Map of the study region and schematic representation of the study design. a) Location of 60 islands studied in Gam Bay in the Raja Ampat archipelago, Indonesia. The 25 largest sampled islands are highlighted in dark grey. The 35 islands smaller than 100 m² are not visible at this scale. b) Species richness and number of stems were recorded in plots (2 × 2 m) and transects (10 × 2 m). The number of transects placed on an island depended on island area, whereby larger islands received more transects. On islands smaller than the area of a single transect, we placed as many plots as possible.