Corresponding author: Yujian Li (
Academic editor: Jennifer C. Girón Duque
This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31800452) and the Young Talents Invitation Program of Shandong Provincial Colleges and Universities (Grant No. 20190601).
The authors report no conflicts of interest and are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
Mitochondria are important organelles involved in metabolism, apoptosis and life cycle of insect cells (
The genus
Adult specimens of
Genomic DNA of all samples was sent to Personalbio Inc. (Shanghai, China) for library construction and next-generation sequencing (NGS). One library (Insert size of 400 bp) was prepared for each DNA sample using the TruSeqTM DNA Sample Prep Kit (Illumina, USA). All constructed libraries were then sequenced as 150 bp paired-end on a full run (2 × 150 PE) using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Reads for species library have been deposited in the BioProject (
A total of eleven mitogenomes from
The mitochondrial genome of
The mitochondrial genome length measured in this study was 17,071 bp and the change in the size of the control region was the main source of the change in the mitochondrial genome length (Table
The mitochondrial genome of
The total size of the 13 PCGs of
Pairwise genetic distances in single PCG amongst eleven species in
The control region regulates the replication and transcription of mtDNA (
Based on ML and BI analyses of 13 PCGs and rRNAs nucleotide data, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 11
Reads for species library have been deposited in the BioProject (
Download URL:
Resource identifier: ON808615
Data format : FASTQ
This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31800452) and the Young Talents Invitation Program of Shandong Provincial Colleges and Universities (Grant No. 20190601).
Sai Jiang and Lina Jiang contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. YL, XY and LJ designed the study; RL, SJ, AZ, YY, XZ, JW and SX collected the data; SJ and RL did the analyses; SJ, LJ, HG and YL wrote the first draft of the manuscript; and all authors contributed intellectually to the manuscript.
The authors report no conflicts of interest and are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
Circular map of the mitogenome of
Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) of the mitogenome of
Statistics of amino acids encoded by protein-coding genes.
Genetic distances amongst individual PCGs. Each boxplot represents the P-distance for 13 individual genes in eleven species in
Secondary structures of 22 tRNAs in the mitogenome of
ML and BI phylogenetic trees for
Mitogenomes of the 11
Subfamily | Species | GenBank Accession number | Length (bp) | Reference |
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17,257 |
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17,093 | ||
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17,676 | ||
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17,476 | ||
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17,729 |
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17,071 | This study | |
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15,223 |
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17,494 | Unpublished |
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17,435 | Unpublished | |
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17,329 |
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15,977 | Unpublished |
Mitogenomic organisation of
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trnQ | 1 | 67 | 67 | — | CAA | — | — | - |
trnM | 67 | 135 | 69 | -1 | ATG | — | — | + |
ND2 | 136 | 1134 | 981 | — | — | ATA | TAA | + |
trnW | 1133 | 1197 | 65 | -2 | TGA | — | — | + |
trnC | 1197 | 1262 | 66 | -1 | TGC | — | — | - |
trnY | 1265 | 1331 | 67 | 2 | TAC | — | — | - |
COⅠ | 1324 | 2866 | 1543 | -8 | — | ATT | T | + |
trnL2 | 2867 | 2930 | 64 | — | TTA | -- | -- | + |
COⅡ | 2931 | 3609 | 679 | — | — | ATT | T | + |
trnK | 3606 | 3675 | 70 | -5 | AAG | — | — | + |
trnD | 3676 | 3740 | 65 | — | GAC | — | — | + |
ATP8 | 3741 | 3896 | 156 | — | — | ATT | TAA | + |
ATP6 | 3893 | 4558 | 666 | -4 | — | ATA | TAA | + |
COⅢ | 4561 | 5346 | 786 | 2 | — | ATA | TAA | + |
trnG | 5349 | 5412 | 64 | 2 | GGA | — | — | + |
ND3 | 5413 | 5766 | 354 | — | — | ATT | TAG | + |
trnA | 5765 | 5827 | 63 | -2 | GCA | — | — | + |
trnR | 5838 | 5897 | 60 | 10 | CGA | — | — | + |
trnN | 5900 | 5963 | 64 | 2 | AAC | — | — | + |
trnS1 | 5961 | 6026 | 66 | -3 | AGA | — | — | + |
trnE | 6048 | 6109 | 62 | 21 | GAA | — | — | + |
trnF | 6108 | 6171 | 64 | -2 | TTC | — | — | - |
ND5 | 6172 | 7882 | 1711 | — | — | ATT | T | - |
trnH | 7883 | 7945 | 63 | — | CAC | — | — | - |
ND4 | 7946 | 9272 | 1327 | — | — | ATG | T | - |
ND4L | 9266 | 9550 | 285 | -7 | — | ATA | TAG | - |
trnT | 9564 | 9627 | 64 | 13 | ACA | — | — | + |
trnP | 9628 | 9692 | 65 | — | CCA | — | — | - |
ND6 | 9698 | 10195 | 498 | 5 | — | ATA | TAA | + |
Cytb | 10196 | 11335 | 1140 | — | — | ATG | TAG | + |
trnS2 | 11334 | 11401 | 68 | -2 | TCA | — | — | + |
ND1 | 11576 | 12526 | 951 | 174 | — | TTG | TAG | - |
trnL1 | 12528 | 12592 | 65 | 1 | CTA | — | — | - |
rrnL | 12588 | 13879 | 1292 | -5 | — | — | — | - |
trnV | 13880 | 13944 | 65 | — | GTA | — | — | - |
rrnS | 13943 | 14712 | 770 | -2 | — | — | — | - |
CR1 | 14713 | 16136 | 1424 | — | — | — | — | + |
trnI | 16137 | 16202 | 66 | — | ATC | — | — | + |
CR2 | 16203 | 17071 | 868 | — | — | — | — | + |
Base composition and skewness of mitogenomes of
A+T% | AT-skew | GC-skew | ||||||||||
species | All | PCGs | tRNAs | rRNAs | All | PCGs | tRNAs | rRNAs | All | PCGs | tRNAs | rRNAs |
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76.7 | 75.7 | 77.7 | 79.8 | 0.025 | -0.149 | 0.022 | -0.035 | -0.204 | -0.021 | 0.108 | 0.343 |
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75.7 | 75.1 | 76.9 | 79.3 | 0.062 | -0.137 | 0.03 | -0.041 | -0.209 | -0.036 | 0.104 | 0.362 |
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75.5 | 74.4 | 78.1 | 79.1 | 0.044 | -0.145 | 0.045 | -0.029 | -0.245 | -0.047 | 0.105 | 0.397 |
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72.5 | 71 | 75.1 | 76.4 | 0.054 | -0.138 | 0.046 | -0.058 | -0.19 | -0.083 | 0.092 | 0.313 |
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73.7 | 72.9 | 74.6 | 76.8 | 0.04 | -0.133 | 0.052 | -0.039 | -0.178 | -0.055 | 0.084 | 0.305 |
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74.6 | 73.6 | 74.6 | 77.9 | 0.043 | -0.13 | 0.043 | -0.042 | -0.205 | -0.072 | 0.091 | 0.33 |
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74.5 | 73.3 | 76.5 | 76.6 | 0.046 | -0.141 | 0.022 | -0.05 | -0.201 | -0.094 | 0.09 | 0.333 |
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73.5 | 72.1 | 77.1 | 77.7 | 0.085 | -0.129 | 0.019 | -0.076 | -0.224 | -0.069 | 0.109 | 0.318 |
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75.8 | 74.7 | 78 | 79.6 | 0.042 | -0.143 | 0.046 | -0.025 | -0.247 | -0.059 | 0.109 | 0.382 |
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75.5 | 74.2 | 78.5 | 79.3 | 0.038 | -0.143 | 0.03 | -0.021 | -0.238 | -0.042 | 0.121 | 0.333 |
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73.6 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 77.7 | 0.043 | -0.138 | 0.052 | -0.022 | -0.159 | -0.055 | 0.095 | 0.277 |