Corresponding author: Kirill V. Makarov (
Academic editor: Stephen Venn
This paper presents the results of 30 years of field studies on the
This is the first dataset underlying an accurate and referenced taxonomic composition, as well as the geographic distribution of the
The fauna of ground beetles (
The ground beetles (
Yuri Sundukov, Kirill Makarov
The available data are based on material collected during a 30-year long study of ground beetles in the south of Sikhote-Alin Mountains. During the period of the most intense explorations in 1993–2011, route and stationary studies covered a vast territory, ranging from the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula in the south to the basins of Kema and Armu Rivers in the north (Fig.
When studying the Sikhote-Alin ground beetles, all available methods for their collection were used: hand-collecting , collecting with an exhauster, pitfall trapping, sweeping the crowns of trees and bushes, catching with conventional and ultraviolet light bulbs, night collecting with flashlight, "trampling" vegetation in humid and swampy habitats, water inundation in places at the edge of the water, sifting the litter with an entomological sieve, "mowing" on the grass with an entomological net, catching with a light trap, Malaise traps and window flight traps (
Our field research was carried out in the following landscapes and habitats:
Low mountains (intrazonal vegetation prevailing). They include the valleys of larger rivers, the sea coast and the peripheral regions of the Sikhote-Alin Mts. The fauna of low mountains is the richest in terms of taxonomy, but its component species show vast distributions and inhabit the entire territory as a rule ( Middle mountains (oak forests, cedar-broadleaved and dark coniferous forests are the most remarkable amongst the zonal vegetation communities). They take up the main part of the southern Sikhote-Alin area. The fauna is rich and includes species both widespread and numerous endemics and relics of various ranks ( Highlands (subalpine and alpine belts). In the south of Sikhote-Alin, such habitats are poorly developed, being represented by separated "islands" on tops of the highest mountains and ridges. Highlands support poor, but the most original faunas of ground beetles, including a large number of narrow endemics (
All collected specimens have been identified by the authors. The taxonomy and names of taxa are given in accordance with the Catalogue of Palaearctic
The southern Sikhote-Alin is located in the extreme southeast of the mainland of Russia within the Primorsky Krai. According to the accepted physiographical zonation of the Far East, it occupies the southern part of the province of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains in the Amur-Primorsky landscape country (
By its relief, the southern Sikhote-Alin is a typical mid-montane landscape. Its elevations average 600–1000 m above sea level, individual peaks up to 1600–1800 m a.s.l. (Oblachnaya, 1856 m a.s.l.; Snezhnaya, 1682 m a.s.l.; Sestra, 1671 m a.s.l.; Olkhovaya, 1669 m a.s.l.). The highest peaks are sharply outlined, being covered with stony screes over vast areas as a rule. In addition to the main watershed ridge, the orographic composition of the southern Sikhote-Alin includes seven almost parallel ridges stretched mainly from southwest to northeast along the coast of the Sea of Japan (Fig.
In the southern Sikhote-Alin, forest vegetation prevails, occupying about 97% of the territory (
42.59 and 46.133 Latitude; 131.619 and 137.937 Longitude.
The dataset (
1929-06-14 through 2021-08-13
Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS (collection of Y Sundukov)
DRIED
Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)
The ground beetles (
1
The ground beetles (
Darwin Core
UTF-8
The dataset includes the results of long-term studies of the
The dataset consists of one table Occurrence with 33 columns. The fields include the scientific name and the number of specimens, descriptions of habitats, geography and date.
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
basisOfRecord | Preserved Specimen (in all tables) |
class | |
continent | Asia (in all records) |
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres | The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location |
country | Russian Federation (in all records) |
countryCode | Country code, RU in all records |
county | Full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince in which the Location occurs. |
day | The integer day |
decimalLatitude | The geographic latitude |
decimalLongitude | The geographic longitude |
eventDate | The date or interval during which an Event occurred |
family | Full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified ( |
genus | Generic name |
geodeticDatum | Geodetic datum, WGS84 in all records |
habitat | Category or characteristic of the habitat in which the beetles are collected |
kingdom | |
locality | The specific description of the place |
month | The integer month |
occurrenceID | An composite identifier for Occurrence: the first 4 letters of the generic epithet, 10 letters from the specific epithet and the ordinal number of the entry for this species |
order | |
organismQuantity | A number value for the quantity of specimens |
organismQuantityType | The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organism |
phylum | |
recordedBy | A person, responsible for recording the original Occurrence |
scientificName | The full scientific name, including author and year |
specificEpithet | The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName |
stateProvince | Primorsky (Maritime) Kray, in all records |
taxonRank | The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName (species in all records) |
verbatimCoordinates | The verbatim original spatial coordinates |
verbatimCoordinateSystem | In all tables: degrees minutes seconds |
verbatimEventDate | The verbatim original representation of the date information |
verbatimLocality | The original textual description of the place |
year | The four-digit year |
institutionCode | FEB (Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity RAS) in all cases |
Sundukov Y, Makarov K (2021). The ground beetles (
We extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work. We also want to thank Sergei Golovach (Moscow, Russia) who kindly checked the English.
Yu. Sundukov - collection and identification of the majority of ground beetles, analysis of literature, data preparation. K. Makarov - collecting and identifying a minor part of ground beetles, preparing data uploading to GBIF, editing.
Schematic map of south Sikhote-Alin.
Habitats of
floodplain chozenia-poplar forest, 2nd Log Stream
floodplain alder-willow forest, Perekatnaya River
dark coniferous fern forest, Snezhnaya Mt., 1400 m a.s.l.
dark coniferous lingonberry forest, Chernaya Mt., 1200 m a.s.l.
alpine woody vegetation, Krutaya Mt., 1650 m a.s.l.
valley broadleaved forest, Lazo environs.
Habitats of
valley cedar-broadleaved forest, Sukhoi Klyuch Stream
mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, Elamovsky Stream, 650 m a.s.l.
sea coast, mouth of Proselochnaya River
sea coast, Uglovaya Bay
overgrown arable land, valley of Polyarnaya Zvezda River
glade in valley forest, America tract.
Habitats of
seaside sandy meadow, Proselochnaya Bay
floodplain sedge bog, Sokolovskaya Bay
subalpine meadow, Olkhovaya Mt., 1200 m a.s.l.
alpine shrubs, Oblachnaya Mt., 1600 m a.s.l.
mountain tundra, Oblachnaya Mt., 1700 m a.s.l.
rocky tundra, Snezhnaya Mt., 1500-1680 m a.s.l.
Taxonomic diversity of
Family | Tribe | genera | species | subspecies | total taxa | locations | specimens |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2 | 56 | 13 | 56 | 2,156 | 11,750 |
|
|
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 40 | 362 |
|
|
3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 92 |
|
|
2 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 1,040 | 5,208 |
|
|
1 | 11 | 1 | 11 | 220 | 778 |
|
|
2 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 145 | 363 |
|
|
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 14 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 41 | 74 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 58 |
|
|
1 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 91 | 188 |
|
|
1 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 61 | 256 |
|
|
9 | 56 | 6 | 56 | 1,738 | 5,563 |
|
|
12 | 29 | 2 | 29 | 640 | 2,208 |
|
|
3 | 9 | 2 | 9 | 105 | 309 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 7 |
|
|
2 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 474 | 2,014 |
|
|
1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 156 | 393 |
|
|
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 72 |
|
|
2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 37 | 119 |
|
|
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 33 | 39 |
|
|
2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 123 | 568 |
|
|
1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 9 |
|
|
11 | 31 | 2 | 31 | 800 | 2,872 |
|
|
2 | 51 | 17 | 58 | 2,420 | 11,705 |
|
|
3 | 13 | 2 | 13 | 458 | 2,343 |
|
|
4 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 237 | 1,696 |
|
|
8 | 18 | 6 | 21 | 317 | 2,713 |
|
|
1 | 45 | 0 | 45 | 1,395 | 4,076 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 75 |
|
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|