From the very beginning, one of our self-set targets was a comparison of the information found by us with what is currently in the IPNI database. We wanted, for one, to get an idea of how reliable IPNI is and to which extent, and in which respect, it might be inaccurate and/or incomplete. Also, we had and keep the hope that, subsequent to their publication, our data will be of use for updating the IPNI record, as we know and appreciate the hard work of the IPNI staff, both at Kew and Harvard, to continually improve their entries.
We will not dwell on minor errors, including wrong numbers, some of which may well go back to weaknesses of the optical character recognition (OCR) software used when the original Index Kewensis volumes were scanned; nor on the failure to adopt IPNI’s own standards in many of the old entries, as we know that standardising them is among the ongoing concerns of the IPNI staff. Apart from such minor, trivial aspects, we found that IPNI currently has shortcomings principally in three fields.
1. Missing names. These are in their great majority found in ranks between genus and species and below species, which is explained by the fact that Index Kewensis, from which the bulk of IPNI entries originates, did not cover these ranks (contrary to the Gray Card Index). Only in recent years have infraspecific names and those of subdivisions of genera been registered consistently, and if it is judged worth while to fill that gap retroactively, this will constitute a gigantic task that will take decades to complete. Currently, for infraspecific names in particular, information in IPNI is fragmentary only. On the other hand, at the level of genera (94.4 %) and species (95.8 %) the coverage is reasonably good.
2. Inclusion of non-names. In a nomenclatural database, designations that are not validly published (some of which do not appear at all in the indicated place) should be either eliminated or – if maintained to avoid loss of information – prominently flagged. Current IPNI policy is to record them when they are intended as a nomenclatural novelty, but the author fails to comply with the conditions for valid publication, a fact that is then duly noted. But of old, such “names” were accepted at face value, and if and when validation finally occurred no note was taken. Worse, the early volumes of Index Kewensis are full of records of what appear to be junior homonyms, but are in fact mere misapplications of earlier names – a distinction that, while nomenclaturally relevant now, was not made at that time. This ballast, of what in terms of current nomenclature are junior isonyms without standing, lost whatever relevance it may once have had when it was decided to eliminate from the IPNI database the original reason of being of such entries: the sense in which the names had been misapplied, carefully recorded in Index Kewensis. As they are listed now, devoid of their rationale, all these isonyms are just only confusing, and a real nuisance. We hope that sooner or later they will be thrown over board.
3. Wrong assessment of the status of names, wrong author citations. For newly added names, IPNI is careful to distinguish legitimate from illegitimate ones, and new combinations or replacement names are referred to their basionym or replaced synonym – additionally, with increasing frequence, they are linked to outside sources available online. Old entries, however, have been updated only in part. The early volumes of Index Kewensis did not cite basionyms nor mention parenthetical authors, and illegitimacy at that time was an unheard-of concept. Updating such imperfect information is a big, demanding task for the future, requiring verification of the original source if it is to be properly done; we hope that the present inventory will be used for that purpose. Verification of author citations is a particular aspect of status assessment and is also necessary for former entries, because the relevant rules have changed substantially after the Tokyo Congress in 1993.
The problems just highlighted with respect to IPNI, the main existing nomenclatural data source for vascular plants, strengthen our belief in the usefulness of improved nomenclatural inventories such as the present one. We are conscious of the fact that no such list will ever be perfect, but we also believe that, beyond a certain point, aiming at an ever greater level of reliability becomes a futile exercise, an investment of time and money for little if any useful return. Once an inventory of this kind exists, it should be possible to confer official sanction to its basic contents, meaning certain parameters of the listed names (such as status, authorship, date and place of publication, spelling, etc.). We strongly advocate the creation of such a stabilising option under the rules governing nomenclature.
Conclusions
As stated in the introduction, the authors of this paper are divided as to their preferred generic concept for Cynoglossum sensu lato. This is no disadvantage. On the contrary, it permits us to present our readers with a dual approach, allowing them to choose between alternative classifications.
The problem with narrowly defined genera, the option endorsed by HHH, is that it would be premature to present them in a firm classificatory frame. Traditional generic definitions, based mainly on fruit morphology, are clearly unnatural in some cases. A reassessment leading to the establishment of natural segregate units requires further in-depth morphological and expanded molecular studies. The solution presented here – the best that is currently feasible – is to declare as acceptable, or potentially correct, names that exist under any of the currently adopted genera. This does not of course preclude the treatment of some names as synonyms when they belong to a taxon (species or subspecies) for which an older name exists, but for the time being it prevents the validation of new, potentially correct combinations in cases when they are likely needed under the segregate-genera concept.
The option of treating Cynoglossum sensu lato as a single genus, favoured by WG and VS, is less prone to future change. It is certainly possible, indeed likely, that some species currently assigned to that genus will have to be excluded from it in the future, but in general terms the unit that has emerged as monophyletic (Selvi et al. 2011, Weigend et al. 2013) is well circumscribed. We have therefore decided to facilitate the practical implementation of this scenario by creating the required combinations that do not so far exist, as follows:
Cynoglossum alaicum (Lazkov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera alaica Lazkov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moskva & Leningrad) 85(8): 116. 2000. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146588-1)
Cynoglossum albiflorum (Czukav. & Meling) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus albiflorus Czukav. & Meling in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 19: 161. 1982. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146589-1)
Cynoglossum anchusoides subsp. asperum (Rech. f.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Lindelofia aspera Rech. f. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 58: 48. 1951 ≡ Lindelofia anchusoides subsp. aspera (Rech. f.) Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 104. 1989. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146590-1)
Cynoglossum asperum (Stocks) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum asperum Stocks in Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 175. 1852. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146591-1)
Cynoglossum austroechinatum (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera austroechinata Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 222. 1950. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146592-1)
Cynoglossum badghysii (Sadat) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum badghysii Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 67. 1989. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146593-1)
Cynoglossum bakhtiaricum (Khat.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Solenanthus bakhtiaricus Khat. in Iranian J. Bot. 8: 6. 1999. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146594-1)
Cynoglossum brachystemon (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Solenanthus brachystemon Fisch. & C. A. Mey. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 306. 1838. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146595-1)
Cynoglossum bungei (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattia bungei Boiss., Fl. Orient. 4: 274. 1875. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146596-1)
Cynoglossum campanulatum (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Lindelofia campanulata Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 198. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146597-1)
Cynoglossum coechinatum (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Rindera coechinata Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 223. 1950. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146598-1)
Cynoglossum crista-galli (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattiastrum crista-galli Rech. f. & Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 207. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146599-1)
Cynoglossum cristulatum (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Rindera cristulata Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 26: 570. 1910. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146600-1)
Cynoglossum cyclhymenium (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Paracaryum rugulosum var. cyclhymenium Boiss., Fl. Orient. 4: 256. 1875 ≡ Paracaryum cyclhymenium (Boiss.) Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 102. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146602-1)
Cynoglossum cynoglossoides (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattiastrum cynoglossoides Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 123. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146603-1)
Cynoglossum densum (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattiastrum densum Rech. f. & Riedl in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 110: 519. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146604-1)
Cynoglossum dielsii (Bornm.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. ≡ Mattiastrum dielsii Bornm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 66: 236. 1934. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146607-1)
Cynoglossum dieterlei (Sadat) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. ≡ Mattiastrum dieterlei Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 88. 1989. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146611-1)
Cynoglossum dubium (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. ≡ Solenanthus dubius Fisch. & C. A. Mey. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 306. 1838. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146616-1)
Cynoglossum dumanii (Aytaç & R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. ≡ Rindera dumanii Aytaç & R. R. Mill in Edinburgh J. Bot. 61: 113. 2005. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146617-1)
Cynoglossum eriocalycinum (Boiss. & Buhse) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. ≡ Solenanthus eriocalycinus Boiss. & Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 156. 1860. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146618-1)
Cynoglossum ferganicum (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Rindera ferganica Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 219. 1950. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146619-1)
Cynoglossum flaviflorum (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattiastrum flaviflorum Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 122. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146620-1)
Cynoglossum fornicatum (Pazij) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Rindera fornicata Pazij in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 15: 24. 1959. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146621-1)
Cynoglossum glabratum (Pazij) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Rindera glabrata Pazij in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 15: 26. 1959. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146622-1)
Cynoglossum glandulosum (Khat.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Paracaryum glandulosum Khat. in Iranian J. Bot. 6: 228. 1994. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146623-1)
Cynoglossum hedgei (Aytaç & R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Paracaryum hedgei Aytaç & R. R. Mill in Edinburgh J. Bot. 61: 109. 2005. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146624-1)
Cynoglossum heratense (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattiastrum heratense Rech. f. & Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 210. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146625-1)
Cynoglossum himalayense (Klotzsch) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Mattia himalayensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar: 94. 1862. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146627-1)
Cynoglossum hissaricum (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡Trachelanthus hissaricus Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 202. 1904. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146629-1)
Cynoglossum holochiton (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera holochiton Popov in Komarov, Fl. SSSR 19: 716. 1953. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146631-1)
Cynoglossum hupehense (R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus hupehensis R. R. Mill in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 271. 1987. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146633-1)
Cynoglossum hystrix Greuter & Stier, nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera echinata Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 92. 1868 (non Cynoglossum echinatum Thunb.). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146637-1)
Cynoglossum indecorum Greuter & Stier, nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus micranthus Riedl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 76: 635. 1972 (non Cynoglossum micranthum Poir.). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146640-1)
Cynoglossum integerrimum (P. Myrzakulov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum integerrimum P. Myrzakulov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Bot. Acad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 9: 30. 1975. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146641-1)
Cynoglossum karakoricum (Podlech & Sadat) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum karakoricum Podlech & Sadat in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 27: 65. 1988. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146647-1)
Cynoglossum karataviense (Pavlov ex Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum karataviense Pavlov ex Popov in Komarov, Fl. URSS 19: 715. 1953. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146648-1)
Cynoglossum karateginum (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus karateginus Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 196. 1904. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146649-1)
Cynoglossum khorassanicum (Khat.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum khorassanicum Khat. in Iranian J. Bot. 8: 4. 1999. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146650-1)
Cynoglossum kokanicum (Regel) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus kokanicus Regel in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2) [Putesh. Turkest. 3(18)]: 60 (‘olgae’), 89. 1882. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146651-1)
Cynoglossum korolkowii (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Trachelanthus korolkowii Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 199. 1904. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146652-1)
Cynoglossum korshinskyi (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Cyphomattia korshinskyi Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 26: 511. 1910. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146653-1)
Cynoglossum krasniqii Wraber, spec. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] – Descr.: Wraber in Candollea 41: 145. 1986. – Holotype: Srbija, Kosovo: Paštrik supra vicum Gorožup prope oppidum Prizren, 1520 m s.m., 30.4.1983 (flor.), T. Wraber (BEO). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146654-1)
Cynoglossum kuhitangicum (Raenko) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera kuhitangica Raenko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 151. 2002. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146655-1)
Cynoglossum kuramense (Turak.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera kuramensis Turak. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 28: 131. 1991. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146656-1)
Cynoglossum lambertianum (C. B. Clarke) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum lambertianum C. B. Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 161. 1883. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146657-1)
Cynoglossum longifolium (Leichtlin ex Beck & F. Abel) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Lindelofia longifolia Leichtlin ex Beck & F. Abel in Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 13: 326. 1888. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146658-1)
Cynoglossum longipedicellatum (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Lindelofia longipedicellata Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 199. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146659-1)
Cynoglossum luristanicum (Nábělek) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum luristanicum Nábělek in Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 70: 23. 1926. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146660-1)
Cynoglossum medium (Turrill) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Bilegnum medium Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 232. 1929. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146661-1)
Cynoglossum minimum (Brand) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus minimus Brand in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 547. 1915. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146662-1)
Cynoglossum minutiflorum Greuter & Stier, nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Lindelofia micrantha Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 139. 1967 (non Cynoglossum micranthum Poir.). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146663-1)
Cynoglossum modestum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum modestum Boiss. & Hausskn. in Boissier, Pl. Or. Nov. Dec. 2: 5. 1875. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146664-1)
Cynoglossum multicaule (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum multicaule Rech. f. & Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 216. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146665-1)
Cynoglossum nebulicola (R. R. Mill) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Adelocaryum nebulicola R. R. Mill in Edinburgh J. Bot. 67: 148. 2010. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146666-1)
Cynoglossum neubaueri (Rech. f.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Moltkia neubaueri Rech. f. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 58: 57. 1951. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146667-1)
Cynoglossum nigrum (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum nigrum Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 118. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146668-1)
Cynoglossum oblongifolium (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera oblongifolia Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 224. 1950. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146669-1)
Cynoglossum ochroleucum (Kar. & Kir.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera ochroleuca Kar. & Kir. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 408. 1842. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146670-1)
Cynoglossum olgae (Regel & Smirn.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus olgae Regel & Smirn. in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2) [Putesh. Turkest. 3(18)]: 59. 1882. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146671-1)
Cynoglossum oschense (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera oschensis Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 220. 1950. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146672-1)
Cynoglossum persicum (Boiss.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Omphalodes persica Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 7: 30. 1846. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146673-1)
Cynoglossum phardycalyx Greuter & Stier, nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum platycalyx Riedl in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 110: 535. 1963 (non Cynoglossum platycalyx (Riedl) Greuter & Stier). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146674-1)
Cynoglossum plantaginifolium (Lipsky) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus plantaginifolius Lipsky in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 23: 198. 1904. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146675-1)
Cynoglossum platycalyx (Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Lindelofia platycalyx Riedl in Biol. Skr. 13: 202. 1963. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146676-1)
Cynoglossum polyanthum (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum polyanthum Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 123. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146677-1)
Cynoglossum pygmaeum (Rech. f.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum pygmaeum Rech. f. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 58: 52. 1951. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146678-1)
Cynoglossum rechingeri Greuter & Stier, nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum formosum Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 119. 1967 (non Cynoglossum formosum (R. R. Mill) Greuter & Burdet). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146679-1)
Cynoglossum regelii Greuter & Stier, nom. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus hirsutus Regel in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2) [Putesh. Turkest. 3(18)]: 60. 1882 (non Cynoglossum hirsutum Thunb.). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146680-1)
Cynoglossum regium (S. G. Gmel.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Symphytum regium S. G. Gmel., Reise Russland 3: 363, t. 36. f. 1. 1774. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146684-1)
Cynoglossum sessiliflorum (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum sessiliflorum Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 125. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146685-1)
Cynoglossum strictissimum (Brand) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus strictissimus Brand in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 546. 1915. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146686-1)
Cynoglossum stylosum subsp. pterocarpum (Rupr.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Solenanthus nigricans var. pterocarpus Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, ser. 7, 14: 62. 1869 ≡ Lindelofia stylosa subsp. pterocarpa (Rupr.) Kamelin in Novon 3: 263. 1993. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146687-1)
Cynoglossum subscaposum (Rech. f. & Riedl) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Mattiastrum subscaposum Rech. f. & Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 120. 1967. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146688-1)
Cynoglossum tenerum (Bornm.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum tenerum Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 33: 175. 1915. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146689-1)
Cynoglossum trinervium (Duthie) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum trinervium Duthie in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 39. 1912. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146690-1)
Cynoglossum tschotkalense (Popov) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Rindera tschotkalensis Popov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 217. 1950. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146691-1)
Cynoglossum turcomanicum (Bornm. & Sint.) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum turcomanicum Bornm. & Sint. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 20: 193. 1906. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146692-1)
Cynoglossum turkestanicum (Regel) Greuter & Stier, comb. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Kuschakewiczia turkestanica Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 626. 1877. (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146693-1)
Concerning nomenclatural types, we have as a rule limited ourselves to (a) record lectotype designations that we noted during our searches (well aware of the fact that such a search can never be complete and fully reliable), or (b), when no such designation is known, to provide data (as explained under “Data entries”, Field BASIS) on which future specialists may base their choice. In the following exceptional cases, new type designations are being effected here:
Cynoglossum officinale var. corsicum E. Rev. ex Brand – Lectotype (designated here): Fl. Corsica: Evisa, [6 July] 1885, Reverchon in Baenitz, Herbarium europaeum, FR (FR00360781!).
Paracaryum sect. Mattiastrum Boiss. – Type (designated here): P. aucheri (A. DC.) Boiss. (Mattia aucheri A. DC., Mattiastrum aucheri (A. DC.) Brand, Cynoglossum aucheri (A. DC.) Greuter & Burdet).
Additionally we correct an erroneous name:
Microparacaryum intermedium f. stellatum (Riedl) Hilger & Podlech, stat. nov. [BDJ 2015, hoc loco] ≡ Paracaryum stellatum Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 48: 104. 1967 ≡ Microparacaryum intermedium var. stellatum (Riedl) Hilger & Podlech in Pl. Syst. Evol. 148: 304. 1985 ≡ Microparacaryum intermedium f. paracaryoides Hilger & Podlech in Pl. Syst. Evol. 148: 305. 1985 (non Microparacaryum intermedium f. paracaryoides Hilger & Podlech in Pl. Syst. Evol. 148: 303. 1985). (IPNI urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77146694-1)