Harvestmen occurrence database (Arachnida, Opiliones) of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Brazil

Abstract Background We present a dataset with information from the Opiliones collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Northern Brazil. This collection currently has 6,400 specimens distributed in 13 families, 30 genera and 32 species and holotypes of four species: Imeri ajuba Coronato-Ribeiro, Pinto-da-Rocha & Rheims, 2013, Phareicranaus patauateua Pinto-da-Rocha & Bonaldo, 2011, Protimesius trocaraincola Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997 and Sickesia tremembe Pinto-da-Rocha & Carvalho, 2009. The material of the collection is exclusive from Brazil, mostly from the Amazon Region. The dataset is now available for public consultation on the Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr) (https://ipt.sibbr.gov.br/goeldi/resource?r=museuparaenseemiliogoeldi-collection-aracnologiaopiliones). SiBBr is the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System, an initiative of the government and the Brazilian node of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), which aims to consolidate and make primary biodiversity data available on a platform (Dias et al. 2017). New information Harvestmen or Opiliones constitute the third largest arachnid order, with approximately 6,500 described species. Brazil is the holder of the greatest diversity in the world, with more than 1,000 described species, 95% (960 species) of which are endemic to the country. Of these, 32 species were identified and deposited in the collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.


Introduction
The Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) is the second oldest, with a preserved collection, institution of research and natural history of Brazil and the oldest zoo of the country (Sanjad et al. 2012). MPEG was founded in 1866 and presently possesses several biological collections harbouring extensive taxonomic, geographic and ecological representation, which has accumulated biological and cultural information since the 19th century. Currently, MPEG is a federal research institution within the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Communication (MCTIC) that holds more than 4 million biological and cultural items, distributed in four administrative branches: Coordination of Human Sciences (COCH), Coordination of Earth Sciences and Ecology (COCTE), Coordination of Botany (COBOT) and Coordination of Zoology (COZOO). The COZOO is responsible for maintaining large collections, such as Ichthyology (), Herpetology (da Costa Prudente et al. 2019), Ornithology, Mastozoology, Carcinology, Entomology and Arachnology, as well as other collections of non-arthropod invertebrates.
One of the largest collections of invertebrates of MPEG is the collection of Arachnology and its subcollections, amongst which are the Opiliones collection, which receive and preserve material evidence on the taxonomic, biogeographic and ecological diversity of these organisms, including specimens and associated data and metadata collected in the field, for research and educational purposes.
Harvestmen or Opiliones constitute the third largest arachnid order (Kury and Pinto-da-Rocha 2002), with approximately 6,500 described species (Kury 2019), Brazil being the holder of the greatest diversity in the world, with more than 1,000 described species, 95% (960 species) of which are endemic to the country, a situation that, according to Kury (2019), can be explained by the combination of natural diversity and concentration of studies.
Despite the fact that the MPEG invertebrate collections are nearly as old as the institution itself, the Opiliones collection ( Fig. 1) is fairly recent and started to be organised and received special attention only after the establishment of an active line of research in arachnology, back in 2000. However, the first specimens were collected in the 1960s, representing incidental sampling efforts. Currently, the Arachnological collection comprises a large collection from the Amazon Region with nearly 40,000 vials of arachnids. The collection is supported by two permanent researchers, also by a team of associated researchers and a variable number of undergraduate students from several universities and graduate students from two Postgraduate Programmes held by the Museum: Postgraduate in Zoology -PPGZOO (Federal University of Pará/MPEG) and Biodiversity and Evolution -PPGBE (MPEG).
The North, Northwest and central areas of Brazil are not as well sampled regarding harvestmen as the South and Southwest portions of the country (Pinto-da-Rocha 1999). Although some efforts have been made in the last 20 years, the sampling of this taxonomic group in these regions is still insufficient (Tourinho et al. 2019). The data, shared through GBIF and presented in this paper represent a contribution to the knowledge, especially from 2000 to 2009, mainly of amazon harvestmen and also a divulgation of the potential of research in this area. In those data, there are information of the most complete inventory for Opiliones in Amazon lands made in the national forest of Caxiuanã, in Melgaço, Pará (Lança 2011), where a structured protocol was utilised to inventory arachnids in this area (Bonaldo et al. 2009).
Coari, in the state of Amazonas, where the largest number of specimens of the collection were collected, is an important city for the investigation of development in Amazon, anthropic impacts and energy producing and where a large number of studies have been made in diverse areas of knowledge (Soler 2009, Feitosa et al. 2017. That municipality harbours the largest proven terrestrial oil and natural gas reserve (Petrobras 2016), that has oil explorations and a gas pipeline through middle Amazon. As a consequence, the deforestation in Coari has triplicated between 1985 and 2003 and the transformation of soil in that same period by anthropisation and deforestation, represents 500 km² (Almeida and Souza 2008). Sampling and describing occurrence and natural history Opiliones are important as tools to measure loss of biodiversity over time, especially because they have the potential as biological controllers and also bio-indicators of environmental quality, given their sensitivity to environmental changes, dependency on microclimatic conditions and low vagility (Bragagnolo et al. 2007, Merino andPrieto 2015). Opiliones, in general, present high levels of endemism and, consequently, high risk of extinction when major areas are devastated (Machado et al. 2008) The objective of this datapaper is to characterise the MPEG Harvestmen collection data, synthesising data to serve as reference and a font of accessible information from part of the Brazilian biodiversity. Data is published through SiBBr: https://ipt.sibbr.gov.br/goeldi/ resource?r=museuparaenseemiliogoeldi-collection-aracnologiaopiliones.

Sampling methods
Sampling description: The specimens are preserved in fluid (alcohol 80%). The Opiliones collection of MPEG has received collections from many scientists who used various sampling methods. Sampling methods included pitfall traps, entomological beating trail, Malaise trap, Winkler apparatus, Swiping net, fogging, sieve, manual collection, as well as incidental encounters (see Pinto-da-Rocha and Bonaldo 2006, Bonaldo et al. 2009).

Quality control:
The taxonomic organisation of the collection followed the Classification of Opiliones provided by Kury (2019). The material was identified by comparison with the bibliography and material present in the collections, which were previously identified by specialists. Determination of specimens of collections was mostly made by three specialists: Lo-Man-Hung, N.F., Pinto-da-Rocha, R. and Tourinho, A.L. with 1,394, 361 and 40 specimens identified, respectively.
In relation to the richness of species for each state, Pará has the highest number of species (n = 20) recorded in the collection, while Amazonas has 13 species, Amapá, Rondônia, Piauí and Mato Grosso each have one species. The species Saramacia lucasae Jim &Soares, 1991 (Jim andSoares 1991) presents the greatest geographical representation in the collection, being registered in the collection in the states Amapá, Amazonas and Pará.
Coordinates: and Latitude; and Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage
Description: The MPEG Opiliones collection includes approximately 6,400 specimens, distributed in 2,789 vials, represented by two suborders (Eupnoi and Laniatores), 13 families, 30 genera and 32 species. However, the number of species may be increased by adding the taxonomic information of material currently identified only at supraspecific levels (approximately 3,400 specimens). The most common suborder is Laniatores with 2,369 vials. Amongst these, there are 39 type specimens, of which four are holotypes and 35 are paratypes. All type specimens, included in the collection, are detailed below.  Map of occurrence records, MPEG Opiliones collection (each point may represent more than one sampling event).

Data publication protocol
To the publication of the data of the Opiliones collection, we used a consolidated protocol of data publication of the Goeldi Museum, previously adopted in collections of Ichthyology  (Wieczorek et al. 2012), with metadata to ensure rapid discovery of this biodiversity resource and future publishing as a citable paper (Chavan and Penev 2011). The collection dataset was uploaded to the Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT), which was then submitted and published at Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr -https://www.sibbr.gov.br). A second kind of data exportation is to upload data into the MPEG biodiversity portal ((http://colecoesbio.museu-goeldi.br/opiliones.html). Information of records, images -when available -and maps could be consulted according to the need (Fig. 6). This structure is based in SPECIFY web portal architecture.

Curatorship and storage
The curatorial protocol involves receiving material that is identified and labelled, while data and metadata are digitised. The materials are deposited in the collection and airconditioned to 22°C. The specimens are immersed in 80% alcohol solution for permanent storage.