% of the thoracic surfaces, a trait that was historically used to unify the genera within the tribe. In males of the genus, and many of the females, the meral setae are also replaced with these plumose hairs. Characters of note within Telothyria are: prosternum bare; fronto-orbital plate haired; parafacial bare; arista ranging from plumose to bare; ocellar setae weakly developed or absent; eye bare; females of all species with two pairs of well-developed proclinate orbital setae, absent in males; first postsutural supra-alar seta poorly developed in length at most 0.5X second postsutural supra-alar; the three major setae of the postpronotum arranged in a straight line; most of the thorax covered in plumose blonde or coppery hairs (some species lack these setae dorsally) (Fig. 1); wings lacking costal spine. Abdomen with median marginal setae only on T4 and T5 (exception Telothyria omissa sp. n.), and discal setae absent.

Distribution
From southeastern USA west to Mexico and south to Brazil.

Ecology
Within the ACG inventory Telothyria has been reared from two families of lepidopteran hosts throughout the diverse ecosystems of the research area, Crambidae, and Tortricidae. Guimarães (1977), suggested Spodoptera sp. of the family Noctuidae, however he failed to identify the species of Telothyria and as such casts a doubt on this potential host.

Taxon discussion
Based on our observations of the apomorphies shared by the species assigned to the tribe Telothyriini, expressed as a result described herein, we propose the synonymy of all the genus-group names listed above within the tribe Telothyriini. Most recently, it has been suggested that the Telothyriini are a phylogenetically nested sub-clade within the Dexiinae (Stireman et al. 2019); this evidence, is still the subject of discussion, as the reconstruction of the Dexiinae is still unclear. So, for the sake of continuity, taking into account all the available evidence, and given the remarkable difference between Telothyria and other genera within the Dexiinae, the authors have chosen to maintain the Telothyriini as a monotypic tribe, until further examination is conducted to clarify its classification.

Description
Male. Length: 5-9 mm (Fig. 3). Head (Fig. 3b): frons narrow, 1/5 of head width; frontal vitta prominent and visible 1/12 head width; gena 1/5 of head height; four reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate gold throughout inclusive of ocellar triangle; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale silver; facial ridge bare; palpus short digitiform, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, distinctly thickened on basal 1/10, microtrichia at most 3X as long as width of arista; postpedicel entirely orange; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. It should be noted that in the case of the holotype of Telothyria aidani sp. n. the type specimen has dented eyes, a feature not normally present in the species. However, due to the condition of the remainder of the series this specimen was chosen as the best representative. Thorax (Fig. 3a,c): golden tomentose, with one pair of distinct outer dorsal stripes, inner pair of stripes reaching up to halfway between insertion of first and second postsutural dorsocentral setae; thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 1:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum golden tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg and midleg all yellow ground color, with only tarsal segments brown; hindleg yellow ground color on coxa and proximal half of femur and dark brown extending from distal half of femur to tarsal segments; anterior leg tibia with irregularly sized fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with two posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta ivory white; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R .; calypters pale white translucent with a narrow yellowish fringe, upper calypter with a fringe of long setulae along margin. Abdomen (Fig. 3a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over medial 50%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending 4+5 into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe terminating in a band along posterior edge of  T4; T3-T5 with dense gold tomentum along anterior marginal 10%, thinning and  extending over remainder of tergite; T5 orange ground color with gold tomentum,  anterior edge of tergite with a slightly darker brown band and medial triangle; median  marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 3d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply separated median cleft, widely U-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite rounded and blunt apically, outer margins covered in strong setae; basal section of sternite 5 2X as long as apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed, basally swollen along the basal 1/5, fused along entire length; medial undeveloped, entire structure narrow and needle-like spatha shaped. In lateral view cerci, with a strong beaklike downward curve, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 1/5th. Surstylus in lateral view rounded and curved at tip, overall narrow digitiform in appearance; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear inwardly convergent with a very slight club or swelling apically. Distiphallus 3X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.

Diagnosis
Telothyria aidani sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, parafacial pale silver, postpedicel entirely orange, arista plumose on lower half with microtrichia at most 3X as wide as arista, facial ridge bare, thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs. Differs from T. alexanderi by ST1+2 brown over medial 50%, in females abdominal coloration overall darker than that of females of T. alexanderi, ground color brown dorsally on ST1+2 and T3 with orange laterally, and T4 entirely brown ground color. CO1 barcode differs from Telothyria alexanderi by 1%.

Etymology
Telothyria aidani sp. n. the new species is named in honor of my second son Aidan José Fleming. Just as we honor those who have worked before us, we must also recognize the potential of those who might continue our work and carry our legacy into the future.

Ecology
Telothyria aidani sp. n. has been reared 11 times from two species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Herpetogramma Janzen04 and Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775) in dry forest and dry-rain lowland intergrade. fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale silver; facial ridge bare; palpus short digitiform, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista plumose, brown, distinctly thickened on basal 1/10, microtrichia at most 3X as long as width of arista; postpedicel entirely orange; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 5a, c): pale brassy-golden tomentose, with two distinct outer dorsal stripes, inner stripes reaching only slightly beyond suture, up to but not beyond insertion of first postsutural dorsocentral seta, these almost invisible through dense blonde hairs; thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 1:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum golden tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg and midleg all yellow ground color, with only tarsal segments brown; hindleg yellow ground color on coxa and proximal 2/3 of femur and dark brown extending from distal 1/3 of femur, with yellow tibia, and brown tarsal segments; anterior leg tibia with irregularly sized fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with two posterodorsal setae. Wings : basicosta ivory white; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale white translucent with a narrow yellowish fringe, upper calypter with a fringe of long setulae along margin. Abdomen (Fig. 5a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over medial 30%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal 4+5 middorsal brown stripe terminating in a band along posterior edge of T4; T3-T5 with  dense brassy-silver tomentum along anterior marginal 10%, thinning and extending  over remainder of tergite; T5 orange ground color with gold tomentum, anterior edge of  tergite with a slightly darker brown band and medial triangle; median marginal setae  present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia: not examined.

Diagnosis
Telothyria alexanderi sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, parafacial pale silver, postpedicel entirely orange, arista plumose on lower half with microtrichia at most 3X as long as width of arista, facial ridge bare, thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs. Differs from T. aidani by ST1+2 brown over medial 30%, females generally lighter than those of T. aidani, with ground color orange entirely and a dorsocentral brown stripe along T3 and T4 and anterior 1/2 of T5. CO1 barcode differs from Telothyria aidani sp. n. by 1%.

Etymology
Telothyria alexanderi sp. n. the new species is named in honor of my first son Alexander José Fleming, who inspires me everyday to continue to learn and strive to make this world a better place for the future.

Ecology
Telothyria alexanderi sp. n. has been reared five times from two species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Herpetogramma Janzen04 and Spoladea recurvalis in dry forest and dry-rain lowland intergrade.

Description
Male. Length: 9-11mm (Fig. 7). Head (Fig. 7b): frons narrow, 1/7 of head width; frontal vitta narrow, but prominent and visible 1/48 head width; gena 1/10 of head height; three reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae reduced but present, at most hair-like; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate pale brassy-gold throughout; fronto-orbital plate with short pale reddish blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale silver; facial ridge bare with at most 6-8 supravibrissal hairs extending 1/5 the facial ridge; palpus elongate and digitiform with slight upward turn apically, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, smoothly tapered, microtrichia at most equal to width of arista; postpedicel entirely orange; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 7a, c): brassy-gold tomentose, with four distinct dorsal stripes, outer pair light and diffuse but evident, inner pair extending midway between 1st and 2nd dorsocentral setae; thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs (sometimes sparse on disc of scutum); chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:2; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with two setae. Scutellum gold tomentose; with plumose hairs along anterior margins only, disc of scutellum with only short black setulae; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: all legs with yellow ground color, midleg and hindleg appearing darker due to dense covering of black hairs; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with two posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta orange; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale white translucent, upper calyter with fringe of long white hairs. Abdomen (Fig. 7a, c): ground color dark brown dorsocentrally, with yellow lateroventrally apparent when viewed dorsally; ST1+2 dorsomedially dark brown over 3/5 with yellow laterally; T4 entirely dark brown ground color, and T5 entirely orange; T3-T5 with dense gold tomentum along anterior margin of tergite, diffusing over entire tergite appearing to have a golden sheen when viewed with the naked eye; T5 orange ground color with gold tomentum; a complete row of marginal setae on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia: Sternite 5 with a wide deeply separated median cleft, widely U-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite elongate, rounded and blunt apically, bearing many strong setae; basal section of sternite 5 .75X as long as apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed, basally swollen along the basal 2/3, fused along entire length; medial shoulder well developed, anterior 1/3 narrow and needle-like sharply tapered. In lateral view cerci, with a strong beaklike downward curve, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 1/5th. Surstylus in lateral view rounded and curved at tip, overall narrow digitiform in appearance; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear inwardly convergent with a very slight club or swelling apically. Distiphallus 4X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.
Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria auranticrus sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: frons narrow, fronto-orbital plate pale brassy-gold throughout, parafacial pale silver, two katepisternal setae, thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, sometimes sparse on disc of scutum, T4 entirely dark brown, and T5 orange with gold tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria auranticrus sp. n. From the Latin adjective, "aurantium" for orange and the noun "crus" for leg, in reference to its bright orange legs.

Ecology
Specimens hand collected two times, further ecology not available.
Female. unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria auriolus sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: frons narrow, fronto-orbital plate silver throughout, parafacial pale silver, three katepisternal setae, two postsutural intra-alar setae, basicosta ivory white, thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, median marginal setae absent from T3.

Etymology
Telothyria auriolus sp. n. From the Latin adjective, "auriolus" meaning made of gold, in reference to its overall light color and its brilliant yellow legs.

Ecology
Specimens hand collected five times at high elevations, further ecology not available.

Description
Male. Length: 8-10 mm (Fig. 9). Head (Fig. 9b): frons narrow, 1/6 of head width; frontal vitta narrow yet prominent and visible 1/24 head width; gena 1/12 of head height; four reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital subequal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae reduced, almost absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate pale brassy-gold throughout; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale silver; facial ridge bare; palpus elongate and slender digitiform with slight upward turn apically, sparsely haired along outer margin slightly darkened at tips; arista brown, smoothly tapered, microtrichia short at most as long as width of arista; postpedicel only 1/10 orange adjacent to pedicel; postocular region behind margin of eye upper 3/4 gold, with lower portion including gena silver tomentose; upper 3/4 of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 9a, c): dark ground color with brassy gold tomentum tomentose, with two pairs of distinct dorsal stripes, outer pair thick and prominent, inner pair extending up to second postsutural dorsocentral seta, when viewed from behind a fifth stripe appears dorsocentrally between postsutural acrostichal setae; thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs throughout; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 4:3; katepisternum with two setae. Scutellum dark brown ground color, slightly gold tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color covered in dark hairs giving tibia and tarsal segments an overall dark appearance; midleg and hind leg dark brown ground color, both with yellow coxa; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, and 2-3 posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta beige/orange brown basally; wings brown slightly infuscate, all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters brassy brown translucent, with a narrow yellowish fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 9a, c): ground color dark burnt orange to with brown medially apparent when viewed dorsally; ST1+2 dark over dorsomedial 50%, with yellow laterally and dark stripe laterally which continues along T3 and T4; T3-T5 with dense gold tomentum along anterior margin of tergite, diffusing over entire tergite appearing to have a golden sheen when viewed with the naked eye; T5 orange ground color with gold tomentum; median marginal setae on ST1+2-T3 and a complete row on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 9d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a narrow deeply cloven median cleft, narrowly V-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite elongate and subtriangular apically, outer margins covered in strong setae, overall appearance like rabbit ears; basal section of sternite 5 almost 1/2 as long as length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed with a strong rectangular shoulder, slightly longer than surstyli, fused along entire length; medial shoulder rounded and smoothly tapered, not abrupt as in other species. In lateral view cerci, with a strong downward bend, along apical 1/2, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 1/3rd. Surstylus in lateral view narrow and digitiform rounded at tip; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appearing straight and convergent. Basiphallus long and narrow, distiphallus 3X as long as basiphallus, weakly tapering apically.  Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria bicuspidata sp. n. can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of traits: frons narrow, fronto-orbital plate pale brassy-gold throughout, thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs throughout, two katepisternal setae, three postsutral intra-alar setae, wings slightly infuscate, calypters brassy brown, and median marginal setae present on ST1+2 and T3.

Etymology
Telothyria bicuspidata sp. n. From the Latin prefix "bi-" meaning two, the noun, "cuspis" meaning tooth, and the suffix "ata" in reference to T5 resembling a pair of canine (cuspid) teeth.

Ecology
Specimens hand collected, six times from 1500 m, further ecology not available.
Male. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria carolinacanoae sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, plumose blonde hairs absent from disc of scutum, katepisternum with three setae, two postsutural intra-alar setae, and T1+2-T4 with gold tomentum at tergal margin changing to silver tomentum extending over up to 50% of tergite, ground color mostly brown with yellow-orange present ventrolaterally.

Etymology
Telothyria carolinacanoae sp. n. is named in recognition of Carolina Cano's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica San Gerardo.

Ecology
Telothyria carolinacanoae sp. n. has been reared once from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Herpetogramma phaeopteralis, in rain forest. a b c Figure 10.

Description
Male. Length: 10-11mm (Fig. 11). Head ( Fig. 11b): frons narrow, 1/5 of head width; gena 1/8 of head height; two reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae absent, or apparently absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate brassy-gold throughout; fronto-orbital plate with short black hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial brassy-gold, almost concolorous with fronto-orbital plate; facial ridge bare; palpus long slender digitiform with slight upward turn apically, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista orange-brown, smoothly tapered, microtrichia at most 3X as long as width of arista, concolorous with postpedicel; postpedicel only 30% orange, directly adjacent to pedicel; postocular region behind margin of eye including gena gold tomentose; occiput dark grey to silver tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 11a, c): pale brassy tomentose, with four thick and distinct dorsal stripes, bearing a basal dark dorsomedial stripe on postsutural scutum directly adjacent to scutellum; plumose blonde hairs absent from disc of scutum, punctuated on anepisternum at base of postpronotum with a spot of long brown plumose hairs, dorsally thorax densely covered in black hairs; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intraalar setae 2:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 4:4; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum dark brown ground color with brassy tomentosity along margin 20%; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing regular non-plumose black hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: all legs dark brown ground color; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, one posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta brown; all smoky-brown slightly infuscate all veins bare, with only one setula at base of R ; calypters brassy brown, lower calypter with a narrow yellow fringe, upper calypter with a narrow brown fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 11a, c): ground color bright orange, with orange to maroon spots apparent when viewed dorsally; ST1+2 maroon over dorsomedial 40%, T3 and T4 each with only some dark brown spots present dorsomedially; light silver tomentum along T3-T5, extending over entire tergite appearing to have a silver sheen when viewed with under certain angles of light; T5 orange ground color with a slightly darker apex and a light silver tomentum; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 11d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply excavated median cleft, smoothly V-shaped, margins covered in dense pollinosity; lateral lobes of sternite rounded apically, with a group of strong setulae along outer margins; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to slightly longer than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed triangular sharply widening to a rectangular shoulder along the basal section, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; in lateral view, with a slight downward angle on apical 1/3; when viewed dorsally entire genital capsule can be said to be quite hirsute bearing several strong setulae throughout. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length rounded and downwardly curved at tip, appearing digitiform; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear slender with a slight inward curve at 4+5 apices. Pregonite short and not very well developed, apically rounded, bare. Postgonite, elongate and slender, sharply pointed at its tip, subequal in length to pregonite. Basiphallus long and slender, as a short humplike process. Distiphallus subequal in length to basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.

a b
c d e f Figure 11. Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Very distinctive species of Telothyria can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, or apparently absent, fronto-orbital plate and parafacial pale brassy-gold, with four thick and distinct dorsal stripes, bearing a basal dark dorsomedial stripe on postsutural scutum directly adjacent to scutellum, plumose blonde hairs absent from disc of scutum, punctuated on anepisternum at base of postpronotum with a spot of long brown plumose hairs, dorsally thorax densely covered in black hairs, katepisternum with three setae, and entire abdomen bright orange.

Etymology
Telothyria clavata sp. n. From the Latin noun, "clavus" for the stripes on the tunics of Roman senators, in reference to the uniquely bold dorsal stripes.

Ecology
Specimens hand collected once, ecology not available.

Description
Male. Length: 7-9 mm (Fig. 12). Head (Fig. 12b): frons narrow, 1/6 of head width; gena 1/8 of head height; three reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae absent; outer vertical seta absent; frontoorbital plate brassy-gold throughout; vertex and ocellar triangle black; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale brassygold; facial ridge bare; palpus short digitiform with slight upward turn apically, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, smoothly tapered, microtrichia at most 3X as long as width of arista; postpedicel only 30% orange, directly adjacent to pedicel; postocular region behind margin of eye including upper hald of gena gold tomentose, lower half of gena silver tomentose; upper 1/4 of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig.  12a, c): gray tomentose, with two almost indistinct outer dorsal stripes, and inner stripes not evident; thorax laterally covered in dense plumose blonde hairs; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 1:3; intra-alar setae 1:2; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum gray tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing regular non-plumose black hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: all legs dark brown ground color throughout; anterior leg tibia with irregularly sized fringe of equally spaced setae along anterodorsal surface, one posterodorsal seta. Wings: basicosta dark brown, wing slightly infuscate, almost imperceptibly so, amber color overall; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters cinereous translucent with a thin brown fringe on lower calypter. Abdomen (Fig. 12a, c): ground maroon apparent when viewed dorsally with dark burnt orange color along lateral surfaces; ST1+2 maroon over 90%, with yellow spots, T3 and T4 each with some orange present ventrolaterally; T3-T5 with dense silver tomentum along extending over entire tergite appearing to have a silver sheen when viewed with the naked eye; T5 maroon ground color with gold tomentum; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 12d, e, f): Sternite 5 with an extremely wide and deeply separated median cleft, V-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite outwardly pointed subtriangular apically, outer margins covered in a crest of strong setae; basal section of sternite 5 1/3 as long as length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed along apical half, basal half rectangular with a widened shoulder medially, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length. In lateral view cerci, with a strong downward curve, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus 4+5 in lateral view bluntly rounded at tip, slightly downwardly pointed but not curved, overall digitiform in appearance; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear robust and straight with a very slight club apically. Basiphallus short and stout and stout, distiphallus subequal to in length to basiphallus, weakly tapering apically.  Female. Length: 5-7 mm (Fig. 13). Head (Fig. 13b): as in male with the following exceptions: ocellar triangle dark brassy; fronto-orbital plate gray; parafacial silverygray; frons 1/5 of head width; 2-4 inner reclinate orbital setae; two proclinate orbital setae; outer vertical seta present; palpus long and clubbed bare apically. Thorax (Fig.  13a, c): katepisternum with three setae; meron with 9-12 typical meral setae and some long blonde hairs along anterior edge. Legs: colored as in male. Abdomen (Fig. 13a, c): ground color as in male; T3-T5 with silver tomentum along anterior edge of tergites; T5 as in male; marginal setae present on T4, T5 only.

Diagnosis
Telothyria cristata sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, parafacial entirely gold, silvery-gray in females, postpedicel only 30% orange, directly adjacent to pedicel, thorax with only two outer stripes evident, plumose blonde hairs absent from disc of scutum, abdominal ground color dark maroon to blackish under certain angles of light, with dark orange lateroventrally from ST1+2-T5, and T5 maroon with silver tomentum. T. cristata differs a b c Figure 13.
Telothyria cristata sp. n. habitus images a-c: female, paratype n. DHJPAR0016505 a: dorsal view b: frontal view c: lateral view from its closest congener T. cupreiventris Van der Wulp, by the presence of orange along the lateral surfaces of the abdomen in both males and females.

Etymology
Telothyria cristata sp. n. From the Latin adjective " cristatum" meaning crested, in reference to the crest of hairs that line ST5 in the male terminalia.

Diagnosis
Telothyria cupreiventris can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, parafacial entirely gold, silvery-gray in the female, postpedicel only 30% dark burnt-orange, directly adjacent to pedicel, thoracic stripes truncated and only slightly evident, plumose hairs on thorax absent from disc of scutum, lateral plumose hairs reddish-brown mixed with blonde, abdominal ground color dark maroon appearing blackish under certain angles of light, without any traces of orange lateroventrally, and T5 with silver tomentum. Telothyria cupreiventris differs from T. cristata by the entirely maroon abdomen, and its reddish-brown plumose hairs present on lateral surfaces of thorax.

Distribution
Mexico, Tabasco and Veracruz.

Description
Female. Length: 5 mm (Fig. 16). Head (Fig. 16b): frons 1/3 of head width; gena 1/10 of head height; three pairs of reclinate inner orbital setae uppermost pair slightly convergent, and two proclinate orbital setae; ocellar setae minimal but present; outer vertical seta present; fronto-orbital plate pale brassy-gold along upper half inclusive of ocellar triangle; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; lower half of fronto-orbital plate and entire parafacial brilliant silver; facial ridge bare; palpus bearing a very slight apical club and slightly upturned; arista brown, apically turning almost orange at base, smoothly tapering to apical 1/8, microtrichia shorter than width of arista; postpedicel orange over at most 30% of surface; postocular region behind margin of eye upper 2/3 gold, with lower 1/3 including gena silver tomentose; upper 3/4 of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 16a, c): brassygold tomentose, with four distinct thoracic stripes outer pair broken across suture; thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs laterally; chaetotaxy: four postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3: (unknown as holotype is damaged); katepisternum with three setae; meron lacking plumose hairs with six typical meral setae. Scutellum brassy-gold tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of parallel apical scutellar setae 1/8-1/10th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae convergent; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color on coxa and femur, tibia and tarsal segments darkened due to hair covering; midleg and hindleg with yellow coxae, pale brown femur, and dark brown remainder; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, one posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta beige; all veins bare, with only one setula at base of R , present on both dorsal and ventral surfaces; calypters pale white translucent. Abdomen (Fig. 16a, c): holotype female abdomen damaged, making the discerning of features difficult. Ground color dark brown dorsally with yellow-orange present ventrolaterally; T1+2-T4 with gold-silver tomentum extending over up to 50% of tergite; T4 entirely dark brown in ground color; T5 with a bronze-brown tomentum, and dark brown ground color basally turning orange apically; marginal setae present on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent.
Male. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria diniamartinezae sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae minimal but present, plumose hairs on thorax absent from disc of scutum, katepisternum with three setae, three postsutural intra-alar setae, legs with yellow coxa, T4 entirely dark brown, and T5 mostly dark brown with orange apically and covered in bronze-brown tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria diniamartinezae sp. n. is named in recognition of Dinia Martinez's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica Quica.

Ecology
Telothyria diniamartinezae sp. n. has been reared once from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Neoleucinodes Janzen02, in rain forest.
Legs: foreleg ground color yellow on coxa and femur, appearing darker from tibia to tarsi; both midleg and hindleg dark brown entirely, with yellow coxae; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with one posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta brown; all veins bare, with only one setula at base of R ; calypters pale translucent with thin slightly orange fringe. Abdomen (Fig.  17a, c): ground color appearing brown-black dorsally with yellow-orange ventrolaterally; ST1+2 brown over medial 50%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe bisected by a brown band along posterior edges of T3 and T4; T1+2-T4 with dense brassy tomentum extending over entire tergite; T5 brown ground color changing to dark orange apically, covered with gold tomentum; marginal setae present on T4 1/2 as long as those present on and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia: not examined.

Diagnosis
Telothyria duniagarciae sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, arista brown, with microtrichia at most 1.5X as long as width of arista, pedicel orange and postpedicel orange over 60% of surface, parafacial gold, silver in females, thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs laterally, plumose hairs on disc of scutum present yet sparse, and mixed in with short black hairs, katepisternum with three setae, legs yellow, abdominal ground color yellow-orange, and T5 yellow with silver tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria duniagarciae sp. n. is named in recognition of Dunia Garcia's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica Cacao.

Ecology
Telothyria duniagarciae sp. n. has been reared three times from two species of Lepidoptera in the families Crambidae and Depressariidae: Ategumia Solis01, and Filinota Janzen154 respectively, in rain forest.
Male. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria duvalierbricenoi sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, fronto-orbital plate mostly silver, pale brassy-gold along upper third inclusive of ocellar triangle, plumose hairs on thorax absent from disc of scutum, thorax brassy-gold tomentose dorsally, grey laterally, katepisternum with three setae, legs dark reddish-brown, abdominal ground color yellow-orange, and T5 black marroon along anterior margin with yellow apically, entirely covered in silver tomentum. Differentiates from Telothyria insularis Curran with its entirely silver gena, the presence of four thin dorsal stripes on the thorax, and the color of the coxae.

Etymology
Telothyria duvalierbricenoi sp. n. is named in recognition of Duvalier Briceño's outstanding work on managing the caterpillar and parasite inventory from his home and rearing barn in Brasilia, Alajuela Province. Costa Rica.

Ecology
Telothyria duvalierbricenoi sp. n. has been reared once times from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Salbia cassidalis (Guenée, 1854), in rain forest.

Description
Male. Length: 6-7 mm (Fig. 20). Head (Fig. 20b): frons narrow, 1/6 of head width; gena less than 1/12 of head height; four reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital shorter than uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae present but minimal; outer vertical absent; ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plate brassy-gold; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial brilliant silver; facial ridge bare; palpus oar-shaped, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, smoothly tapering to apical 1/8, microtrichia at most 1X as long as width of arista; postpedicel orange over at most 30% of surface; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 20a, c): brassy-gold tomentose, with two distinct outer dorsal stripes, and two short inner stripes; plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum; chaetotaxy: five postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:2; dorsocentral setae 2:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum brassy-gold tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/8-1/10th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color extending from coxa to tibia, tarsal segments darkened, posterodorsal surface with silver tomentum, and sparse short blonde hairs; midleg with yellow coxa, femur, tibia and tarsal segments dark brown with silver tomentum; hindleg dark brown extending from halfway along femur to tarsal segments, silver tomentum posterodorsally; anterior leg tibia with regular tapered fringe of equally spaced setae along basal half of anteroventral surface, and one strong posterodorsal seta up to 2X as long as width of tibia. Wings: basicosta bright ivory white; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale white translucent with narrow yellow fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 20a, c): ground color dark yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over medial 30%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a wide longitudinal middorsal brown stripe bisected by a brown band along posterior edges of T3 and T4; entire abdomen covered in dense gold tomentum; T5 entirely yellow, covered with silver tomentum; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5, those present on T4 variable in length from drastically reduced to strongly present; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 20d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a tight and shallow median cleft, narrowly V-shaped, margins bare; lateral lobes of sternite rounded subtriangular apically, outer margins devoid of setulae; basal section of sternite 5 1.3X longer than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed triangular, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; basal shoulder weakly developed almost absent. In lateral view with a strong downward curve on apical 1/3; several strong widely spaced setulae along basal 1/3rd. Surstylus in lateral view, almost subrectangular along its length rounded at tip, slightly pinched at midpoint appearing digitiform; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear slender and straight with a club apically. Distiphallus subequal to in length to basiphallus, weakly tapering apically.

Diagnosis
Telothyria eldaarayae sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae present but minimal, plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum, katepisternum with three setae, two postsutural intra-alar setae, three postsutural intra-alar setae in females, and T5 yellow with silver tomentum. Can be distinguished from T. minor (Thompson) by the yellow ground color and tomentum present on the legs.

Etymology
Telothyria eldaarayae sp. n. is named in recognition of Elda Araya's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica San Gerardo.

Description
Male. Length: 5-9 mm (Fig. 22). Head (Fig. 22b): frons narrow, 1/8 of head width; gena 1/9 of head height; four reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae present but so small as to appear absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate brassy-gold on uppermost 30%; ocellar triangle with pale gold tomentum on posterior half, with anterior margin concolorous with frontal vitta; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial brilliant silver; facial ridge bare; palpus apically slightly inflated to appear slightly oar-shaped, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, almost bare, distinctly-thickened on basal 1/10, microtrichia at most equally as long as width of arista; postpedicel orange over at most 60% of surface; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 22a, c): golden tomentose, with four distinct dorsal stripes; thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs; chaetotaxy: 5-6 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 1-2:2; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum golden tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/3rd as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color throughout, tibia and tarsal segments appearing darker due to hair covering; midleg, coxa and proximal half of femur yellow, remainder of femur, tibia and tarsal segments brown; hindleg dark brown extending from distal half of femur to tarsal segments; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, and two strong posterodorsal seta. Wings: basicosta ivory white; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R .; calypters pale white translucent with a narrow yellowish fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 22a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over medial 30%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe up to posterior edge of T3 and T4; T3-T5 with dense gold tomentum along anterior marginal 10%, thinning and extending over remainder of tergite; T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum; median marginal setae present only on 4+5 T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 22d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply separated median cleft, widely V-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite subtriangular apically, outer margins covered in strong setae; basal section of sternite 5 subequal in length to apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed rectangular, fused along entire length; medial shoulder weak to undeveloped, entire structure vaguely sword shaped. In lateral view cerci, with a mild downward curve, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus in lateral view rounded at tip, not downwardly curved, overall digitiform in appearance; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear straight with a very slight club or swelling apically. Distiphallus 2X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.

Diagnosis
Telothyria erythropyga sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae present but so small as to appear absent, parafacial brilliant silver, postpedicel orange over at most 60% of surface, arista plumose microtrichia at most equally as long as width of arista, facial ridge bare, thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, and T5 orange with gold tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria erythropyga sp. n. From the Greek adjective "erythros" meaning red and the Greek noun "pygo" meaning rump or tail, in reference to the apically orange T5.

Description
Male. Length: 6-8 mm (Fig. 24). Head (Figs 24b, 25): frons narrow, 1/8 of head width; gena 1/10 of head height; three reclinate orbital setae, anteriormost reclinate orbital shorter than uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae present but minimal; outer vertical seta small yet present; fronto-orbital plate and ocellar triangle coloration gold; frontoorbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial brilliant silver; facial ridge bearing minuscule blonde hairs at least along lower 1/2 (Fig.  25); palpus digitiform, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, smoothly tapering to apical 1/8, microtrichia at most 1X as long as width of arista; postpedicel almost entirely orange; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 24a, c): brassy-gold tomentose, with two distinct outer dorsal stripes, and two short inner stripes; thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs; chaetotaxy: five postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 1:3; intra-alar setae 2:2; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with two setae. Scutellum brassy-gold tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/8-1/10th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg yellow ground color, densely haired on tarsal segments with short black hairs making them appear darkened almost black; midleg with yellow coxa and femur and brown tibia and tarsal segments; hindleg dark brown extending from halfway along femur inclusive of tarsal segments; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with 2-3 anterodorsal setae, and 2-3 posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta ivory white; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale white translucent with narrow pale beige fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 24a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over medial 30%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe bisected by a brown band along posterior edges of T3 and T4; T3 and T4 each with dense gold tomentum along extending over entire tergite; T5 entirely yellow, covered with gold tomentum; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 24d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply excavated median cleft, smoothly V-shaped, margins covered in dense pollinosity; lateral lobes of sternite rounded apically, with a small group of strong setulae along outer margins; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to slightly longer than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed triangular sharply widening to a moderate rectangular shoulder along the basal section, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; in lateral view, with a strong downward curve on apical 1/3; several strong widely spaced setulae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length rounded at tip, slightly pinched at midpoint appearing digitiform; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally 4+5 surstyli appear slender with a slight sinusoidal curve, parallel at apices. Distiphallus 1.5X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.

Diagnosis
Telothyria fimbriata sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae present but minimal, parafacial brilliant silver, postpedicel almost entirely orange, arista plumose on lower half with microtrichia not exceeding the width of the arista, fine yellow hairs extending along at least lower half of facial ridge, thorax entirely covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, and T5 yellow with gold tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria fimbriata sp. n. From the Latin adjective " fimbriatus" meaning fringed in reference to the pale blonde hairs that line the facial ridge.

Description
Male. Length: 7-9 mm (Fig. 27). Head (Fig. 27b): frons wide almost 1/3 of head width; gena 1/10 of head height; two reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae reduced but present, arising behind anterior ocellus; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate enlarged, frontal vitta almost absent coloration brilliant silver throughout, ocellar triangle silver and contiguous with fronto-orbital plate; fronto-orbital plate densely covered with short pale blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale brilliant silver; facial ridge bare; palpus short yellow and digitiform with slight upward turn apically, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, smoothly tapered, microtrichia at most 2X as long as width of arista; pedicel orange, postpedicel with slight orange apex, adjacent to pedicel; postocular region behind margin of eye gold tomentose, gena mostly silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 27a, c): dark brownish ground color with light gold tomentum, dorsal stripes indistinct and not evident; thorax densely covered in plumose blonde hairs throughout; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 3:3; dorsocentral setae 4:4; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum brown with slight gold tomentum; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with dark brown-orange femur and yellow tibia appearing darkened due to hair covering, with dark yellow-brown ground color tarsal segments; mid leg and hind leg similar to foreleg; hind femur with covering of blonde hairs proximal on proximal half of femur; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with one posterodorsal seta. Wings: basicosta orange; all veins bare, and very slightly infuscate, with one setula at base of R .; calypters strongly cinereous infuscate with a narrow yellowish fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 27a, c): ground color dark brown dorsally, T1+2-T4 with yellow ventrolaterally and T5 brown with orange apically; T3-T5 with dense gold tomentum along margin, extending and thinning over entire tergite appearing to have a gold sheen when viewed with the naked eye; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Terminalia (Fig. 27d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply separated median cleft, widely V-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite subtriangular apically, outer margins covered in strong setae; basal section of sternite 5 2X longer than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed rectangular with a widened shoulder medially, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; medial shoulder weakly developed, entire structure vaguely daggershaped. In lateral view cerci, with a strong downward curve, with several strong widely spaced setae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus in lateral view pointed at tip, downwardly curved overall digitiform in appearance; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear robust and straight with a very slight club apically, strongly hirsute along entire length. Basiphallus short and stout and stout, distiphallus subequal to in length to basiphallus, weakly tapering apically.
Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria fulgida sp. n. is easily distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae reduced but present, frons wide almost 1/3 of head width, prominent and brilliant silver, with frontal vitta almost obliterated; parafacial entirely silver; pedicel orange with postpedicel mostly dark, thorax entirely covered in plumose blonde hairs, dorsal stripes indistinct and not evident; abdominal ground color dark brown, with yellow ventrolaterally from ST1+2-T4. Differentiated from T. frontalis Townsend by the tibia of fore leg having only one posterodorsal seta, and an anteroventral fringe, and the abdominal ground color being dark brown dorsally with yellow laterally, T5 orange only apically.

Etymology
Telothyria fulgida sp. n. From the Latin adjective, " fulgidus" meaning shining, in reference to its remarkable shining silver frons.

Distribution
Southern Mexico south to Costa Rica, 1400-1500 m.
Male. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria gloriasihezarae sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum, katepisternum with three setae, three postsutural intra-alar setae, and T5 yellow with gold tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria gloriasihezarae sp. n. is named in recognition of Gloria Sihezar's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica San Gerardo.

Diagnosis
Telothyria grisea sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: thorax dark ground color, gray tomentose dorsally, plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum; four distinct dorsal stripes, outer pair diffues and 4X as a b c Figure 29. wide as inner pair, with inner pair only reaching up to 1st postsutural dorsocentral seta, katepisternum with two setae.

Etymology
Telothyria grisea sp. n. From the Latin adjective "griseus" meaning grey in reference to the coloration of the thoracic tomentum.

Ecology
Telothyria grisea sp. n. has been reared six times from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Rhectocraspeda periusalis (Walker, 1859), in rain forest.

Description
Male. Length: 7-8 mm (Fig. 31). Head (Fig. 31b): frons narrow, 1/5 of head width; gena 1/12 of head height; 4-5 reclinate orbital setae uppermost reclinate orbital pair slightly convergent; anteriormost reclinate orbital subequal in length to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae absent; outer vertical seta absent; ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plate dark gold; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial gold; facial ridge bare; palpus digitiform, apically terminating in a small bulbous club; arista brown, smoothly tapering to apical 1/8, microtrichia at most 1.5X as long as width of arista; postpedicel orange over inner surface and 60% of outer surface; postocular region behind margin of eye including gena gold tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 31a, c): brassy-gold tomentose, with two distinct outer dorsal stripes broken across suture, and two short inner stripes extending up to first postsutural dorsocentral seta; thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs laterally, dorsally plumose hairs mixed in with short black hairs; chaetotaxy: five postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intraalar setae 2:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum brassy-gold tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/8-1/10th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg ground color yellow on coxa and femur, appearing darker from tibia to tarsi; both midleg and hindleg dark brown entirely, with yellow coxae; anterior leg tibia with regular tapered fringe of equally spaced setae along basal half of anteroventral surface, and one strong posterodorsal seta. Wings: basicosta orange-beige; all veins bare, with only one setula at base of R .; calypters pale white translucent with pale yellow fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 31a, c): ground color appearing brown-black dorsally with yellow-orange ventrolaterally; ST1+2 brown over medial 50%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe bisected by a brown band along posterior edges of T3 and T4; T1+2-T4 with dense brassy tomentum extending over entire tergite; T5 entirely yellow, covered with gold tomentum; marginal setae present on T4 1/2 as long as those present on and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 31d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply excavated median cleft, smoothly V-shaped, margins covered in dense pollinosity; lateral lobes of sternite pointed apically, with a small group of strong setulae along outer margins; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to slightly shorter than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed triangular sharply widening to a moderate almost rectangular shoulder along the basal section, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; in lateral view, with a smooth regular downward curve along apical 2/3rds; several strong widely spaced setulae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length rounded at tip, digitiform; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear slender with an inward bend. Distiphallus 3X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.
Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria harryramirezi sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, postpedicel orange over inner surface and 60% of outer surface, parafacial gold, thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs laterally, dorsally plumose hairs mixed in with short black hairs, katepisternum with three setae, legs yellow, abdominal ground color yellow-orange, and T5 yellow with gold tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria harryramirezi sp. n. is named in recognition of Harry Ramirez's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica Cacao.

Ecology
Telothyria harryramirezi sp. n. has been reared two times from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Ategumia Solis01, in rain forest.

Diagnosis
Telothyria incisa sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, fronto-orbital plate mostly silver with short blonde hairs, gold on uppermost 20-30%; plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum, katepisternum with two setae, and T5 orange with a dorsomedial dark triangle, and gold tomentum. Differs from its closest congener T. peltata, by the shallow v-shaped median cleft, 1/4 length of posterior section of sternite 5.

Etymology
Telothyria incisa sp. n. From the Latin noun "incisus", meaning "cut into", in reference to the v-shaped median cleft in sternite 5.

Ecology
Telothyria incisa sp. n. has been reared 106 times from one species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Herpetogramma Janzen07 in rain forest.

Description
Male. Length: 7-10 mm (Fig. 34). Head (Fig. 34b): frons narrow, 1/5 of head width; gena 1/8 of head height; three reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital subequal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae present but so small as to appear absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate over 90% silver, with brassy tinge at most covering ocellar triangle and adjacent area; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale silver; facial ridge bare; palpus with a slight spatulate club at apex, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista orange-brown smoothly tapered, minutely plumose microtrichia at most as long as width of arista; postpedicel orange over 50% of surface; postocular region behind margin of eye upper 1/3 gold, with lower 2/3 including gena silver tomentose; upper 1/3 of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 34a, c): golden tomentose, with four distinct dorsal stripes; entire thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, hairs extending to cover scutellum; chaetotaxy: 5-6 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with two setae. Scutellum golden tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/8-1/10th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color; midleg yellow coxa and femur with brown tibia and tarsal segments; hindleg yellow ground color on proximal 50% of femur, transitioning to dark brown distally, tibia and tarsal segments; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, and two widely spaced posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta bright ivory white; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale white translucent with narrow beige fringes. Abdomen (Fig. 34a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 yellow over more than 50% of tergite, with dark brown ground color medially along the middorsal depression, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe up to posterior edge of T4; ST1+2 with golden plumose hairs present on ventral surface; T3 and T4 each with dense gold tomentum along anterior marginal 10%, thinning and extending over remainder of tergite; T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum; one pair of median marginal setae weak almost undifferentiated on T3; row of marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 34d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply excavated median cleft, 4+5 smoothly V-shaped, margins covered in dense pollinosity; lateral lobes of sternite pointed apically, with a small group of strong setulae along outer margins; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to slightly shorter than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed and slender, abruptly widening to a moderate almost rectangular shoulder along the basal section, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; in lateral view, with a smooth regular downward curve along apical 2/3rds; several strong widely spaced setulae along basal 1/3rd. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length rounded at tip, digitiform; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear slender with an inward bend. Distiphallus 2X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.
Female. Length: 5-9 mm (Fig. 35). Head (Fig. 35b): as in male with the following exceptions: fronto-orbital plate 90% silver; parafacial brilliant silver; frons 1/5 of head width; three inner reclinate orbital setae; two proclinate orbital setae; and outer vertical setae present. Thorax (Fig. 35a, c): katepisternum with three setae; meron densely covered in plumose hairs as in male but with the addition of 2-4 typical meral setae. Legs: colored as in male. Abdomen (Fig. 35a, c): ground color brown dorsally on ST1+2 and T3 with large patches of orange ventrolaterally; T4 entirely brown ground color; T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum; T3 with one strong pair of median marginal setae and T4, T5 with a complete row of marginal setae; T4 bearing two weak discal setae scarcely distinguishable from surrounding hairs.

Diagnosis
Telothyria manuelpereirai sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae present but so small as to appear absent, postpedicel orange over 50% of surface, entire thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, hairs extending to cover scutellum, katepisternum with two setae in males and three setae in females, and T5 yellow with silver tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria manuelpereirai sp. n. is named in recognition of Manuel Pereira's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica Cacao.

Description
Male. Length: 5-8 mm (Fig. 36). Head (Fig. 36b): frons wide almost 1/5 of head width; gena 1/10 of head height; three reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital seta 1.25X longer than uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate gold on upper 30%, brilliant silver on remainder; frontoorbital plate densely covered with both pale blonde and light reddish-brown hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale brilliant silver; facial ridge bare; palpus short yellow and digitiform with slight upward turn apically, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista brown, smoothly tapered, microtrichia at most 2X as long as width of arista; pedicel orange, postpedicel with slight orange apex, adjacent to pedicel; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput pale gold tomentose, lower half silver tomentose. Thorax (Fig. 36a, c): dark brownish ground color with brown-bronze tomentum lightening to almost gold color along lateral edges of scutum, with four dorsal stripes, thick and evident, innermost pair ending at 1st postsutural dorsocentral, outermost pair slightly broken across suture, plus one extra dorsal stripe dorsocentrally ending at suture; thorax densely covered in plumose blonde hairs only along lateral surfaces; chaetotaxy: 4-5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:2; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum dark brown with slight bronze-gold tomentum only along apex; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing predominantly plumose blonde hairs with few interspersed regular non-plumose black hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: all legs with an overall light reddish-brown ground color throughout with silver tomentum on posterodorsal surfaces, tibia yellow ground color with dense black hairs giving them an overall dark appearance, tarsal segments appearing dark brown; anterior leg tibia with irregularly sized tapered fringe of equally spaced setae along basal half of anterodorsal surface, with one posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta beige, brown basally; all veins bare, and very slightly infuscate, with one setula at base of R ; calypters infuscate brown translucent with white fringe densely populated with short translucente microsetulae only visible under certain angles of light. Abdomen (Fig.  36a, c): ground color dark brown dorsally, T1+2-T4 with yellow ventrolaterally and T5 brown with orange apically; T4 with a complete unbroken band of dark ground color along posterior edge; T3-T5 with brassy-brown tomentu throughout and dense gold tomentum along anterior margin of tergites, marginal tomentum broken along midline; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Terminalia (Fig. 36d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply separated median cleft, widely V-shaped, margins tomentose; lateral lobes of sternite subtriangular apically, outer margins covered in strong setae; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed rectangular, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; evenly tapering with medial shoulder absent. In lateral view cerci, with a strong downward bend, along apical 1/3, and several strong widely spaced setae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus in lateral view broad and leaf-shaped, pointed at tip; fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear robust and straight with a very slight club apically. Basiphallus short and stout and stout, distiphallus subequal to in length to basiphallus, weakly tapering apically.
Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria obscura sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, fronto-orbital plate gold on upper 30%, brilliant silver on remainder, parafacial brilliant silver, postpedicel more than 50% black, only orange adjacent to pedicel, plumose hairs absent on disc of scutum, thorax with four thoracic stripes plus one extra presutural stripe dorsomedially, and three katepisternal setae, abdominal ground color orange with a brownish-black middorsal stripe occupying almost entire dorsal surface of tergites, abdomen brassy-brown tomentose throughout, with dark orange lateroventrally from ST1+2-T5, and T5 orange apically with brassy-brown sheen of tomentum. Telothyria obscura differs from Telothyria omissa by the presence of median marginal setae on T4.

Etymology
Telothyria obscura sp. n. From the Latin adjective, "obscurus" meaning dark or dim, in reference to the darkened nature of the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen.

Ecology
Specimens hand collected, four times from 1800 m, further ecology not available.

Description
Male. Length: 7 mm (Fig. 37). Head (Fig. 37b): frons narrow, 1/5 of head width; gena 1/12 of head height; three reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital almost equal to uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae absent; outer vertical seta absent; frontoorbital plate brassy-gray throughout; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial brilliant silver; facial ridge bare; palpus short digitiform with slight club apically, sparsely haired along outer margin, slightly denser apically giving apex a darkened tone relative to rest of palpus; arista brown, basally orange, smoothly tapered, with microtrichia at most as long as width of arista; postpedicel only 40% orange, directly adjacent to pedicel; postocular region behind margin of eye upper half gold, with lower half including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput brassy-silver tomentose, remainder silver. Thorax (Fig. 37a, c): dark brown ground color, with gold tomentum, with four distinct dorsal stripes, outer pair almost unbroken across suture, and inner pair extending almost to second postsutural dorsocentral seta; thorax laterally covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, dorsally covered in long dark hairs; chaetotaxy: 5 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 1:2; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with three setae. Scutellum dark with light gold color along posterior margin; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/5th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: all legs with an overall light reddish-brown ground color throughout with silver tomentum on posterodorsal surfaces, tibia yellow ground color with dense black hairs giving them an overall dark appearance, tarsal segments appearing dark brown; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, and one posterodorsal seta. Wings: basicosta beige; all veins bare, with only 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale cinereous translucent, with a narrow yellowish fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 37a,  Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria omissa sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, fronto-orbital plate brassy-gray, parafacial brilliant silver, postpedicel orange, thorax with four thoracic stripes and three katepisternal setae, abdominal ground color orange with a brownish middorsal stripe, with dark orange lateroventrally from ST1+2-T5, plumose hairs on thorax absent dorsally, and T5 orange apically with gold sheen of tomentum. Telothyria omissa differs from Telothyria obscura by the absence of median marginal setae on T4, and the underside of scutellum bearing only plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae.

Etymology
Telothyria omissa sp. n. From the Latin adjective, " omissus" meaning lacking, in reference to the lack median marginal setae on T3 and T4.

Ecology
Specimens hand collected once at 1400 m, further ecology not available.
Female. Unknown at this time.

Diagnosis
Telothyria osvaldoespinozai sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum, katepisternum with three setae, two postsutural intra-alar setae, underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae, and T5 yellow with silver tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria osvaldoespinozai sp. n. is named in recognition of Osvaldo Espinoza's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica San Gerardo.

Ecology
Telothyria osvaldoespinozai sp. n. has been reared once from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée, 1854), in rain forest. ; calypters pale white translucent with a pale yellow fringe. Abdomen (Fig. 39a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over medial 30%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe up to posterior edge of T4; T3 and T4 with dense gold tomentum along anterior marginal 10%, thinning and extending over remainder of tergite; T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum and a basal medial brown triangle; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 39d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a narrow and shallow almost slit-like median cleft, lobes almost touching at midline, margins lightly pollinose; lateral lobes of sternite rounded apically, with 3-4 short weak setulae; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to slightly longer than length of apical lobes, median cleft only 1/4 length of apical section. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed triangular slightly widening midlength to a slight rectangular shoulder along the basal section, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; in lateral view, with a strong downward curve on apical 1/3; several strong widely spaced setulae along basal 2/3rds. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length rounded at tip, slightly pinched at midpoint appearing digitiform or clubbed; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear straight, almost parallel at apices. Distiphallus 1.5X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.

Diagnosis
Telothyria peltata sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae minimal but present, postpedicel mostly maroonblack with orange only directly adjacent to pedicel, plumose hairs absent from thorax dorsally, katepisternum with two setae, and T5 yellow with silver tomentum, underside of scutellum bearing regular non-plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Differs from T. incisa in the male terminalia where sternite 5 has an almost slit-like median cleft, lobes almost touching at midline, 1/4 length of anterior plate section of sternite 5.

Etymology
Telothyria peltata sp. n. From the Greek noun " pelta", meaning "small shield", in reference to the shield-like shape of sternite 5.

Ecology
Telothyria peltata sp. n. has been reared 12 times from one species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Herpetogramma Janzen07 in rain forest.

Description
Male. Length: 7-10 mm (Fig. 41). Head (Fig. 41b): frons narrow, 1/6 of head width; gena 1/8 of head height; two reclinate orbital setae; anteriormost reclinate orbital four times longer than uppermost frontal seta; ocellar setae present but so small as to appear absent; outer vertical seta absent; fronto-orbital plate brassy gold, ocellar triangle slightly darker than vertex; fronto-orbital plate with short blonde hairs interspersed among frontal setae; parafacial pale, with a very light silver tomentosity visible under certain angles; facial ridge bare; palpus with a slight spatulate club at apex, sparsely haired along outer margin; arista orange-brown smoothly tapered, microtrichia at most as long as width of arista; postpedicel orange over more than 50% of surface; postocular region behind margin of eye upper 3/4 gold, with lower 1/4 including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig.  41a, c): golden tomentose, with four distinct dorsal stripes; entire thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs; chaetotaxy: 6-7 postpronotal setae, basal setae arranged in a straight line; supra-alar setae 2:3; intra-alar setae 2:3; dorsocentral setae 3:3; acrostichal setae 3:3; katepisternum with two setae. Scutellum ranging from golden tomentose; two pairs of strong marginal setae (basal and subapical) and a small pair of crossed apical scutellar setae 1/8-1/10th as long as subapical scutellars; basal scutellar setae subequal in length to subapical setae; subapical setae straight; underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color throughout, tibia and tarsal segments appearing darker due to hair covering; midleg with yellow coxa and femur, tibia light yellow-brown appearing darker due to hair covering and dark brown tarsal segments; hindleg with yellow coxa and proximal 1/3 of femur, almost entirely dark brown extending from distal 2/3 of femur to tarsal segments; anterior leg tibia with regular fringe of equally spaced setae along anteroventral surface, with two strong posterodorsal setae. Wings: basicosta pale ivory, darkening to brown basally; dorsally with 1-2 setulae at base of R ; calypters pale white translucent, fringe only slightly more opaque than remainder of calypter. Abdomen (Fig. 41a, c): ground color yellow-orange; ST1+2 brown over 50%, with yellow ventrolaterally, extending into a longitudinal middorsal brown stripe up to posterior edge of T4; T3 and T4 each with dense gold tomentum along anterior 4+5 marginal 10%, thinning and extending over remainder of tergite; T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum; median marginal setae present only on T4 and T5; median discal setae absent. Male terminalia (Fig. 41d, e, f): Sternite 5 with a wide deeply excavated median cleft, smoothly V-shaped, margins covered in dense pollinosity; lateral lobes of sternite pointed apically, with a small group of strong setulae along outer margins; basal section of sternite 5 subequal to slightly shorter than length of apical lobes. Cerci in posterior view sharply pointed and slender, abruptly widening to a moderate almost rectangular shoulder along the basal section, equal in length to surstyli, fused along entire length; in lateral view, with a smooth regular downward curve along apical 2/3rds; several strong widely spaced setulae along basal 1/3rd. Surstylus in lateral view, almost equilateral along its length rounded at tip, digitiform; surstylus appearing fused with epandrium; when viewed dorsally surstyli appear slender with an inward bend. Distiphallus 2X as long as basiphallus and tubular, slightly pointed at apex.

Female.
Length: 5-9 mm (Fig. 42). Head (Fig. 42b): as in male with the following exceptions: fronto-orbital plate 50% gold; parafacial brilliant silver; frons 1/5 of head width; three inner reclinate orbital setae; two proclinate orbital setae; outer vertical seta present; postocular region behind margin of eye upper 1/4 gold, with lower 3/4 including gena silver tomentose; upper half of occiput gold tomentose. Thorax (Fig.  42a, c): katepisternum with three setae; meron densely covered in plumose hairs as in male but with the addition of 2-4 typical meral setae. Legs: foreleg with yellow ground color throughout; midleg with yellow coxa and proximal 1/5 of femur with brown tibia and tarsal segments; hindleg with yellow coxa, proximal 1/3 of femur yellow and remainder almost entirely dark brown extending from femur to tarsal segments. Wings: as in male except ventrally R bearing 2-7 setae. Abdomen (Fig. 42a, c): ground color brown on ST1+2 and T3 with small patches of orange laterally; T4 entirely brown ground color; T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum; T3 with one pair of median marginal setae and T4, T5 with a complete row of marginal setae.

Diagnosis
Telothyria relicta can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae present but so small as to appear absent, postpedicel mostly orange, parafacial gold, entire thorax covered in dense plumose blonde hairs, katepisternum with two setae, underside of scutellum bearing plumose blonde hairs below basal scutellar setae, legs yellow, abdominal ground color yelloworange, and T5 entirely orange with gold tomentum.

Ecology
Within the ACG inventor, Telothyria relicta has been reared seven times from three species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Desmia tages (Cramer, 1777), Desmia benealisDHJ03, and Desmia ploralisDHJ10 in rain forest and dry-rain lowland intergrade.

Diagnosis
Telothyria ricardocaleroi sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Telothyria by the following combination of traits: ocellar setae absent, fronto-orbital plate pale silver with a slight brassy-gold tinge at level of ocellar triangle, ocellar triangle concolorous with surrounding fronto-orbital plate, plumose hairs absent from disc of scutum, thorax gold tomentose dorsally, katepisternum with three setae, black setulae on underside of scutellum, legs yellow, abdominal ground color yellow-orange, and T5 black-maroon with silver tomentum.

Etymology
Telothyria ricardocaleroi sp. n. is named in recognition of Ricardo Calero's outstanding work on the team that conducts the caterpillar and parasite inventory from ACG's Estación Biológica Quica.

Ecology
Telothyria ricardocaleroi sp. n. has been reared eight times from a single species of Lepidoptera in the family Crambidae: Neoleucinodes Janzen02, in rain forest.

Key to the Telothyria van der Wulp, of the Mesoamerican region
The area covered by this key is confined to the Mesoamerican biogeographical region between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Southern Mexico (northern limit), south to the Colombian border with Panama, and inclusive of the Antilles. Our key is based primarily on male specimens but can be applied to females as well.
1 Plumose blonde hairs present on disc of scutum as well as both lateral and dorsal surfaces of thorax (Fig. 45) 2 -Plumose blonde hairs absent from disc of scutum (Fig. 46) Thorax black in ground color with pale brassy tomentum, 5 bold prominent dorsal stripes; thorax with spot of brown plumose hairs laterally on anepisternum; abdomen bright orange, slightly darkened mid-dorsally (Fig. 11a, c) clavata sp. n.
- Sternite 5 with a narrow and shallow almost slit-like median cleft, only 1/4 length of apical section; cercus in posterior view slightly widening at midlength to creating a slight rectangular shoulder along basal section (Fig. 39e, f) peltata sp. n.
-Sternite 5 with a narrow and shallow strongly v-shaped median cleft, cleft up to 1/3 length of apical section; cerci in posterior view very narrowly widened with almost no shoulder present along basal 1/3 ( Fig. 32e, f) incisa sp. n.

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Abdominal T4      . Tip labels are species names and the DHJPAR accession for the holotype and are associated with an image of the DNA barcode (with coloured bars representing the A (green), T (blue), C (purple) or G (red). Exceptions to this pattern are first for T. relicta (where the holotype has not been sequenced) and for T. peltata (marked with two red asterisks) where the DNA barcode is not known and what has been included in this ML tree is pseudogene amplicon that has been amplified for all three known samples of this species.

Discussion
In the process of species determination, sequences derived from ACG specimens provided one example (T. peltata -marked with two red asterisks in Fig. 50) where the DNA barcode remains unknown. From each of the three currently known specimens the PCR amplification has produced a sequence with a single base pair deletion midway through the barcode region -a signature of a pseudogene since all bases after that position would be out of frame. Although T. peltata sequences are unlikely to be coding DNA, we included this pseudogene amplicon in our ML tree as that has been amplified for all three known samples of this species, but it is important to note that the species description for T. peltata is based only on the morphological differences.