Corresponding author: Tatiana T Carrijo (
Academic editor: Gianniantonio Domina
Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states.
"Parque Nacional do Caparaó" houses 8% of the land plant species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including 6% of its angiosperms, 31% of its lycophytes and ferns and 14% of its avascular plants. Twelve percent of the threatened species listed for the State of Espírito Santo and 7% listed for the State of Minas Gerais are also protected by PNC. Surprisingly, 79% of the collections analysed here were carried out in Minas Gerais, which represents just 21% of the total extension of the Park. The compiled data uncover a huge botanical collection gap in this federally-protected area.
The Atlantic Forest is recognised worldwide for its high biological diversity, high rates of endemism and great threat (with more than 70% of its original area devastated) and which is considered one of 36 global biodiversity hotspots (
In the past 20 years, virtual tools have become more popular by sharing information from herbaria all over the world to contribute and to facilitate voucher identification, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF;
“Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil” (
“Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC), created in 1961 and effectively implemented in 1979, aims to protect areas of the Atlantic Forest domain (
A list of all plant specimens from PNC in three databases was compiled from downloads: JABOT (“Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro”, JBRJ,
To obtain a list of species with currently-accepted nomenclature, we manually selected all specimens identified to the species level, leading to the following: JABOT determined = 3,113, undetermined = 1,074; REFLORA determined = 6,637, undetermined = 2,768; and Splink determined = 7,922, undetermined = 3,141 (Fig.
To assess the most collected sites in the Park, we built a word cloud, based on the name of locations where specimens were collected. We did not include broad locations in the word cloud, such as “Serra do Caparaó” and “Parque Nacional do Caparaó”, since they are not informative. We constructed the word cloud using the function
To evaluate whether species were native or non-native and endemic or non-endemic to Brazil and to assign a threat category, we used information from Flora do Brasil 2020 (under construction;
We classified species as a priority for conservation when they had a single record collected before 1970 (
The PNC encompasses a total area of 31,853.12 ha (20° 37’ to 20° 19’ S, 41° 43’ to 41° 55’ W), of which 79% is in Espírito Santo (ES) and 21% in Minas Gerais (MG), both in southeast Brazil (
Mean annual rainfall in PNC is 1,481.1 mm, with the greatest rainfall in January (mean 316.7 mm) and the lowest in July (mean 16.2 mm; data are mean rainfall for 1974–2003;
-20° 37’ and -20° 19’ S Latitude; -41° 55’ and -41° 43’ Longitude.
The plant list for “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” contains a total of 1,791 species (Suppl. material
The richest families in PNC are:
The list for PNC includes 1,757 native and 34 non-native species to Brazil (Fig.
We found a similar number of non-endemic (900) and endemic (891) species to Brazil (Fig.
Within the PNC, there are 203 species considered as Least Concern (LC), 34 as Endangered (EN), 22 as Vulnerable (VU), 20 as Near Threatened (NT), seven as Critically Endangered (CR) and seven as Data Deficient (DD), based on the Brazilian National Red List - CNCFlora (
In this regard, PNC houses 63 threatened species (CR, EN and VU) of Brazilian flora and seven Data Deficient species, based on the Brazilian National Red List (Fig.
According to regional Red Lists, the PNC houses 169 threatened species of ES (
Considering the entire flora of PNC, 24 species belonging to 18 families are rare in Brazil.
Open Data Commons Attribution License
A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area.
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List of species of the Parque Nacional do Caparaó.
Column label | Column description |
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Groups | Controlled vocabulary ("Angiosperms", "Ferns", "Hornworts, "Liverworts", "Lycophytes", "Mosses") |
Families | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified |
Genera | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
Species | The full scientific name |
Author name | Authorship of the scientific name |
Number of specimens | Number of specimens for the species |
Database or herbarium code | Botanical collection or database of origin of the record |
Barcode | The unique identifier for the record within botanical collections |
catalogue.number or collector name and number | Field sed in case of the absence of the barcode |
The species present a single record? | Controlled vocabulary ("yes", "no") |
The species present only old records? | Controlled vocabulary ("yes", "no", "NA") |
The species is native to Brazil? | Controlled vocabulary ("native", "non-native") |
The species is endemic to Brazil? | Controlled vocabulary ("endemic", "non-endemic") |
The species occur in the Atlantic Forest, according to Flora do Brasil 2020? | Controlled vocabulary ("yes", "no", "no information") |
Phytogeographic domain obtained by R | Brazilian phytogeographic domains where the species occur |
The species is endemic to Atlantic Forest? | Controlled vocabulary ("endemic", "non-endemic", "no information") |
The species occur in ES and MG States according to the Flora do Brasil 2020? | Controlled vocabulary including the Brazilian states codes ("MG", "ES", "ES and MG", "no", "no information") |
Threat category according to CNCFLORA | Followed the Red List Authority for plants in Brazil - Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora - CNCFlora ( |
Threat category (CR, EN or VU) according to the lists of Espírito Santo State | Followed the regional Red List of the Espírito Santo State |
Threat category (CR, EN or VU) according to the lists of Minas Gerais State | Followed the regional Red List of the Minas Gerais State |
The species occur in Dutra et al. 2015 list? | Compared with Dutra el al. (2015) < |
The analysis of specimens collected in the PNC allowed us to detect a spatial collection gap. Most (79%) of the specimens analysed were collected in a small portion of the Park (21% of the area of the Park) located in MG. These collections were mainly made in easily accessible places of PNC, such as Vale Verde, Cachoeira Bonita, Vale Encantado, Tronqueira and Terreirão (Fig.
Furthermore, amongst the species found in PNC, 445 are described by
A particularly interesting result was the 53 species in the list of PNC that were not recorded as occurring in ES or MG. It may be that these species are new occurrences for MG or ES. One recent study, involving the family
The species list for PNC, presented here, was prepared using information acquired from online databases and validated by taxonomists. This method is considered good practice for estimating species diversity in the “era of big data” (
The authors thank: “Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade” (ICMBio), “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq 421276/2017-7) and “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo” (FAPES 34/2018) for a research grant ("Chamada CNPq/ICMBio/FAPs Nº 18/2017 - Pesquisa em Unidades de Conservação da Caatinga e Mata Atlântica"); the management team of the “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” for support during fieldwork; and “Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro” and “Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo” for logistical support. We also thank the curators of all the herbaria that agreed to provide images of their collections and publish them in REFLORA Virtual Herbarium. AMA Amorim, A Rapini, A Salino, JF Baumgratz, J Prado, JFB Pastore, L Freitas, PHE Labiak, ML Garbin, M Trovó, PLR Moraes, R Goldenberg, RC Forzza and TT Carrijo are also grateful to CNPq for their respective grants (“Produtividade em Pesquisa”); TT Carrijo is also grateful to FAPES for a research grant (“Taxa de Pesquisa” #19/2018). A Alves-Araújo thanks FAPES for a research grant ("Bolsa Pesquisador Capixaba" # 525/2018). L Freitas and RC Forzza thank FAPERJ for additional funding ("Programa Cientistas do Nosso Estado” processes #E-26/202.775/2018 and #E-26/202.778/2018). LC Pederneiras thanks FAPERJ for additional funding (processes #E–26/202.277/2019 and #E–26/202.278/2019). J Pereira thanks FAPESP for the postdoctoral grant (process #2019/07109–4).
Stages of data cleaning performed in R software to obtain a list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil, from the online databases.
Phytophysiognomies of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. (Photos: a and d João Paulo F. Zorzanelli; b Mário Luís Garbin; c Tatiana T. Carrijo).
High-altitude grassland, “Pico da Bandeira”
Ombrophilous forest
High-altitude grassland
High-altitude grassland dominated by
Plant species of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. (Photos: a and b. Marina M. Moreira; c and d. Tatiana T. Carrijo; e. Renato Goldenberg; f Mário Luís Garbin).
Plant species of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. (Photos: a. João Paulo F. Zorzanelli; b. Jovani B.S. Pereira; c and d. Thamara A. Feletti).
Richest families and genera of major groups of plants recorded in “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. Values inside the bars indicate the number of species.
Top ten families of angiosperms
Top ten families of lycophytes and ferns
Top five families of avascular plants
Top ten genera of angiosperms
Top five genera of lycophytes and ferns
Top five genera of avascular plants
Native and non-native species to Brazil of major groups of plants that occur in “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. Values above the bars indicate the number of species.
Number of endemic species to Brazil and to the Atlantic Forest of major groups of plants that occur in the “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. Values above the bars indicate the number of species.
Families with the most endemic species of Brazil listed in the “Flora do Brasil 2020”, recorded in “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil. Values inside the bars indicate the number of species.
Some threatened species of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil according to the Red List Authority for plants in Brazil - CNCFLora (Photos: a and b. Marina M. Moreira; c and f. João Paulo F. Zorzanelli; d. Dayvid R. Couto; e Marcelo Monge).
Number of threatened species housed by “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil according to the Red List Authority for plants in Brazil - CNCFLora, Espírito Santo regional Red List (ES) and Minas Gerais regional Red List (MG). CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable. Values above the bars indicate the number of species.
Word cloud of locations where plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil, were collected. The different colours and sizes of the letters represent the frequency of collections at the localities within the Park; larger font size represents a greater number of collections.
Species of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil, distributed betweenthe States of Espírito Santo (ES) and Minas Gerais (MG) according to Flora do Brasil (2020). Values inside the bars indicate the number of species.
Threatened and Data Deficient species of plants occurring in “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil, their respective groups, families and threat category according to the Red List Authority for plants in Brazil - CNCFLora (CR = Critically Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered and DD = Data Deficient). *Priority species for conservation.
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Rare species of plants occurring in “Parque Nacional do Caparaó,” Brazil and their respective families.
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List of plants occurring in the "Parque Nacional do Caparaó" providing information on the number of specimens per species in the database, presence of single records, presence of old records, origin (native vs. non-native), endemism in Brazil, species occurrence in the Atlantic Forest, Phytogeographic domain, endemism in Atlantic Forest, Threat category according to CNCFLORA, Threat category (CR, EN or VU) according to the lists of Espírito State, Threat category (CR, EN or VU) according to the lists of Minas Gerais State and species occurrence in the list of Dutra et al. 2015. No information = indicates that data is lacking for that species.
Inventory regional
File: oo_462550.txt