Corresponding authors: Georgi Georgiev (
Academic editor: Lech Karpiński
The longhorn beetles fauna of Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria, was studied, based on literature data and original material. As a result, 100 taxa from five subfamilies are listed for the area, as follows:
This study presents two new records for Pirin Mts. (
Pirin is the second highest mountain in Bulgaria. The highest peak of the mountain, Vihren (2914 m), occupies the third position on the Balkan Peninsula after Musala (2925 m) in Rila (Bulgaria) and Mytikas (2918 m) in Olympus (Greece). The average altitude of Pirin Mts. is 1033 m a.s.l. and the total area is 2585 km2.
The vegetation of Pirin Mts. is vertically divided into three altitude belts: forest, subalpine and alpine. The lower part of the forest belt is predominantly made up of broad-leaved species stands (
The Bulgarian cerambycid fauna (
The aim of this study is to summarise the published data about longhorn beetles in the Pirin Mts., report new records and provide a chorological analysis of the cerambycid fauna of this mountain range.
The longhorn beetles of Pirin Mts. were studied using literature data, our original records and unpublished materials from the entomological collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia. The original material was collected on flowers, host plants and using an interception trap in a tree crown of
In this study, we followed the classification and nomenclature of longhorn beetles proposed by
The zoogeographical characterisation of longhorn beetles was made on the basis of chorotypes (
This paper provides a map with all known localities of the longhorn beetles recorded from Pirin Mts. It includes new localities from the current study and those already published. The records without a specific location, such as "Pirin Mt.", were not marked on the map.
Thecerambycid specimens collected in this study were deposited in the private entomological collection of Georgi Georgiev (mentioned with the abbreviation [GG]).
West Palaearctic subspecies (
East Mediterranean species (
West Eurosiberian species (
West Eurosiberian species (
European-Iranian species (
Northeast Mediterranean species (
European subspecies (
European-Anatolian subspecies (
European-Anatolian subspecies (
European subspecies (
Transholarctic species (
Euromediterranean subspecies (
Northeast Mediterranean subspecies (
European-Iranian subspecies (
West Palaearctic subspecies (
According to the present study, 15 species are reported for Pirin Mountains. Of these, two species
The recorded cerambycid taxa belong to five subfamilies:
The established cerambycid taxa belong to 17 areographical categories separated in eight complexes (Table
The taxa from the European complex are dominant in Pirin Mts. (34%) followed by those from Palaearctic (17%), Eurosiberian (15%) and Mediterranean (15%) complexes (Fig.
The number of cerambycid taxa found in Pirin Mts. (100 species and subspecies) is closest to the West Balkan Range (107 taxa) (
In this study, taxa of the European complex occupy a dominant position (34%). They are connected with deciduous forests, which cover the largest parts of the lower territories of Pirin Mts. The second place is taken by the species and subspecies belonging to the Palaearctic complex (17%). These more eurybiont taxa are normally better represented in the high mountains, because of the harsh climatic conditions. Eurosiberian and Mediterranean complexes with equal value (15%) occupy the third place. This pattern differentiates Pirin from the rest of the studied high mountains - Vitosha (
The high territories mostly covered by coniferous trees and shrubs are favourable for distribution of the Eurosiberian taxa (fourth place). The refugial character of the region is underlined by the presence of five (5.0%) Balkan endemic cerambycids.
Concerning the other two studied mountains in Bulgaria - Strandzha (
In future investigations, the cerambycid fauna of Pirin Mt. will undoubtedly be enriched with species trophically associated with coniferous trees in the the mountains of Bulgaria, such as:
It is expected that longhorn beetles with Eurosiberian, Palearctic and European distribution associated with coniferous, broadleaved and grass vegetation in other mountains in south-western Bulgaria – Rila, Western Rhodopes and Belasitsa (
Due to the specific location of Pirin in south-eastern Europe and the penetration of Mediterranean influence along the valleys of the Struma and Mesta Rivers, it is very likely that species with European-Iranian and Mediterranean distribution reported for Rila and Belasitsa (
Regarding the endemic complex, in future research, it is likely that other species reported for neighbouring Rila and Belasitsa Mts. may also be found:
Only three cerambycids were recorded in trophic associations with tree and shrub species in the Pirin Mts.:
In conclusion, finding of 100 taxa (approximately 35% of longhorn beetles in Bulgaria) indicates that this taxonomic group is not yet well-studied and about 70–80 taxa are expected to be recorded in future investigations in the Pirin Mts.
This study was supported by the project '
Localities of the collected cerambycids in Pirin Mts.: 1 – Sandanski; 2 – Peyo Yavorov hut; 3 – Koprivlen; 4 – Gorno Spantchevtsi; 5 – Bansko; 6 – Kalimantsi; 7 – Oshtava; 8 – Rozhen Monsarety; 9 – Vlahi; 10 – Tremoshnitsa River; 11 – Banderitsa hut; 12 – Popina laka; 13 – Kulinoto; 14 – Nova Lovcha; 15 – Oreliak; 16 – Sandanska Bistritsa River; 17 – Lilyanovo; 18 – Kresna; 19 – Vihren; 20 – Predela; 21 – Demyanitsa River; 22 – Pirin; 23 – Yane Sandanski hut; 24 – Ilindentsi; 25 – Eltepe; 26 – Bayuvi Dupki; 27 – Gotse Delchev; 28 – Stara Kresna; 29 – Katuntsi; 30 – Gotse Delchev hut; 31 – Melnik; 32 – Paril
Arealographic complexes of the longhorn beetles in Pirin Mts.
Table 1. Localities and chorotypes of longhorn beetles (
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1 | Sandanski (1) | European-Iranian | ||||
Rozhen Monsarety (8) |
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2 | Vlahi vill. (9) | Pontomediterranean | ||||
3 | Tremoshtitsa River (10) |
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East European-Iranian | |||
4 | Banderitsa hut (11) |
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Eurosiberian | |||
5 | Tremoshtnitsa River (10) |
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East Mediterranean | |||
Pirin Mt. |
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Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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6 | Bansko (5) |
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West Palaearctic | |||
Popina laka (12), Tremoshtitsa River (10) |
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Pirin Mt. |
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Kulinoto loc., Razlog (13) |
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Paril vill. |
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7 | Nova Lovcha vill. (14) |
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West Palaearctic | |||
Sandanski (1) |
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8 | Bansko (5), Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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9 | Banderitsa (11) | Euromediterranean | ||||
Pirin Mt. |
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10 | Oreliak Reserve (15) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
Sandanska Bistritsa River (16) |
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Bansko (5) |
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11 | Pirin Mt. |
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European-Anatolian | |||
12 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
13 | Banderitsa hut (11) |
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European | |||
14 | Lilyanovo vill. (17), Kresna (18) |
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European-Iranian | |||
Banderitsa Chalet - Vihren Peak (19) |
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Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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15 | Popina laka loc. (12) |
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Euromediterranean | |||
16 | Bansko (5) |
Transpalaearctic | ||||
17 | Lilyanovo vill. (17), Kresna (18) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Bansko (5) |
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18 | Vlahi vill. (9) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
19 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
Vlahi vill. (9) |
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Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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20 | Sandanski (1) |
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European | |||
21 | Bansko (5) |
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European | |||
Lilyanovo vill. (17) |
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Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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22 | Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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23 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Koprivlen vill. (6) |
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24 | Bansko (5) |
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European | |||
Banderitsa Chalet - Vihren Peak (19) |
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25 | Bansko (5) |
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Balkan endemic | |||
Kresna gorge (18) |
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Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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26 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Predela loc. (20) |
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27 | Popina laka (12) |
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European-Iranian | |||
28 | Demyanitsa River (21) |
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Eurosiberian | |||
29 | Popina laka (12) |
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European | |||
Pirin vill. (22) |
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Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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30 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Balkan endemic | |||
31 | Bansko (5) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
32 | Pirin Mt. | West Eurosiberian | ||||
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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33 | Bansko (5) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
34 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
35 | Pirin Mt. |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Tremoshtnitsa River (10) |
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36 | Pirin Mt. |
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European-Iranian | |||
Yane Sandanski hut (23) |
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Pirin vill. (22) |
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37 | Yane Sandanski hut (23) |
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Eurosiberian | |||
Popina laka (12) |
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Ilindentsi vill. (24) |
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Eltepe shelter (25) |
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Bansko (5), Vichren peak (19) |
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38 | Banderitsa hut (11), Vihren (19) |
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Balkan endemic | |||
Vihren (19), Bayuvi Dupki - Dzhindhiritsa Reserve (26) |
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39 | Kalimantsi hut (6) |
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Transmediterranean | |||
40 | Tremoshnitsa River (10) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Pirin Mt. |
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41 | Bansko (5) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Tremoshnitsa River (10) |
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Predela loc. (20) |
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Ilindentsi vill. (24), reared from |
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42 | Demjanitsa hut (21) |
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Transholarctic | |||
43 | Yane Sandanski hut (23) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
44 | Bansko (5) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
45 | Bansko (5) |
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Transholarctic | |||
46 | Pirin Mt. | European | ||||
Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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47 | Pirin Mt. |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
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48 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
49 | Gotse Delchev (27) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
50 | Ilindentsi vill. (24), reared from |
European-Anatolian | ||||
51 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) | Euromediterranean | ||||
52 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Transholarctic | |||
53 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
54 | Bayuvi dupki loc. (26) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
55 | Pirin Mt. |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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56 | Bansko (5) |
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Eurosiberian | |||
57 | Sandanski (1) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
Tremoshnitsa River (10) |
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58 | Gotse Delchev (27) |
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West Palaearctic | |||
Banderitsa loc. (11), Sheitan Dere River, Stara Kresna vill. (28) |
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59 | Gotse Delchev (27) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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60 | Sandanski (1) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Bayuvi Dupki loc. (26) |
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61 | Vlahi vill. (9) |
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East European-Iranian | |||
62 | Predela (20) |
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Euromediterranean | |||
63 | Lilyanovo vill. (17) |
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Subcosmopolitan | |||
64 | Banderitsa hut (11) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Popina laka loc. (12) |
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65 | Kalimantsi vill. (6), Ilindentsi vill. (24), Lilyanovo vill. (17) |
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European-Iranian | |||
66 | Sandanski (1) |
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Transmediterranean | |||
67 | Bansko (5) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Vihren peak (19) |
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68 | Bansko (5) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Pirin Mt. |
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Banderitsa chalet (11) |
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69 | Pirin Mt. |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
70 | Pirin vill. (22), Stara Kresna vill. (28) |
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West Palaearctic | |||
71 | Popina laka (12) |
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East European | |||
Gotse Delchev – Katuntsi (29) |
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72 | Koprivlen vill. (3) |
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Euromediterranean | |||
Kalimantsi vill. (6), Pirin vill. (22) |
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Koprivlen vill. (3) |
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73 | Katuntsi vill. (29) |
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East European-Iranian | |||
74 | Vlahi vill. (9) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
Gotse Delchev (27) |
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75 | Gotse Delchev (27) |
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European | |||
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76 | Banderitsa hut (11) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Sandanski (1) |
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Gotse Delchev hut (30) |
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77 | Pirin Mt. |
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European | |||
Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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78 | Kulinoto loc. near Razlog (13) |
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Balkan endemic | |||
79 | Yane Sandanski hut (23) |
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European | |||
80 | Yane Sandanski hut (23) |
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Eurosiberian | |||
81 | Pirin Mt. |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Melnik (31) |
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82 | Gotse Delchev hut (30) |
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European-Iranian | |||
Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Oshtava vill. (7) |
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83 | Gotse Delchev (27), Predela loc. (20) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
Paril vill. (32) |
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84 | Sandanski (1) |
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Balkan endemic | |||
85 | Bansko (5), Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
86 | Pirin Mt. | European-Anatolian | ||||
Lilyanovo vill. (17) |
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87 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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European | |||
88 | Pirin Mt. |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
Bayuvi Dupki loc. (26) |
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89 | Banderitsa hut (11) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
Pirin Mt. |
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90 | Peyo Yavorov hut (2) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
Pirin Mt. |
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91 | Yane Sandanski hut (23) |
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European-Anatolian | |||
92 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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West Palaearctic | |||
Sandanska Bistritsa River (16) |
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Banderitsa Chalet - Vihren Peak (19) |
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Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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93 | Melnik (31) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
94 | Vlahi vill. (9) |
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Northeast Mediterranean | |||
95 | Kalimantsi vill. (6) |
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West Eurosiberian | |||
96 | Sandanski, Melnik (31) |
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Transpalaearctic | |||
Banderitsa hut (11) |
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Ilindentsi vill. (24), reared from |
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97 | Rhozhen Monastery (8) | Transmediterranean | ||||
98 | Sandanski (1) |
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Transholarctic | |||
99 | Lilyanovo vill. (17) |
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Euromediterranean | |||
100 | Pirin vill. |
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Euromediterranean |
Areogeographic characterisation of cerambycids in Pirin Mts.
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Subcosmopolitan | 1 | 1.0 |
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Transholarctic | 4 | 4.0 |
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Transpalaearctic | 12 | 12.0 |
West Palaearctic | 5 | 5.0 |
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Eurosiberian | 5 | 5.0 |
West Eurosiberian | 10 | 10.0 |
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European-Iranian | 6 | 6.0 |
East European-Iranian | 3 | 3.0 |
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Euromediterranean | 7 | 7.0 |
European-Anatolian | 16 | 16.0 |
European | 10 | 10.0 |
East European | 1 | 1.0 |
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Transmediterranean | 3 | 3.0 |
East Mediterranean | 1 | 1.0 |
Northeast Mediterranean | 10 | 10.0 |
Pontomediterranean | 1 | 1.0 |
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Balkan endemics | 5 | 5.0 |
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