Corresponding author: Alexey P. Seregin (
Academic editor: Vincent Smith
World herbaria with 387.5M specimens (
MHA Herbarium imaged 64,008 specimens from Moscow Region and partly from other regions of Eastern Europe at 600 dpi and provided key metadata. These data are now fully available in the Moscow Digital Herbarium and GBIF. Complete georeferencing of the specimens from the City of Moscow was a key task in 2020. As of May 2020, 50,324 specimens, including 49,732 specimens from Russia, have been georeferenced (78.6%) and 39,448 specimens have fully-captured label transcriptions (61.6%). Based on these data, we give a detailed overview of the collections including spatial, temporal and taxonomic description of the dataset.
The official name of the collection is the Skvortsov Herbarium of the Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences (acronym MHA). In 2020, the Herbarium was named after the well-known Russian botanist Alexey Konstantinovich Skvortsov (1920–2008), who was the scientific supervisor of the MHA Herbarium for 36 years.
The Herbarium was launched soon after the founding of the Main Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1945. Initially, some minor collections of dry plants were stored in workrooms of the staff. In 1958, the Herbarium received a hall of 280 m2 in the newly-constructed main lab building. A group headed by V.N. Voroshilov formed the herbarium staff. Upon formal establishment, the MHA Herbarium received an almost complete set of exsiccates “Herbarium of the Flora of the USSR” from the Komarov Botanical Institute (Leningrad) and all botanical collections from the Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology (Moscow), including duplicates of important Moscow collections by D.P. Syreyshchikov, the first curator of the Moscow University Herbarium. These initial holdings were supplemented by the collections from Voronezh and Moscow Oblasts by V.N. Voroshilov, B.M. Kulkov and V.A. Shtamm (
In 1966, A.K. Skvortsov became the scientific supervisor of the MHA Herbarium. The main vectors of the Herbarium development were formed in this time: “Our collections should provide:
orientation in the flora as a source of the material for introduction; documentation of the introduction activities.
The location of the herbarium in the center of European Russia obliges us to create a regional herbarium” (
Some Russian-language references describe the main milestones in the history of the MHA Herbarium (
The Herbarium of vascular plants is located in two halls (334 m2) in the main lab building of the Garden. Duplicates and unmounted backlog are stored in several rooms (120 m2) at Botanicheskaya Street, 33-4 within a ten minute walk from the main building. The Herbarium of bryophytes is also stored at Botanicheskaya Street, 33-4 in several rooms (180 m2).
Currently, the MHA Herbarium has 12 staff members (of which six are working with vascular plants). There are eight curators and researchers, a mounter and three employees who are digitising and filing the specimens. The staff members conduct field research across Russia in Tver, Tula, Kaluga, Belgorod, Rostov, Saratov, Volgograd, Orenburg Oblasts, Kalmykia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Stavropol Krai, Yakutia etc. The total duration of expeditions is ca. 240 person-days per year. Fresh collections by the employees form 70% of new accessions. Other accessions come from exchange, gifts and old backlog.
Recent digitisation activities in Moscow and Eastern European sections allow us to detail the list of collectors, the time and place of their work, the number of the collected specimens and their taxonomic composition.
"Flora of Moscow" Information System on Moscow Digital Herbarium web-platform (research project #19-34-70018).
The MHA Herbarium holds vast collections from the Moscow metropolitan area (City of Moscow and Moscow Oblast) collected in the last 70 years, whereas the Moscow University Herbarium (MW) holdings are fairly evenly distributed in time over a period of 200 years. Altogether, MW and MHA have 130,000+ specimens from the Moscow Region, which make it the most densely-sampled territory across Russia. The idea of the research proposal was to digitise and precisely georeference this large dataset for proper understanding of changes in the flora around the City of Moscow through time and space. From March to October 2019, the MHA Herbarium team imaged 49.7K herbarium specimens of vascular plants at 600 dpi using Microtek 1600 Object Scan. In the next few months, 78.6% of them were georeferenced.
Further, the MHA Herbarium published online 15K images of its Eastern European collections (imaged earlier in 2017-2018), which are especially strong in the semi-arid flora of the Lower Volga Region. The MHA Herbarium collections are fully available in GBIF, Moscow Digital Herbarium and newly-established "Flora of Moscow" website (https://moscow.depo.msu.ru). At the moment, MHA Herbarium is the second largest imaged herbarium of Russia.
To schedule and perform the digitisation of the MHA Herbarium, we used five key stages by
pre-digitisation curation and staging, specimen image capture, specimen image processing, electronic data capture, georeferencing specimen data.
The section curator reviews all incoming physical accessions for meeting the basic requirements of the herbarium specimen. A specimen should be a high-quality dried plant (or several individuals) with a label bearing identification, collection site, habitat, collection date and collector. After that, unmounted new material is frozen at a temperature of –30°C for 14 days as a quarantine procedure against specific herbarium pests and then mounted. New collections are counted (and listed in the collection journal) right after mounting. Sorting and incorporation of new material takes place once a year, usually in the autumn-winter period. Right before imaging, pre-ordered self-adhesive barcodes with an acronym and a seven-digit number (e.g. MHA 0 002 094) were attached to the herbarium sheet.
Specimens were imaged in accordance with international standards with a resolution of 600 dpi and a colour checker (24 colours). After scanning, each image was automatically renamed according to the barcode served as an unique identifier. In total, 14,274 specimens of the Eastern European section were digitised in 2017–2018. Imaged Eastern European collections at that time were stored on external discs without online access.
The Moscow section was scanned more intensively under the time limit from March to October 2019. Every day, two to three operators worked on the single scanner in shifts. For each shift lasting four to five hours, 140–160 specimens were digitised. Thus, 300–400 specimens were imaged per day per scanner. In total, the herbarium team imaged 49,621 specimens within eight months and completed the mission.
During the imaging, we encountered a number of minor issues:
Some specimens have large plants covering partly or fully the label text. The specimens were imaged as they are, whereas the labels will be captured not from the image, but from the physical specimen later. Sometimes two different species were mounted on a single sheet. In such cases, if possible, the specimens were remounted on to two sheets. If the remounting was impossible or impractical, the single sheet was scanned, but the image was duplicated and each file was assigned an additional digit ("-1" or "-2") to facilitate unique identifiers for each species. Labels of a larger size widely used in the exsiccates "Herbarium of the flora of the USSR" were often folded during mounting. We tried to remount such labels to make text fully available on images, but in some cases, the label partly covered the plant. In some cases, two or more parts of the same large plant were mounted on several sheets bearing a single label and further notes like “sheet #2”, “sheet #3” etc. These sheets were initially inserted into the cupboards after being fastened with a removable paper clip. However, they have been mixed over time with other specimens, so now it is impossible to trace the correct label for these multiple “sheets #2”.
While scanning, the operator started a new directory for every species and named it against a folder name. Before uploading the images into the Moscow Digital Herbarium, the structure of the directories was converted into a table of metadata. Thus, for each accession, the initial metadata included ID (barcode identifier), taxon name from folder without taxonomic authors and the geographic code of the area.
The taxon name, according to the protocols of the Moscow Digital Herbarium, was automatically matched with the latest version of the
Publication of images with brief metadata is a powerful tool for rapid online access to the scanned herbarium collections. This approach was largely used in Paris where the largest herbarium of the world was imaged and published online (
After online publication of the Moscow Region specimens in the Moscow Digital Herbarium and GBIF, other sections of the MHA Herbarium will undergo the same procedure. Thus, to date, 64008 images of specimens of vascular plants from the MHA Herbarium are available online.
After online publication of the images and associated brief metadata, we link the records with existing full-label data capture of 7,087 specimens of the Moscow section (14.3%) made earlier by T.G. Nosova and I.A. Kravtsov in the form of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. For the remaining 42,534 specimens, the operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium entered mandatory metadata—the collection date, the first collector, curatorial area and coordinates (if present on the label).
Similarly, a table with full-label data capture for 11,716 specimens from Eastern Europe (82% of the scanned ones) made by E.A. Karakina and B.L. Oshovskaya was uploaded as well. For the remaining 2,572 specimens, the operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium and employees of the Garden entered additional mandatory metadata.
Thus, the minimum obligatory set of metadata available for all digitised specimens of the MHA Herbarium in this dataset include barcode ID, complete taxonomic information, collection date, the first collector, curatorial area and geographical coordinates (if available on the label). Additionally, 18,803 specimens had full-text inscriptions of labels (29.4%) due to earlier efforts.
Further full-text data capture was carried out by the operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium for specimens collected within the City of Moscow (15,982 specimens). An operator entered the label data from the scanned image into an Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with 30 standard fields (including some pre-filled ones to avoid mistakes). Additionally, a commercial partner under
After data entry, the scientific supervisor of the Moscow Digital Herbarium checked the spreadsheets for technical issues by a set of automatic, semi-automatic and manual operations. The IT-team, using the data migrator programme, then converted data from the Excel spreadsheet to the PostgreSQL database of the Moscow Digital Herbarium for further data storing and retrieving. This stage also includes some automatic checks of data consistency.
As of May 2020, the full text of labels has been entered for 39,448 specimens of the MHA Herbarium (61.6% of the imaged ones)—27,783 specimens of the Moscow section and 11,665 specimens of the Eastern European section. Full-text label transcriptions help to optimise the further georeferencing by combining labels with identical text into groups.
The operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium and the Garden employees carried out manual georeferencing with further implementation of the ISTRA system (Intellectual System of Toponymic Reading and Attribution), several lines of the code being written in JAVA. This code is integrated into the Moscow Digital Herbarium and unavailable as a stand-alone product.
The first algorithm of the ISTRA system combines the specimens into the groups according to the matching of the captured label text. In this case, there are two options for combining—complete matching mode and letters-only mode. The results do not differ in accuracy from the manual georeferencing. The second algorithm of the ISTRA system forms the specimen groups according to the matching of three fields—collection date, collector’s surname and curatorial area. Within the walking-day route, the standard georeferencing accuracy in most cases does not exceed 5 km. Further data refinement will help us to replace automatic georeferencing with the more accurate manual one.
In both cases, the operator inserts the coordinates manually and the system sets the coordinates automatically for all specimens of the group. The first algorithm takes precedence over the second one. In all cases, we save the log file and note the georeferencing method in the form of the standard disclaimers:
captured from the label; set manually by the operator; set automatically by matching of the label text; set automatically by matching of the collection date and collector.
Manual georeferencing is carried out using standard e-cartographic libraries (
Complete georeferencing of the specimens from the City of Moscow was a key task in 2020 for the Moscow University team (according to the Moscow project), whereas employees of the MHA Herbarium georeferenced specimens from Moscow Oblast and Eastern Europe (starting with the most prolific collectors). In total, 50,324 specimen have been georeferenced (74%), including 49,732 specimens from Russia.
For 7,414 specimens, the coordinates were taken from the label (14.7% of the number of georeferenced ones), for 10,849 specimens (21.6%), they were set manually and for 32,061 specimens (63.7%), they were calculated automatically using the ISTRA system.
The Eastern European section of the MHA Herbarium has its focus on European Russia (Table
Moscow Region forms its own section in the MHA Herbarium. This is due to the location of the Garden in the City of Moscow. One of the initial missions of the Herbarium was precise documentation of the local flora, including long-term observations of both native and alien plants. Based on these materials, standard flora and checklists were published by the Garden staff in collaboration with Moscow University (
The Lower Volga Region was one of the focus areas for A.K. Skvortsov, his graduate students and the Herbarium employees. This activity resulted in the published volumes of the “Flora of the Lower Volga” (
Geographical coordinates for the dataset frame are given below.
44.5 and 77 Latitude; 19.5 and 69.5 Longitude.
The dataset covers vascular plants of Eastern Europe, both native and alien species. There are also some specimens of cultivated plants, especially from the Moscow Region. The Moscow section is completely digitised and can provide figures on the taxonomic representation of the MHA Herbarium collections, whereas 14% of the the Eastern European section has been digitised and, therefore, information on its taxonomic composition only shows which families have been digitised so far.
Until 2017, the taxonomic backbone of the MHA Herbarium was the standard checklist by
Rank | Scientific Name | |
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phylum |
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PLEASE FILL IN TRAIT INFORMATION HERE
The Moscow and East European sections of the MHA Herbarium were launched in the second half of the 20th century and collections continue to grow in the 21st century. The mean year of collection for the digitised specimens of the entire MHA Herbarium is 1976. The mean collection date shows in which regions the Herbarium was currently active and from which areas, in particular, there is fresh material for DNA studies or adequate collections of recently-spreading alien species. From the majority of regions, new collections have come evenly since the foundation of the MHA Herbarium. They have an average collection date of 1975–1978 (Table
In recent decades, collections came mainly from four Regions—Rostov Oblast, Lower Volga Region, Central Region (mainly Kaluga Oblast) and Central Forest-Steppe Region (mainly Belgorod Oblast). These are the places of the fieldwork of the current Herbarium employees, as well as the above-mentioned expeditions across the Lower Volga Region of the 1990s. On the contrary, there have been no significant accessions from Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, as well as some regions of European Russia in recent decades.
The peak of 1920s resulted from the transfer of earlier collections by D.P. Syreishchikov. The original collections of the Moscow section of the MHA Herbarium dated back to the period 1945–2018 with two peaks of major accessions—1960s and 1980s.
In the 1960s, the main collections came from V.A. Shtamm (1,709 specimens), A.K. Skvortsov (1,370), V.V. Makarov (1,314), G.P. Rysina (831), E.I. Kurchenko (549), A.P. Khokhryakov (445), A.A. Nekrasov (356), E.E. Gogina (181), V.S. Drozdova (153) and N.K. Shvedchikova (143). This was the time of active studies of the native flora and the publication of the standard guide by
In the 1980s, the most important Moscow collections were gathered by the MHA Herbarium employees M.S. Ignatov (2,716 specimens), V.D. Bochkin (2,585), V.V. Makarov (1,375), A.N. Shvetsov (577) and A.K. Skvortsov (512). Lesser contributions were made by V.B. Kuvaev (391), L.A. Deistfeldt (117), N.V. Kostyleva (108), A.E. Matsenko (91) and A.V. Shcherbakov (65). In this period, intensive studies of the alien flora of the Moscow Region resulted in the checklist by
Notable collections from the Lower Volga began to arrive in the mid-1970s, but the peak of the major accessions stretched over the 1980s and 1990s. Especially large collections were made in 1982, 1986, 1989–1990 and 1993–1994.
In the 1980s, the major collections came from N.B. Belyanina (2500 estimated number of specimens/350 digitized), V.D. Bochkin (990/139), V.A. Sagalaev (670/94) and G.Yu. Klinkova (460/64). In the 1990s, the most important collections from the Lower Volga were accessed from V.A. Sagalaev (2,080/291), G.Yu. Klinkova (1,940/271), V.D. Bochkin (1,470/206), I.A. Shantser (830/116), A.K. Skvortsov (790/110) and S.R. Mayorov (230/41). These figures are based on the senior collectors mentioned in the labels, but in 1993, a top-record year, an expedition supported by the U.S. National Geographic Society collected at least 5,100 specimens (716 digitised) during a many-month trip across the Lower Volga Region and Western Kazakhstan performed by V.A. Sagalaev, G.Yu. Klinkova, I.A. Shantser, V.D. Bochkin, A.K. Skvortsov, M.Yu. Polonskaya, M.V. Kostina, V.V. Dzhanaeva and others.
Accessions from the
The collections from the
Accessions from the
Other
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 Licence (
MHA Herbarium: Eastern European collections of vascular plants
1
MHA Herbarium: Eastern European collections of vascular plants
Darwin Core
1
Column label | Column description |
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MHA Herbarium: Eastern European collections of vascular plants | In 2017–2019, the Herbarium staff imaged the Moscow section (100%) and the Eastern European section (14.1%) of the MHA Herbarium. In total, 64,008 specimens were digitised (600 dpi images and key metadata). These data were published in the Moscow Digital Herbarium in 2019–2020 and fully available in GBIF. Based on these data, a detailed overview of the physical collections of these two sections is given in this data paper, as well as spatial, temporal and taxonomic description of the dataset. As of May 2020, 50,324 specimens from the MHA Herbarium have been georeferenced (78.6%) and 39,448 specimens have fully captured label transcriptions (61.6%). |
The basis of the Moscow section was formed by ca. 2,000 specimens from D.P. Syreyshchikov and ca. 700 specimens from P.A. Smirnov, collected in 1920s and received from the Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology (Moscow).
The staff collected later accessions directly from the Garden (Ostankino in Moscow) and various areas across the Moscow Oblast – V.N. Voroshilov (1940–1950s), T.N. Evtyukhova (1940s), V.A. Shtamm (1940–1960s), G.P. Rysina (1960s) and B.M. Kulkov (1940–1950s). The donations of V.I. Sobolevsky (1950s), A.A. Nekrasov (1950–1960s), A.I. Manin (1960–1970s), A.P. Khokhryakov (1950–1960s) and others from different areas of the Moscow Region enriched the section as well.
In 1970–1990s, V.V. Makarov, M.S. Ignatov, A.N. Shvetsov, V.D. Bochkin, E.E. Gogina, and A.E. Matsenko made the largest collections across the Moscow Region due to the research missions of the Garden employees devoted to rare and endangered plant species, audit and organisation of the protected areas with a focus on the districts west of Moscow.
The Garden staff also intensively studied the alien flora of the Moscow Region. This resulted in the special collections by A.K. Skvortsov, V.V. Makarov, M.S. Ignatov and A.N. Shvetsov, expanded later by V.D. Bochkin assisted by S.R. Mayorov, Yu.A. Nasimovich and Yu.K. Vinogradova. Their collections became the basis of monographic reviews on the alien flora of the Moscow Region (
E.I. Kurchenko (Serpukhov District), N.M. Reshetnikova (Ruza District), V.B. Kuvaev (Znamenskoye near Moscow), Yu.A. Nasimovich with L.A. Deystfeldt (several districts) donated their collections from the Moscow Region (Skvortsov and Belyanina 2005). In the last decade, K.Yu. Teplov transferred large collections of rare plants from the locations across the Region.
A.K. Skvortsov began his studies of the Lower Volga Region in the 1950s. In 1970–1990s, floristic expeditions were regular and the key collectors of that time were A.K. Skvortsov, A.E. Matsenko, V.V. Makarov, N.B. Belyanina, I.A. Shantser and V.D. Bochkin, as well as staff members of the Volgograd Pedagogical University (N.G. Volodina, V.A. Sagalaev and G.Yu. Klinkova). In 2010s, the collection activities were continued by N.Yu. Stepanova assisted by A.V. Kuvaev (Severtsov Institute) and I.N. Safronova (Komarov Institute) during their floristic studies of the Kuma-Manych depression and the Caspian Lowland.
A vast amount of material helped to critically assess the current state of the flora of the southeast of European Russia and with the publication of two volumes of the “Flora of the Lower Volga” (
A large number of specimens from the
Collections from the
A large number of collections from the
The
Major collections from the
Important collections from other areas include:
The reported project was funded by RFBR and Moscow City Government according to the research project #19-34-70018 (digitisation of the Moscow section) and MHA Institutional Research Project No 118021490111-5 (digitisation of the Eastern European section).
A.P. Seregin designed the project, managed georeferencing, checked and managed the data and prepared the manuscript.
N.Yu. Stepanova managed imaging, full label capturing and georeferncing, prepared plates and assisted in preparation of the manuscript.
Temporal distribution of specimens in Moscow section, MHA Herbarium.
Temporal distribution of digitised specimens from Lower Volga Region, MHA Herbarium.
Temporal distribution of digitised specimens from the Central, Central Forest-steppe and Northern Regions, MHA Herbarium.
A gallery of the top collectors of the Moscow section, MHA Herbarium (part 1)
V.D. Bochkin
A.K. Skvortsov
V.V. Makarov
V.A. Shtamm
M.S. Ignatov
V.B. Kuvaev
A gallery of the top collectors of the Moscow section, MHA Herbarium (part 2)
D.P. Syreyshchikov
A.P. Khokhryakov
Yu.A. Nasimovich
V.N. Voroshilov
K.Yu. Teplov
G.P. Rysina
A gallery of the top collectors of the Lower Volga Region, MHA Herbarium
N.B. Belyanina
V.A. Sagalaev
N.Yu. Stepanova
G.Yu. Klinkova
I.A. Shantser
A.V. Kuvaev
A gallery of the top collectors of the Eastern European section (excluding Lower Volga), MHA Herbarium
N.M. Reshetnikova
V.I. Sobolevsky
L.A. Utkin
A.P. Seregin
A.K. Mamontov
A.K. Krylov
General overview of the MHA Herbarium collections.
|
|
|
|
Eastern Europe | 101,034 | 16.4 | 1,873 |
Moscow region | 49,621 | 8.1 | 1,730 |
Crimea | 17,915 | 2.9 | 24 |
Caucasus | 52,553 | 8.5 | 202 |
Siberia and plains of Kazakhstan | 60,903 | 9.9 | 691 |
Russian Far East | 63,560 | 10.3 | 36 |
Middle Asia | 52,557 | 8.5 | 389 |
General Herbarium | 115,893 | 18.8 | 746 |
Herbarium of Introduction | 23,981 | 3.9 | 213 |
Dendrological Herbarium | 30,000 | 4.9 | 0 |
Type collection | 1,424 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
Skvortsov’s personal herbarium | 45,782 | 7.4 | 0 |
|
|
|
|
Bryophytes | 70,000 | ca. 2,000 | |
Lichens (since 2019) | 500 | 500 | |
ca. 685,700 |
Collections of the MHA Herbarium from Eastern Europe by country.
|
|
|
1 | Russia | 131,420 |
2 | Ukraine | 12,410 |
3 | Lithuania | 1,640 |
4 | Belarus | 1,610 |
5 | Kazakhstan | 1,540 |
6 | Estonia | 1,290 |
7 | Moldova | 830 |
8 | Latvia | 390 |
Collections of the MHA Herbarium from Eastern Europe by curatorial areas.
|
|
|
|
1 | Moscow Region | 49,744 | 49,744 |
2 | Lower Volga Region | 3,244 | 23,170 |
3 | Central Region | 1,812 | 12,940 |
4 | Central Forest-steppe Region | 1,459 | 10,420 |
5 | Northern Region | 1,259 | 8,990 |
6 | Eastern Region | 1,094 | 7,810 |
7 | West-Ukrainian Region | 954 | 6,810 |
8 | Western Region | 889 | 6,350 |
9 | Northwest Region | 690 | 4,930 |
10 | North-Ukrainian Region | 439 | 3,140 |
11 | Middle Volga Region | 435 | 3,110 |
12 | South-Ukrainian Region | 346 | 2,470 |
13 | Rostov Oblast | 231 | 1,650 |
14 | Lithuania | 229 | 1,640 |
15 | Belarus | 228 | 1,630 |
16 | Western Kazakhstan | 219 | 1,560 |
17 | Estonia | 180 | 1,290 |
18 | Western Siberia | 132 | 940 |
19 | Moldova | 116 | 830 |
20 | Volga-Kama Region | 87 | 620 |
21 | Central forest Region | 84 | 600 |
22 | Latvia | 54 | 390 |
Top families of the Moscow section, MHA Herbarium.
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
5,410 | 11 |
|
1,334 |
2 |
|
5,075 | 12 |
|
1,279 |
3 |
|
3,733 | 13 |
|
1,109 |
4 |
|
3,195 | 14 |
|
1,064 |
5 |
|
2,518 | 15 |
|
1,044 |
6 |
|
2,007 | 16 |
|
1,023 |
7 |
|
1,954 | 17 |
|
982 |
8 |
|
1,689 | 18 |
|
679 |
9 |
|
1,515 | 19 |
|
622 |
10 |
|
1,437 | 20 |
|
622 |
Top genera of the Moscow section, MHA Herbarium.
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
2,561 | 11 |
|
494 |
2 |
|
1,108 | 12 |
|
470 |
3 |
|
1,064 | 13 |
|
453 |
4 |
|
759 | 14 |
|
448 |
5 |
|
737 | 15 |
|
439 |
6 |
|
661 | 16 |
|
438 |
7 |
|
635 | 17 |
|
399 |
8 |
|
624 | 18 |
|
396 |
9 |
|
589 | 19 |
|
387 |
10 |
|
497 | 20 |
|
383 |
Top species of the Moscow section, MHA Herbarium.
|
|
|
1 | 270 | |
2 | 224 | |
3 | 194 | |
4 | 188 | |
5 | 188 | |
6 | 158 | |
7 | 151 | |
8 | 147 | |
9 | 144 | |
10 | 144 | |
11 | 141 | |
12 | 133 | |
13 | 131 | |
14 | 131 | |
15 | 130 | |
16 | 126 | |
17 | 125 | |
18 | 125 | |
19 | 122 | |
20 | 122 |
Top families of the Eastern European section, MHA Herbarium (digitised specimens only).
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
8441 | 11 |
|
241 |
2 |
|
859 | 12 |
|
160 |
3 |
|
761 | 13 |
|
156 |
4 |
|
460 | 14 |
|
140 |
5 |
|
443 | 15 |
|
130 |
6 |
|
428 | 16 |
|
104 |
7 |
|
339 | 17 |
|
96 |
8 |
|
313 | 18 |
|
88 |
9 |
|
264 | 19 |
|
75 |
10 |
|
242 | 20 |
|
67 |
Top genera of the Eastern European section, MHA Herbarium (digitised specimens only).
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
835 | 11 |
|
311 |
2 |
|
806 | 12 |
|
258 |
3 |
|
678 | 13 |
|
257 |
4 |
|
624 | 14 |
|
236 |
5 |
|
613 | 15 |
|
221 |
6 |
|
460 | 16 |
|
215 |
7 |
|
367 | 17 |
|
208 |
8 |
|
335 | 18 |
|
201 |
9 |
|
334 | 19 |
|
187 |
10 |
|
327 | 20 |
|
187 |
Top species of the Eastern European section, MHA Herbarium (digitised specimens only).
|
|
|
1 | 193 | |
2 | 157 | |
3 | 153 | |
4 | 145 | |
5 | 140 | |
6 | 134 | |
7 | 128 | |
8 | 119 | |
9 | 119 | |
10 | 116 | |
11 | 115 | |
12 | 111 | |
13 | 111 | |
14 | 111 | |
15 | 110 | |
16 | 106 | |
17 | 105 | |
18 | 100 | |
19 | 98 | |
20 | 97 |
Mean collection date of the MHA Herbarium holdings across the regions.
|
|
|
|
1 | Rostov Oblast | 2003 | 226 |
2 | Lower Volga Region | 1990 | 3,145 |
3 | Central Region | 1990 | 1,797 |
4 | Central Forest-steppe Region | 1984 | 1,444 |
5 | Volga-Kama Region | 1978 | 84 |
6 | Western Region | 1977 | 883 |
7 | Western Siberia | 1977 | 132 |
8 | Moscow section | 1976 | 49,560 |
9 | Lithuania | 1975 | 224 |
10 | Western Kazakhstan | 1975 | 211 |
11 | Central Forest Region | 1975 | 83 |
12 | Northern Region | 1971 | 1,242 |
13 | Moldova | 1971 | 116 |
14 | Estonia | 1969 | 178 |
15 | South-Ukrainian Region | 1968 | 334 |
16 | Belarus | 1968 | 221 |
17 | West-Ukrainian Region | 1967 | 923 |
18 | North-Ukrainian Region | 1964 | 432 |
19 | Eastern Region | 1959 | 1,073 |
20 | Middle Volga Region | 1959 | 424 |
21 | Northwest Region | 1953 | 678 |
22 | Latvia | 1932 | 54 |
Top collectors of the Moscow section, MHA Herbarium.
|
|
|
1 | V.D. Bochkin (Fig. |
9,868 |
2 | A.K. Skvortsov (Fig. |
4,170 |
3 | V.V. Makarov (Fig. |
3,888 |
4 | V.A. Shtamm (Fig. |
3,810 |
5 | M.S. Ignatov (Fig. |
2,745 |
6 | V.B. Kuvaev (Fig. |
2,659 |
7 | D.P. Syreishchikov (Fig. |
2,013 |
8 | A.P. Khokhryakov (Fig. |
1,674 |
9 | Yu.A. Nasimovich (Fig. |
1,463 |
10 | V.N. Voroshilov (Fig. |
1,368 |
11 | K.Yu. Teplov (Fig. |
1,185 |
12 | G.P. Rysina (Fig. |
949 |
13 | E.E. Gogina | 876 |
14 | A.I. Manin | 861 |
15 | V.I. Sobolevsky | 852 |
16 | P.A. Smirnov | 686 |
17 | N.M. Reshetnikova | 655 |
18 | A.N. Shvetsov | 579 |
19 | A.A. Nekrasov | 559 |
20 | E.I. Kurchenko | 554 |
21 | T.N. Evtyukhova | 494 |
22 | B.M. Kulkov | 468 |
23 | L.A. Deistfeldt | 311 |
24 | A.E. Matsenko | 291 |
25 | N.K. Shvedchikova | 284 |
Top collectors of the Eastern European section, MHA Herbarium: Lower Volga Region.
|
|
|
|
1 | N.B. Belyanina (Fig. |
542 | 3,870 |
2 | V.A. Sagalaev (Fig. |
413 | 2,950 |
3 | N.Yu. Stepanova (Fig. |
378 | 2,700 |
4 | V.D. Bochkin (Fig. |
376 | 2,690 |
5 | G.Yu. Klinkova (Fig. |
362 | 2,600 |
6 | A.K. Skvortsov (Fig. |
141 | 1,010 |
7 | I.A. Shantser (Fig. |
125 | 890 |
8 | A.V. Kuvaev (Fig. |
81 | 580 |
9 | A.E. Matsenko | 79 | 560 |
10 | E.E. Gogina | 73 | 520 |
Top collectors of the Eastern European section, MHA Herbarium (excluding Lower Volga region).
|
|
|
|
|
1 | N.M. Reshetnikova (Fig. |
Central Forest-steppe Region | 407 | 2,910 |
2 | V.V. Makarov (Fig. |
Western Region | 381 | 2,720 |
3 | N.M. Reshetnikova | Central Region | 368 | 2,630 |
4 | V.I. Sobolevsky (Fig. |
West-Ukrainian Region | 250 | 1,790 |
5 | V.V. Makarov | Central Forest-steppe Region | 219 | 1,560 |
6 | A.P. Khokhryakov (Fig. |
Eastern Region | 206 | 1,470 |
7 | L.A. Utkin (Fig. |
Eastern Region | 202 | 1,440 |
8 | V.V. Makarov | Central Region | 187 | 1,340 |
9 | A.K. Skvortsov (Fig. |
Northern Region | 178 | 1,270 |
10 | N.Yu. Stepanova (Fig. |
Rostov Oblast | 176 | 1,260 |
11 | N.B. Belyanina (Fig. |
Western Region | 139 | 990 |
12 | A.P. Seregin (Fig. |
Central Region | 132 | 940 |
13 | V.D. Bochkin (Fig. |
Central Region | 127 | 910 |
14 | A.K. Skvortsov | Western Siberia | 115 | 820 |
15 | V.N. Voroshilov (Fig. |
Central Forest-steppe Region | 111 | 790 |
16 | A.K. Mamontov (Fig. |
Central Forest-steppe Region | 111 | 790 |
17 | A.P. Khokhryakov | West-Ukrainian Region | 110 | 790 |
18 | A.K. Skvortsov | Eastern Region | 107 | 760 |
19 | A.K. Skvortsov | Western Region | 106 | 760 |
20 | V.V. Makarov | Lithuania | 106 | 760 |
21 | A.V. Krylov (Fig. |
Central Region | 106 | 760 |
22 | Yu.E. Alekseev | Western Region | 99 | 710 |
23 | V.V. Makarov | North-Ukrainian Region | 97 | 690 |
24 | A.K. Skvortsov | West-Ukrainian Region | 93 | 660 |
25 | A.P. Khokhryakov | Central Forest-steppe Region | 84 | 600 |
26 | V.I. Sobolevsky | Central Region | 84 | 600 |
27 | T.M. Smirnova | Northern Region | 80 | 570 |
28 | M.S. Ignatov | Northern Region | 78 | 560 |