Corresponding author: Nikhil Modak (
Academic editor: Martin Wiemers
We present here an updated checklist for the butterflies of Matheran, Maharashtra, India, an eco-sensitive zone, with identification remarks for locally rare or very rare butterflies. This is the first dedicated checklist for butterflies of Matheran after 125 years. A total of 140 species of butterflies were recorded belonging to six families. Amongst them, 15 species were either listed under Schedule I, II or IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. We also list the habitats of the species along with the data for their activity at the time of recording the observation. We propose a uniform colour code system for representing season and activity for the Indian butterflies. Examples of colour barcodes are provided with the images of rare and very rare butterflies. The lack of abundance data is a limitation of the study for which we propose long term monitoring with dedicated efforts.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Butterflies are an ideal taxonomic group for ecological studies of landscapes (
Here, we provide a checklist for butterflies of Matheran surveyed between the years 2011 and 2019. Ours is the first dedicated checklist for the butterflies of Matheran after
Matheran (
The area was visited in all the three seasons, namely summer (Feb-May), monsoon (Jun-Sept) and winter (Oct-Jan) throughout the year from September 2011 to March 2019. Intermittent observations were taken between 06.00 hrs and 17.00 hrs for around three days a month. The butterflies were observed in all possible habitats at six localities and on two trails in and around Matheran (Table
Based on the occurrence data, a species accumulation curve (SAC) was prepared in R (
The colour codes (Table
The SAC gained a plateau and standard deviation for species richness declined from 97.75 ± 17.07 to 141.0 ± 0.0 as the number of sights increased from one to eight, predicting sufficient efforts to record all the species found in the area (Asym = 146.42, xmid = 0.58, slope = 3.60) (Fig.
The maximum numbers of species (N = 125) were recorded during winter, while minimum numbers of species (N = 80) were recorded during the monsoon (Fig.
Members of the family
No seasonal activity pattern could be observed (Table
Our list contains 15 such species which are scheduled under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 of India (Table
Abbreviations: FW-Forewing, HW-Hindwing, UN-Underside, UNF-Underside of Forewing, UNH-Underside of Hindwing, UP- Upperside, UPF-Upperside of Forewing, UPH-Upperside of Hindwing
Common name: Orange-tailed awlet.
Identification remarks: Bright orange fringe on HW and on the tip of the abdomen. Broad, pure white, outwardly diffused, central band on UN. Wingspan 42–50 mm.
Season: Monsoon.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Orange awlet.
Identification remarks: UN pale brown. UNH with orange stripes along veins and has orange fringe. UNF purplish. Wingspan 60–70 mm.
Season: Monsoon.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Tamil spotted flat.
Identification remarks: Similar to common spotted flat, but UPF has semi-transparent white spots separated from each other. Markings on UPH indistinct or absent. Antennae chequered, club white in male, white at base only in female. Wingspan 45–50 mm.
Season: Monsoon.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Plain banded awl.
Identification remarks: Outwardly diffused broad white or bluish-white band on UNH. Female has an additional spot on UPF. UN paler, inner half has greenish gloss. Wingspan 45–55 mm.
Season: Monsoon.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Common Redeye.
Identification remarks: Dark buff-brown with no markings on UP. HW has greyish fringe tinged with pale yellow. UN more yellowish orange-brown. Indistinct black brand on UPF of male. Wingspan 40–55 mm.
Season: Monsoon and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Large oakblue.
Identification remarks: Tailed with lobe. UNH has central squarish spots in spaces 4 and 5 at right angles. Metallic scales at UNH lower tip. Wingspan 45–57 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or feeding on rotten fruits.
Common name: Centaur oakblue.
Identification remarks: HW tailed. No HW lobe. Metallic scaling on UNH faint or absent. UNF band continuous and curved. UNF cell spots outlined by silver lines. Male UP brilliant violet-blue, narrow dark borders. Females UP paler blue, broad wing borders. Wingspan 53–62 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or feeding on rotten fruits.
Common name: Common Imperial.
Identification remarks: Two tails. UN of both sexes white to pale brown; faint bars at cell-ends. Narrow dark outer central line on UNF. UNH with outer central and marginal lines and black spots crowned with metallic scales at lower tip. Wingspan 38–42 mm.
Season: Monsoon and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while basking or nectaring.
Common name: Orchid Tit.
Identification remarks: Two tails. UN white, faint cell-end bars, black-edged brown markings. UNF band upper part wider than the lower part. UNH central band broken twice; prominent black spot near base. Wingspan 24–27 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or nectaring.
Common name: Apefly (Fig.
Identification remarks: HW Tailless. UN with several fine wavy vertical lines. Male FW has acute apex and straight outer edge. Female has rounded outer edge. Caterpillars feed on mealy bugs. Wingspan 20–30 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while feeding on bird droppings.
Common name: Common silverline.
Identification remarks: Two tails, one lobe on HW. UN light yellow, black or brown bordered brilliant reddish bands with central silver lines. Separate spots at base of UNH and outer basal band of spots does not extend downwards to first costal vein. Orange-crowned black spot on UNH lobe. Female larger than male and with more rounded FW. Wingspan 26–34 mm.
Season: Summer.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in plains and undulating terrains while either mud puddling, basking, nectaring or feeding on carcass.
Common name: Dark Pierrot.
Identification remarks: HW Tailed. Resembles Assam Pierrot, differs in having the central spot in space 5 joined to the band of spots near margin on UN. Wingspan 22–28 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling.
Common name: Colour sergeant.
Identification remarks: UP dark brown with very broad orange bands. In male, UP velvety black with a white band and orange markings. UPF white band continues on UPH. Orange markings on UPF apex. UPH with orange band near outer edge. Wingspan 55–70 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling or basking.
Common name: Common sergeant.
Identification remarks: A prominent row of black spots always towards the inner edge of the white band on both sides of HW. UPF white cell streak divided into four parts. Wingspan 60–70 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling or basking.
Common name: Plain Tawny Rajah.
Identification remarks: Male UN tawny with purple gloss. UPF tawny, broad black terminal border. UPH black terminal broad near apex. Female UN tawny with broad pale central band. UPH tawny with broad black terminal border and central white band. Wingspan 85–110 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling or basking, feeding on nectar, animal waste or carcasses.
Common name: Rustic.
Identification remarks: Basal area of UPF reddish-brown, a broad yellow or white central band and broad black apex. Two darker marginal lines of crescents on UPH. Sexes similar. Wingspan 50–60 mm.
Season: Monsoon and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or nectaring.
Common name: Brown king crow.
Identification remarks: Similar to Common Crow, but UN of either wing has no spots. All wings bordered with series of marginal and sub-marginal white spots. Male has a short, oval, dark band on UPF. UPH has greyish scales on apical half and pale-yellow scent scales patch. Wingspan 85–100 mm.
Season: Summer and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or nectaring.
Common name: Double branded crow.
Identification remarks: Similar to Common Crow, but male has two parallel brands on UPF; female has two similar faint streaks near inner edge on UPF. Wingspan 95–105 mm.
Season: Summer.
Habitat: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or nectaring.
Common name: Cryptic Nawab (Fig.
Identification remarks: Pale greenish-yellow, wide central band on both sides. Large pale green spot near FW apex on both sides. Wingspan 60–75 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling or basking, feeding on tree sap, animal waste or carcasses.
Common name: Grey Count.
Identification remarks: UP dark brown with pale grey border. Border broad on HW and narrow on FW, ending before apex. FW apex produced and outer edge incurved. Female, larger and duller coloured than male, with extra pale brown markings. Wingspan 65–85 mm.
Season: Monsoon and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was found at forest edges while mud puddling or basking or feeding on tree sap, carcasses, animal waste, bird droppings or rotten fruits.
Common name: Dark Blue Tiger.
Identification remarks: Similar to Blue Tiger, but markings narrower and darker. UNH has a long V-shaped pale blue marking in the cell. UN darker than Blue Tiger. Male UNH has scent scales pouch. Wingspan 75–95 mm.
Season: Summer and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while mud puddling, basking or nectaring.
Common name: Common Rose.
Identification remarks: HW tailed. UNF black with pale greyish stripes between veins. UNH has large white patch of five elongate spots around end-cell, series of bright red or brownish-red spots on outer edge. Body red. Wingspan 80–110 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed at forests edges, scrubs and in grasslands while nectaring.
Common name: Crimson rose.
Identification remarks: HW tailed. Markings on both sides similar. Body bright crimson. Female duller, with larger crimson crescents and spots on HW. Wingspan 90–110 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed at forests edges, scrubs and in grasslands while nectaring.
Common name: Red Helen.
Identification remarks: UPH with patch of three creamy white spots. UPH may have marginal series of indistinct red crescents. Wingspan 110–130 mm.
Season: Summer and monsoon.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Common Albatross.
Identification remarks: Male UPF with dark dusting in apical area and along outer edge, but may be absent. No dark spot on UPF. Pale dull yellow UNH unmarked. Seasonal variation seen in both sexes. In female, UPF apex, leading edge and outer edge bordered with black with four to five white spots near apex. No cell spot. UPH has toothed black border. Wingspan 60–75 mm.
Season: Monsoon and winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Plain Puffin
Identification remarks: Male UPF white with apical, outer and leading (half) edges black with two to five apical white spots. Males of northern population have complete row of four or five apical spots on UPF. UPF has black area along outer edge which extends inwards. In female, UPF black, with central white patch and two white spots at apex. UPH with black outer half and dusky grey or white basal half. UNF with broad dark band from leading edge to outer edge. UNH variable. Wingspan 60–70 mm.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed in forested patches while nectaring.
Common name: Striped Albatross.
Identification remarks: Female DSF white, UPF apex and outer edge broadly black and unspotted, leading edge broadly blackened from base to bar at end-cell. UPH with black spots along outer edge. Female WSF much darker, UN white with diffused greyish-brown markings.
Season: Winter.
Habitat and activity: The species was observed at forests edges, scrubs and in grasslands while nectaring.
The butterfly diversity and distribution is known to be affected by seasons (
The patterns for the diversity of butterflies of Matheran are very similar to those of the California Channel Island Birds and Vanuatu Birds, mentioned by
This novel approach is expected to improve the representation of the data for seasons and activities of the Indian butterflies. We encourage adding more activities and unique colour codes to make this system more universal, uniform and reader friendly. We also recommend its use while uploading records on open databases, such as Butterflies of India (
A total of 140 species of butterflies belonging to six families were recorded from Matheran, India. This list includes 77 new records for Matheran. We observed a strong seasonal variation in butterfly diversity. The maximum diversity (N = 125) of butterflies was recorded during winter, while the least (N = 80) during monsoon. A high similarity of butterfly species composition was observed between the pairs of sites studied, tending towards perfect nestedness. This also emphasises the fact that the butterfly diversity in the region is quite stable and chances of emigration to, or immigration from, surrounding regions are very low. A strong seasonal gradient for activity patterns was not observed; however, we did observe a 'pocket effect' of dry season on butterflies. Butterflies during the dry season tend to aggregate near damp and shady places. Further, we introduce a novel barcode system for denoting seasons and activities of Indian butterflies and hope that this will help butterfly biologists to concisely and effectively present the data.
MS and NM thank Dr. Deepak Apte, the Director, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai; for his support and encouragement during this project. MS and SS are grateful to the people of Matheran for providing local support during the survey. We thank the Biodiversity Heritage Library for making rare old manuscripts readily available online. We are grateful to Dr. Thomas Vattakven and India Biodiversity Portal for helping us upload raw data of the project and providing the URL for citation. NM thanks Manas Modak for helping prepare the raw dataset in Darwin Core Format through his excellent skills of programming in java. NM thanks Shruti Paripatyadar for introducing him to SDR simplex and its uses. We thank Rohan Bhagat for helping us prepare the map of the study site. MS and SS also thank Abhinav Nair, Gargi Geedh and Tejas Mehendale for helping them variously. We thank reviewers and subject editor for their invaluable comments which helped improve the manuscript. We are grateful to the editorial board and the journal for providing a generous waiver on article processing charges upon our request. Finally, we thank our families for keeping up the working environment at home amidst these chaotic COVID-19 situations.
MS and SS conducted the field survey. NM did data analysis. MS, SS and NM conceptualised and developed the colour code. MS, SS and NM wrote the manuscript.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Study area with its location in Maharashtra, India. Sampling sites are shown in green filled circles. Additionally, the survey was conducted on two trails, Neral-Dasturi Road (pink line) and Neral-Matheran Railway (green line).
Species Accumulation Curve (SAC) with asymptote model. Dark blue line indicates the expected (mean) species richness; shaded area denotes the standard deviation (Asym = 146.42, xmid = 0.58, slope = 3.60).
Family-wise species composition pie of butterflies of Matheran.
Seasonal variations in species richness.
Family-wise percent species richness per season.
Season-wise percent species richness per family.
Site-wise percent species richness for each family
Similarity-Richness difference-Species replacement simplex plot for a.
Family
Family
Family
Family
Family
Survey sites in and around Matheran, India with their geographical, climatic and vegetation characteristics.
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1 | Simpson Tank | Small water barrage built on fast flowing stream surrounded by dense forest. Low canopy cover immediately over the barrage. |
2 | Charlotte Lake | Large artificial barrage enclosing artificial lake. Surrounded by dense forest. |
3 | Panorama Point | Mixed vegetation containing semi-evergreen forested patches and grasslands. High ambient moisture during monsoon accompanied by high wind currents. |
4 | Garbett Point | A small plateau associated with Matheran. Mixed vegetation containing semi-evergreen forested patches and grasslands. A small hamlet sustaining a human population prevalently that of the ' |
5 | Rustumjee Point | Thick semi-evergreen vegetation. High ambient moisture during monsoon accompanied by high wind currents. |
6 | One tree hill point | Gradual hill slopes and edge of the valley. Thick semi-evergreen vegetation. High ambient moisture during monsoon accompanied by high wind currents. A torrential stream flows near this area. |
7 | Neral-Matheran Rail Route | Various types of vegetation elements with patches of wet evergreen, semi-evergreen forests and grasslands. Entire trail has valleys on one side and cliffs on the other. Many torrential streams intersect this area at various points during the monsoon. Cliffs seep with a thin film of water during the monsoon and early winter months. Gutters made for drainage of water hold it until late winter. Shutting down of railway transport during the monsoon leave this area more or less undisturbed from human interference for around four months. |
8 | Neral-Matheran Road way | Heavily-disturbed area with human interference holding patches of evergreen, semi-evergreen forests, monoculture of |
Colour scheme for colour barcodes with CMYK and RGB ratios and HEX numbers.
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Seasons | Summer | 0:100:100:0 | 227:30:36 | #E31E24 | Red | |
Monsoon | 100:0:100:0 | 0:152:70 | #009846 | Green | ||
Winter | 100:100:0:0 | 57:49:133 | #393185 | Indigo | ||
Summer+Monsoon | 9:24:100:46 | 151:126:22 | #977E16 | Tan | ||
Summer+Winter | 24:100:2:13 | 175:0:113 | #AF0071 | Purple | ||
Monsoon+Winter | 86:36:9:20 | 0:115:162 | #0073A2 | Teal | ||
Summer+Monsoon+Winter | 47:38:38:24 | 128:128:128 | #808080 | Grey (50% Black) | ||
Mud Puddling | 19:52:85:37 | 153:102:51 | #996633 | Brown | ||
Basking | 57:100:0:0 | 153:0:153 | #990099 | Magenta | ||
Feeding | Nectaring | 0:45:10:4 | 235:150:5 | #EB9605 | Honey (Orange) | |
Tree Sap | 0:28:98:0 | 255:191:0 | #FFBF00 | Amber | ||
Animal Carcass | 11:99:100:50 | 121:06:04 | #790604 | Kryon Cherry Red | ||
Animal Waste | 3:0:93:0 | 255:255:0 | #FFFF00 | Yellow | ||
Bird Droppings | 95:95:45:95 | 0:00:00 | #000000 | Black | ||
Rotten fruits | 17:56:48:12 | 193:123:113 | #C17B71 | Rose Brown |
List of butterflies of Matheran. Numeric codes of sites correspond to Table
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Vindhyan Bob |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Brown Awl |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Orange-Tailed Awlet |
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Monsoon | VR | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Orange Awlet |
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Monsoon | VR | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Blank Swift |
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Monsoon | VC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Golden Angle |
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All | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Malabar Flat |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Spotted Flat |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Tamil Spotted Flat |
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Monsoon | VR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Tricolor Pied Flat |
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Monsoon+Winter | VC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Awl |
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Winter | NC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Common Banded Awl |
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All | VC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Plain Banded Awl |
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Monsoon | VR | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chestnut Bob |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Redeye |
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Monsoon+Winter | R | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Conjoined Swift |
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Monsoon | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Variable Swift |
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Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Common Small Flat |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Spotted Small Flat |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Indian Skipper |
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Monsoon | C | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Indian Palm Bob |
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Winter | C | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Black Angle |
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Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Tamil Grass Dart |
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Summer+Monsoon | VC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Dark Palm Dart |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Grass Demon |
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Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
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Common Hedge Blue |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Purple Leaf Blue |
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Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pointed Ciliate Blue |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Large Oakblue |
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Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Centaur Oakblue |
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Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Angled Pierrot |
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All | VC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Common Pierrot |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Forgetmenot |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Imperial |
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Monsoon+Winter | VR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Lime Blue |
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Summer+Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Orchid Tit |
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Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Angled Sunbeam |
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Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Indian Sunbeam |
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Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cornelian |
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All | C | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Gram Blue |
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Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Indian Cupid |
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Summer+Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Small Grass Jewel |
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Summer+Winter | C | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Silverstreak Blue |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Dark Cerulean |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Cerulean |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Peablue |
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Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Zebra Blue |
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Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Yamfly |
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Monsoon+Winter | NC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Plains Cupid |
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Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Malayan |
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Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Opaque Six Lineblue |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Transparent Six Lineblue |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Dingy Lineblue |
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Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tailless Lineblue |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Common Lineblue |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Common Red Flash |
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Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Slate Flash |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Indigo Flash |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Monkey Puzzle |
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All | VC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Common Apefly |
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Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Long Banded Silverline |
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Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Silverline |
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Summer | VR | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common |
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Monsoon | NC | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Peacock Royal |
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Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Red Pierrot |
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Summer+Winter | C | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dark Pierrot |
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Winter | VR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Guava Blue |
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All | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Large Guava Blue |
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All | VC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Dark Grass Blue |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Lesser Grass Blue |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Tiny Grass Blue |
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Summer+Winter | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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Angled Castor |
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All | C | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Castor |
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All | NC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Color Sergeant |
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Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Common Sergeant |
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Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Tawny Rajah |
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Winter | R | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Black Rajah |
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Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rustic |
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Monsoon+Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Common Map |
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Summer+Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Plain Tiger |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Striped Tiger |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Crow |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Brown King Crow |
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Summer+Winter | R | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Double Branded Crow |
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Summer | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Baron |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Gaudy Baron |
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Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Great Eggfly |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Danaid Eggfly |
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All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Peacock Pansy |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Grey Pansy |
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Summer | NC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Chocolate Pansy |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Lemon Pansy |
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All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Blue Oakleaf |
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Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Bamboo Treebrown |
|
All | NC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Common Treebrown |
|
All | VC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Club Beak |
|
Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Common Evening Brown |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Commander |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Dark Brand Bushbrown |
|
Monsoon+Winter | NC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Bushbrown |
|
Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Long Brand Bushbrown |
|
Monsoon+Winter | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Sailer |
|
All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Chestnut Streaked Sailer |
|
Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Glassy Tiger |
|
Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Short Banded Sailer |
|
Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Leopard |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cryptic Nawab |
|
Winter | R | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Black Prince |
|
Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Baronet |
|
Summer+Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Grey Count |
|
Monsoon+Winter | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Blue Tiger |
|
Monsoon | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Dark Blue Tiger |
|
Summer+Winter | R | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Painted Lady |
|
All | C | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Fivering |
|
All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Fourring |
|
All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|||||||||||
Tailed Jay |
|
Monsoon | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Jay |
|
Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Bluebottle |
|
Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Common Rose |
|
Winter | R | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Crimson Rose |
|
Winter | R | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Common Mime |
|
Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lime |
|
Summer+Winter | NC | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Red Helen |
|
Summer+Monsoon | R | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Blue Mormon |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Mormon |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
|||||||||||
Common Albatross |
|
Summer+Winter | R | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Plain Pufin |
|
Winter | VR | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Striped Albatross |
|
Winter | R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Emigrant |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mottled Emigrant |
|
Winter | NC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Common Gull |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Jezebel |
|
All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Grass Yellow |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Spotless Grass Yellow |
|
Summer+Winter | NC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Great Orange Tip |
|
All | NC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
White Orange Tip |
|
Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Yellow Orange Tip |
|
Summer+Winter | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Psyche |
|
All | C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Common Wanderer |
|
All | VC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
|||||||||||
Double Banded Judy |
|
Monsoon+Winter | C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Activity chart for butterflies of Matheran observed during the survey. Colour codes correspond to Table
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List of scheduled species under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, India.
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1 | Orange-tailed awlet |
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2 (2) |
2 | Plain Banded Awl |
|
4 |
3 | Striped Albatross |
|
4 |
4 | Plain Puffin |
|
2 (2) |
5 | Crimson Rose |
|
1 (4) |
6 | Long Banded Silverline |
|
2 (2) |
7 | Dark Pierrot |
|
4 |
8 | Gram Blue |
|
2 (2) |
9 | Lime blue |
|
2 |
10 | Peacock Royal |
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2 (2) |
11 | Orchid Tit |
|
1 (4) |
12 | Indigo Flash |
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2 (2) |
13 | Gaudy Baron |
|
4 |
14 | Grey Count |
|
2 (2) |
15 | Danaid Eggfly |
|
1 |
List of the butterfly species of Matheran common between Smith (1882), Betham (1894), Padhye et al. (2013) and the current study.
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− |
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− | − | |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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− | − |
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A doubtful generic allocation by |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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− | − |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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− |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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− |
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Erroneous generic name by |
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Erroneous generic name by |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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− | |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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Erroneous generic name by |
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− |
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− | − |
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− | − |
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− | − |
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− |
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− |
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− | − | |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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Erroneous specific name in |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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− | − |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− | − |
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Erroneous generic and specific name in |
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− |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − |
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− |
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− | − | − | This could be misidentification as the species is distributed in the Philippines, Moluccas and some parts of West Papua. |
|
− | − |
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− | − | − | This could be misidentification as the species is distributed over the Sundaland. |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
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− |
|
Erroneous specific name by |
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− | − |
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− | − |
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− |
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− | − |
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− | − |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − | |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − | − | Doubtful record by |
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− | − | − | |
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− | − | − | |
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− |
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− | − | |
|
− |
|
− | − | Monotypic genus contains |
Percentage matrix fill and percentage contributions from the SDR-simplex analyses of family-wise and overall species richness.
Table
File: oo_429763.docx
Similarity-Richness difference-Species replacement simplex plot for overall butterfly diversity of Matheran showing high similarity. Points denote pair of sites (N = 28)
Image
File: oo_429764.docx