New records of Sylvicola (Diptera: Anisopodidae) from Romania

Abstract Background Anisopodidae (window gnats or wood gnats) is a small family of nematocerous Diptera. Until now only Sylvicola (Anisopus) punctatus (Fabricius, 1787) and Sylvicola (Sylvicola) fenestralis (Scopoli, 1763) were reported from Romania. New information New faunistic records of Sylvicola (Diptera: Anisopodidae) are presented. Sylvicola (Sylvicola) cinctus (Fabricius, 1787) and S. (Anisopus) fuscatus (Fabricius, 1775) are recorded from Romania for the first time. An identification key and illustrations of Romanian Sylvicola species are presented.


Introduction
Anisopodidae (window gnats or wood gnats) is a small family of nematocerous Diptera. Only the genus Sylvicola comprising ten species is known from Europe (de Jong 2014). Adults are often collected in forests, but several species are also frequent in semi-opened habitats like bushes, gardens and orchards (Dvořák and Oboňa 2014). The larvae feed in various decaying organic materials, while the adults feed on nectar or similar artificial liquids, like syrup, beer or even meat (Kovář and Barták 2001). These liquids can be used in traps for effective collecting of Sylvicola species (Dvořák 2014a, Dvořák 2014b, Kurina 2006, Dvořák and Oboňa 2014.
Until now only two Sylvicola species were reported from Romania (Pârvu 2003, Pârvu 2004, Thalhammer 1900. In this study we present an additional two species for the Romanian fauna. An identification key to the Romanian Sylvicola species, illustrations of male and female genitalia, phenology and distribution maps of each species also are presented.

Materials and methods
The Romanian material was collected using different methods. The material deposited in Municipal Museum Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic (MML) was collected by Gavril Marius Berchi using a beer trap in Caraș-Severin during the period 02-26.06.2014. Material collected by Alexandru Pintilioaie deposited in Maastricht Natural History Museum, Netherlands (NHMM). The remaining material was mainly collected by the first author using an insect net, a Malaise trap or an elderberry (Sambucus nigra) syrup trap and finaly stored in 70% ethanol and deposited in the Diptera Collection of the Faculty of Biology and Geology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (DCBBU). The remainder was collected using different methods (banana trap, hand collecting) by third parties.

Distribution
A very common species, widespread in Europe. Known distribution of species in the Romania illustrated in Fig. 1.

Distribution
Common species, known from almost Europe. Known distribution of the species in the Romania illustrated on Fig. 3.

Notes
The record of S. fenestralis (Scopoli, 1763) published by Thalhammer (1900) probably refers to this species. Both species were often confused in the past (Haenni 1997). Our data represent the first reliable records of S. cinctus from Romania.

Sylvicola (Sylvicola) fenestralis (Scopoli, 1763) Distribution
Species distributed in almost all of European countries, but it is rarely collected. There is only a single literature record from the Maramures region ( Fig. 4) (Pârvu 2003), which probably also refer to S. cinctus. This record waiting for confirmation.

Identification keys
Key to Romanian Sylvicola Harris species 1 Medial veins M and M arising from the discal cell at or almost at the same point and wing without dark spot at the apex (Fig. 5a). 2 subg. Anisopus -Medial vein M2 arising from the discal cell separately between veins M and M and wing with dark spot at the apex (Fig. 5b). 3 subg. Sylvicola

2
Wing with dark band posterior of R (Fig. 5a). Hypoproct of male at apex shaped with two broad diverging lobes, gonocoxites at apex boadly rounded with a bulb on postero-lateral margin, parameres simply curved (Fig. 6a). Hypoproct of female almost triangular shaped with notch at its apex (Fig. 7a).

S. (A.) punctatus
(Fabricius, 1787) -Wing without dark marking posterior of R Hypoproct of male at apex shaped with two broad and short lobes, gonocoxites at apex narrowly rounded, parameres two times curved (Fig. 6b) and inside apex of gonocoxite with short and broad projection. Hypoproct of female short (Fig. 7b).

Discussion
In total 109 Sylvicola specimens were collected that belong to three species of which Sylvicola cinctus and S. fuscatus are new to the Romanian fauna. Four species of Sylvicola are now know from Romania. The occurrence of Sylvicola zetterstedti (Edwards, 1923) is to be excepted.
Romanian collection data, phenology and illustrations of male and female genitalia of the Sylvicola species are also available on the webpage of the Transylvanian Dipterological Working Group (www.transdiptera.com). a b Figure 9.