Corresponding authors: Paolo Audisio (
Academic editor: Lyubomir Penev
Deceased author
Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including synonyms) of all living European land and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at country level (up to the Urals, excluding the Caucasus region), and some additional information. The Fauna Europaea project covers about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. This represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many users in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education.
In 1998 the European Commission published the European Community Biodiversity Strategy, providing a framework for the development of Community policies and instruments to comply with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Strategy recognises the current incomplete state of knowledge at all levels concerning biodiversity, which is a constraint on the successful implementation of the Convention.
Fauna Europaea (FaEu) began in 2000 as an EC-FP5 four year project, delivering its first release in 2004 (
Most families included in the
To improve the dissemination and citation of Fauna Europaea and to increase the acknowledgement of the Fauna Europaea contributors, a special
Further steps will be made on implementing Fauna Europaea in the
Fauna Europaea is a database of the scientific names and distribution of all living, currently known multicellular European land and fresh-water animal species assembled by a large network of experts. An extended description of the Fauna Europaea project can be found in
Several species among those in
As shown in Table
This BDJ data paper includes the taxonomic indexing efforts in Fauna Europaea on European
The taxonomic framework of Fauna Europaea includes
Every taxonomic group is covered by at least one Group Coordinator responsible for the supervision and integrated input of taxonomic and distributional data of a particular group. For
The Fauna Europaea checklist would not have reached its current level of completion without the input from several groups of specialists. The formal responsibility of collating and delivering the data of relevant families has resided with the below appointed Taxonomic Specialists (see Table
Data management tasks are taken care primarily by the Fauna Europaea project bureau. During the project phase (until 2004) a network of principal partners managed the diverse management tasks:
The area studied (Fig.
Standards. Group coordinators and taxonomic specialists deliver the (sub)species names according to strict standards. The names provided by FaEu are scientific names. The taxonomic scope includes issues like, (1) the definition of criteria used to identify the accepted species-group taxa, (2) the hierarchy (classification scheme) for the accommodation of all accepted species and (3), relevant synonyms, and (4) the correct nomenclature. The Fauna Europaea '
Data management. The data records could either be entered offline into a preformatted MS-Excel worksheet or directly into the Fauna Europaea transaction database using an online browser interface (see: Fig.
Data set. The Fauna Europaea basic data set consists of: accepted (sub)species names (including authorship), synonyms (including authorship), taxonomic hierarchy / classification, misapplied names (including misspellings and alternative taxonomic views), homonym annotations, expert details, European distribution (at country level), Global distribution (only for European species), taxonomic reference (optional), and occurrence reference (optional).
Fauna Europaea was funded by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme and contributed to the Support for Research Infrastructures work programme with Thematic Priority Biodiversity (EVR1-1999-20001) for a period of four years (1 March 2000 - 1 March 2004), including a short 'NAS extension', allowing EU candidate accession countries to participate. Follow-up support was given by the EC-FP5
See spatial coverage and geographic coverage descriptions.
Fauna Europaea data have been assembled by principal taxonomic experts, based on their individual expertise, including literature study, collection research, and field observations. No less than 476 experts contributed taxonomic and/or faunistic information for Fauna Europaea. The vast majority of the experts are from Europe (including EU non-member states). As a unique feature, Fauna Europaea funds were set aside for paying/compensating for the work of taxonomic specialists and group coordinators (around five Euro per species).
To facilitate data transfer and data import, sophisticated on-line (web interfaces) and off-line (spreadsheets) data-entry routines have been built, well integrated within an underlying central Fauna Europaea transaction database (see Fig.
A first release of the Fauna Europaea index via the web-portal has been presented at 27th of September 2004. The most recent release (version 2.6.2) was launched at 29 August 2013. An overview of Fauna Europaea releases can be found here:
Fauna Europaea data are unique in a sense that they are fully expert based. Selecting leading experts for all groups included a principal assurance of the systematic reliability and consistency of the Fauna Europaea data.
Further all Fauna Europaea data sets are intensively reviewed at regional and thematic validation meetings, at review sessions on taxonomic symposia (for some groups), by Fauna Europaea Focal Points (during the FaEu-NAS and PESI projects) and by various end-users sending annotations using the web form at the web-portal. Additional validation on gaps and correct spelling was effected at the validation office in Paris.
In conclusion, we expect to get taxonomic data for 99.3% of the known European fauna. The faunistic coverage is not quite as good, but is nevertheless 90-95% of the total fauna. Recognised gaps in
Checks on technical and logical correctness of the data have been implemented in the data entry tools, including around 50 "
This thorough reviewing makes Fauna Europaea the most scrutinised data set in its domain.
By evaluating team structure and life cycle procedures (data-entry, validation, updating, etc.), clear definitions of roles of users and user-groups, according to the taxonomic framework were established, including ownership and read and writes privileges, and their changes during the project life-cycle. In addition, guidelines on common data exchange formats and codes have been issued (see also the '
Species and subspecies distributions in Fauna Europaea are registered at least a country level, meaning political countries. For this purpose the FaEu geographical system basically follows the TDWG standards. The covered area includes the European mainland (Western Palearctic), plus the Macaronesian islands (excl. Cape Verde Islands), Cyprus, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Western Kazakhstan and the Caucasus are excluded (see Fig.
The focus is on species (or subspecies) of European multicellular animals of terrestrial and freshwater environments. Species in brackish waters, occupying the marine/freshwater or marine/terrestrial transition zones, are generally excluded.
Mediterranean (N 35°) and Arctic Islands (N 82°) Latitude; Atlantic Ocean (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) (W 30°) and Ural (E 60°) Longitude.
The Fauna Europaea database contains the scientific names of all living European lands and freshwater animal species, including numerous infra-groups and synonyms. More details about the conceptual background of Fauna Europaea and standards followed are described in the project description papers (Figs
This data paper covers the
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Currently living multicellular, terrestrial and freshwater animals in stable populations, largely excluding (1) rare / irregular immigrants, (2) alien / invasive species, (3) accidental or deliberate releases of exotic (pet)species, (4) domesticated animals, (5) non-native species imported and released for bio-control or (6) non-native species largely confined to hothouses.
Open Data Commons Attribution License
Fauna Europaea data are licensed under
Fauna Europaea -
2
Fauna Europaea -
CSV
UTF-8
Column label | Column description |
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datasetName | The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived ( |
version | Release version of data set. |
versionIssued | Issue data of data set version. |
rights | Information about rights held in and over the resource ( |
rightsHolder | A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource ( |
accessRights | Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status ( |
taxonID | An identifier for the set of taxon information ( |
parentNameUsageID | An identifier for the name usage of the direct parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the scientificName ( |
scientificName | The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known ( |
acceptedNameUsage | The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) taxon ( |
originalNameUsage | The original combination (genus and species group names), as firstly established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode ( |
family | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified ( |
familyNameId | An identifier for the family name. |
genus | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified ( |
subgenus | The full scientific name of the subgenus in which the taxon is classified. Values include the genus to avoid homonym confusion ( |
specificEpithet | The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName ( |
infraspecificEpithet | The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation ( |
taxonRank | The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName ( |
scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode ( |
authorName | Author name information |
namePublishedInYear | The four-digit year in which the scientificName was published ( |
Brackets | Annotation if authorship should be put between parentheses. |
nomenclaturalCode | The nomenclatural code under which the scientificName is constructed ( |
taxonomicStatus | The status of the use of the scientificName as a label for a taxon ( |
resourceDescription | An account of the resource, including a data-paper DOI ( |
Fauna Europaea -
CSV
UTF-8
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
datasetName | The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived ( |
version | Release version of data set. |
versionIssued | Issue data of data set version. |
rights | Information about rights held in and over the resource ( |
rightsHolder | A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource ( |
accessRights | Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status (http://purl.org/dc/terms/accessRights). |
taxonName | The full scientific name of the higher-level taxon |
scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode ( |
taxonRank | The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName ( |
taxonID | An identifier for the set of taxon information ( |
parentNameUsageID | An identifier for the name usage of the direct parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the scientificName ( |
resourceDescription | An account of the resource, including a data-paper DOI ( |
Many people have generously shared their expertise and contributed to the FaEu
Authors Paolo Audisio and Yde de Jong organized and wrote the main text of the paper, which has been reviewed, corrected and improved by all other co-authors.
FaEu
Fauna Europaea geographic coverage ('minimal Europe').
Fauna Europaea on-line (browser interfaces) and off-line (spreadsheets) data entry tools.
Responsible specialists per family in
FAMILY | NUMBER OF SPECIES IN FAEU (in case of estimated gaps: potential numbers in brackets) | SPECIALIST(S) |
|
1 | Gianfranco Liberti |
|
27 | Gianluca Nardi |
|
32 (≈ 40) | Wioletta K. Tomaszewska |
|
419 (≈ 430) | Petr Zahradnik |
|
314 | Gianluca Nardi |
|
5 | Josef Jelínek (resigned) |
|
1 | Xavier Vazquez-Albalate |
|
42 (≈ 45) | Gianluca Nardi |
|
106 (≈120) | Adam Slipinski |
|
3 | Josef Jelínek (resigned) |
|
3738 (≈ 3900) | Augusto Vigna Taglianti |
|
677 (≈ 680) | Gianfranco Sama |
|
14 | Adam Slipinski |
|
1758 (≈ 1800) | Maurizio Biondi, Ron Beenen, Michael Schmitt, Renato Regalin, David Sassi, Stefano Zoia, Horst Kippenberg & Marcello Franco Zampetti |
|
76 (≈ 80) | Josef Jelínek & Paolo Audisio |
|
22 | Ivan Löbl |
|
68 (≈ 70) | Roland Gerstmeier |
|
215 (≈ 220) | Claudio Canepari |
|
37 (≈ 40) | Paolo Audisio |
|
1 | Paolo Audisio |
|
257 (≈ 260) | Carlos Otero |
|
6 (≈ 8) | Adam Slipinski |
|
26 (≈ 30) | Josef Jelínek & Paolo Audisio |
|
381 (390) | Manfred Jäch |
|
197 (≈ 200) | Roustem D. Zhantiev |
|
5 | Jirí Háva |
|
375 (≈ 400) | Anders Nilsson (first release), Saverio Rocchi & Fabio Cianferoni (future updating) |
|
1 | Gianluca Nardi |
|
79 (≈ 80) | Wioletta K. Tomaszewska |
|
29 | Piotr Wegrzynowicz |
|
8 | Paolo Audisio |
|
2 | Gianfranco Liberti |
|
17 | Paolo Mazzoldi |
|
34 | Saverio Rocchi & Fabio Cianferoni |
|
2 | Ivan Löbl |
|
1 | Anders Nilsson (first release), Saverio Rocchi & Fabio Cianferoni (future updating) |
|
2 | Ivan Löbl |
|
29 (30) | Paolo Audisio & Josef Jelínek |
|
29 | Adam Slipinski |
|
14 | Piotr Wegrzynowicz |
|
192 (≈ 200) | Wolfgang H. Rucker |
|
13 | Gianluca Nardi |
|
3 | Paolo Audisio |
|
327 (≈ 330) | Robert Constantin |
|
53 | Nikolai Nikitsky |
|
181 (≈ 185) | Marco Alberto Bologna |
|
18 | Gianfranco Liberti |
|
1 | Paolo Audisio |
|
34 | Josef Jelínek & Paolo Audisio |
|
256 (≈ 270) | Jan Horak |
|
31 | Nikolai Nikitsky |
|
3 | Paolo Audisio |
|
248 (≈ 250) | Paolo Audisio & Josef Jelínek |
|
1 | Jiri Hava |
|
4 | Anders Nilsson (first release), Saverio Rocchi & Fabio Cianferoni (future updating) |
|
93 (≈ 95) | Xavier Vazquez-Albalate |
|
1 | Adam Slipinski |
|
56 | Zdenek Svec |
|
1 | Adam Slipinski |
|
1 | Gianfranco Liberti |
|
1 | Gianfranco Liberti |
|
1 | Paolo Audisio |
|
9 | Gianluca Nardi |
|
5 | Xavier Vazquez-Albalate |
|
2 | David Kral |
|
17 | Federica Turco & Marco Alberto Bologna |
|
19 | Xavier Vazquez-Albalate |
|
94 | Maciej Sapiejewski (deceased), proposed follow-up Rafal Rita |
|
102 (≈ 110) | Jan Horak |
|
40 | Adam Slipinski |
|
3 | Ivan Lobl |
|
4 | Josef Jelínek (resigned) |
|
2 | Paolo Audisio |
|
1392 (≈1400) | Simone Fattorini |
|
10 | Nikolai Nikitsky |
|
1 | Roland Gerstmeier |
|
1 | Saverio Rocchi & Fabio Cianferoni |
|
25 | Jan Kolibac |
|
128 (≈ 130) | Adam Slipinski |
FaEu
png
This is a high-resolution version of Figure 3.
File: oo_32851.png