Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea

Abstract Background The British and Irish checklist of Cynipoidea is revised, considerably updating the last complete checklist published in 1978. Disregarding uncertain identifications, 220 species are now known from Britain and Ireland, comprising 91 Cynipidae (including two established non-natives), 127 Figitidae and two Ibaliidae. New information One replacement name is proposed, Kleidotoma thomsoni Forshage, for the secondary homonym Kleidotoma tetratoma Thomson, 1861 (nec K. tetratoma (Hartig, 1841)).


Introduction
This paper continues the series of updated British and Irish Hymenoptera checklists that started with Broad and Livermore (2014a), Broad and Livermore (2014b), Liston et al. (2014) and with an introduction by . This represents the first complete update of the British list since 1978 (Fitton et al. 1978).
The Cynipoidea is a rather diverse superfamily of three British families (the Austrocynipidae and Liopteridae are entirely extralimital). The Figitidae and Ibaliidae comprise koinobiont endoparasitoids of other insects whereas the Cynipidae are gallformers, or inquilines of gall-formers. A summary of cynipoid biology can be found in Gauld and Bolton (1988). Briefly, many Figitidae are parasitoids of Diptera larvae although the Charipinae are hyperparasitoids of primary parasitoids in aphids and some other Homoptera and the Anacharitinae are parasitoids of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera); the small family Ibaliidae are specialised parasitoids of Siricidae larvae; and the Cynipidae are entirely phytophagous, most conspicuously as gall-formers of oaks (Quercus) but with numerous species galling other Rosaceae (and a few other plants) and the tribe Synergini are inquilines of other cynipid galls. A few representative Cynipoidea are illustrated in Figs 1, 2, 3.
The British Cynipidae checklist was updated comparatively recently (Spooner and Bowdrey 2000) and Irish checklists were published by O' Connor and Nash (1998), O'Connor et al. (2003), O'Connor (2004), O'Connor et al. (2009) andO'Connor et al. (2009). Our knowledge of the figitid fauna is still far from perfect but recent work by M. Forshage on the European Eucoilinae and a catalogue of Charipinae (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012b plus updated synonymy in several other papers) have been timely. MF has sorted and identified the BMNH collections of British Eucoilinae, adding many new species and distribution records. In contrast to the rather neglected Figitidae and Ibaliidae, gall wasps (Cynipidae) have received a certain amount of attention over the years and are studied and recorded under the auspices of the British Plant Gall Society. The numbers of valid, certainly identified Cynipoidea are listed by family and country in Table 1. The total fauna has increased by 9% since the last checklist (Quinlan 1978b). This rather small increase can be explained by the substantial increase in taxonomic work in recent years, resulting in synonymy and corrected identifications nearly keeping pace with new discoveries.  Table 1.
Numbers of confirmed British and Irish Cynipoidea broken down by family and country, with numbers from the 1978 checklist (Quinlan 1978b) for comparison. Totals do not include uncertain identifications.

Materials and methods
We reference all additions to and deletions from the 1978 British list (Quinlan 1978a) and record country-level distribution within the British Isles, i.e. England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland (as one unit) and the Isle of Man. A more complete introduction to the methods and rationale behind this checklist series can be found in .
Because the agamic and sexual generations of cynipids are sometimes referred to by different names, these are differentiated in the checklist. The following conventions and abbreviations are used: [gallaeurniformis (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1832, Diplolepis) -a-, syn. sufflator Mayr, 1882 -s-] First recorded from old galls by Bagnall and Harrison (1918). Sexual generation also included by Eady and Quinlan (1963), doubtfully British, no confirmed records.
[quercustozae (Bosc, 1792, Cynips) -a-] Added by Eady and Quinlan (1967) on the basis of a single gall found on a road at Kew. No further records.
[trotteri Kieffer, 1898 -a-] Added by Bagnall and Harrison (1918) from the gall only. No further records and rejected as British by Eady and Quinlan (1963).  Bagnall and Harrison (1919) and adult male possibly of this species by Eady and Quinlan (1963). Only the sexual generation is known, inducing bud galls of Quercus robur, collected in France (Dalla Torre and Kieffer 1910). Bagnall and Harrison (1918) mentioned this species from Great Britain but this record requires confirmation (Eady and Quinlan 1963 Walker (2001a). Rearing experiments by Walker (2002) confirmed grossulariae to represent the sexual generation of a lifecycle also involving the asexual generation galls known as mayri/ panteli, a pairing also indicated by DNA sequence data (Stone et al. 2008). ionescui Kierych, 1965 -a-

Distribution: England, Wales
Notes: Gall recorded by Bagnall and Harrison (1918) and Burkill (1933 (1881) and Askew (1959) but in error fide Eady and Quinlan (1963).  Bagnall and Harrison (1918), Bagnall and Harrison (1919) from several localities in Northumberland and Tyne & Wear, perhaps in error due to confusion with the similar quercusfolii. There are no subsequent records and the species requires confirmation as British. Notes: Galls of the sexual generation were recorded as flosculi by Bagnall and Harrison (1918); there appear to be no further records.

Genus Dryocosmus Giraud, 1859
Notes: Species of Dryocosmus removed from the British and Irish list: [cerriphilus Giraud, 1859 -a-] Galls recorded once by Fitch (1874); no further UK records.

[# Dryocosmus kuriphilus] Yasumatsu, 1951
Distribution: England Notes: Added by Malumphy (2015), EPPO (2015). This highly invasive, East Asian species has spread across Europe and has recently been reported from Kent and Hertfordshire. As the UK has Protected Zone Status for this global pest, apparently successful attempts were made to eradicate D. kuriphilus at the two outbreak sites and it should not be formally added to the British list at this stage. Gillettea ?taraxaci Ashmead, 1897
Alloxysta species of uncertain status: [ignorata (Kieffer, 1900, Dilyta) nom. dub.] Listed by Fergusson (1986) as a synonym of macrophadnus, the type material of ignorata has not been located and it has not been possible to interpret the name (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012b).

Distribution: England
Notes: Considered a nomen dubium in ) but Evenhuis (1982 studied the type and subsequently identified British specimens as belonging to this taxon, so we see no problem with considering it a valid British species. It was listed as castanea in Quinlan (1978a) but not mentioned by Fergusson (1986) and then recorded again by Müller et al. (1999).

Distribution: England, Scotland, Wales
Notes: Alloxysta testeacea is recorded as a misidentification of macrophadna by Fergusson (1986) but erroneously listed as a valid species, occurring in Britain, in Faun a Europaea (Noyes et al. 2004), but with the comment that the species might be synonymous with pleuralis.

Cothonaspis longipes
Species of Rhoptromeris removed from the British and Irish list: [nigriventris Nordlander, 1978] Rhoptromeris nigriventris was listed by Quinlan (1978b) but this was most likely a mistake. Nordlander (1978) mentions that some Swedish paratypes were deposited in BMNH. There are no British or Irish specimens identified as nigriventris in the collection. [reinhardi Kieffer, 1901] [urticarum Dahlbom, 1842] Included in Quinlan (1978a) but not by Fergusson (1986).