Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Corresponding author: Lucas Lamelas-López (lucaslamelaslopez@gmail.com), Paulo A. V. Borges (paulo.av.borges@uac.pt), David H. Lopes (david.jh.lopes@uac.pt)
Academic editor: João Pedro Barreiros
Received: 23 Jan 2023 | Accepted: 08 Feb 2023 | Published: 01 Mar 2023
© 2023 Lucas Lamelas-López, Paulo Borges, Elisa Tarantino, Maria Juliano, Jose Fontes, Cristina Moules, Ricardo Rodrigues, Jessica Machado, José Mota, Beatriz Sousa, Helder Amaral, Maria da Conceição Filipe, David Lopes
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lamelas-López L, Borges PAV, Tarantino E, Juliano MM, Fontes JC, Moules C, Rodrigues R, Machado J, Mota JA, Sousa B, Amaral H, Filipe MC, Lopes DH (2023) Monitoring ten insect pests in selected orchards in three Azorean Islands: The project CUARENTAGRI. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e100942. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e100942
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The data we present are part of the CUARENTAGRI project, which involves all archipelagos of the Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cabo Verde). The project aims to: i) identify and evaluate the risks associated with the introduction of new arthropod pests; ii) study the population dynamics of selected arthropod pest species currently responsible for the damage of key target crops and iii) develop monitoring systems, based on prediction and/or population dynamics of the crop pests, creating warnings and a phytosanitary prevention system. In this contribution, we compile data for three Azorean Islands (Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel Islands), where pheromone-baited traps were placed in pastures, potato fields and several orchards’ types (apples, banana, chestnuts, olives, orange and strawberry), during three consecutive years (2020, 2021 and 2022).
A total of 114,827 specimens of insects (Arthropoda, Insecta) were collected, belonging to four orders, six families and ten recorded pest species. A total of eight species are considered introduced (Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873), Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758), Cydia splendana (Hübner, 1799) and Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916); n = 84,986 specimens) and two native non-endemic (Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833); n = 17,465 specimens). This study intended to contribute to a better knowledge of the arthropods pests that can affect the Azorean crops and will serve as a baseline for future monitoring actions, pest risk assessments and prevention systems.
agriculture, dataset, invertebrates, Macaronesia, orchards, pest risk, pheromone traps
Crop pests represent a worldwide threat to food security, leading to substantial agricultural production losses (
In the Macaronesian Islands, the unique climatic conditions allow the cultivation of crops not possible in the European mainland. In addition to the favourable climatic conditions, the landscape fragmentation, the high touristic activities and the increasing commercial activities make these Islands easily subjected to invasion by exotic species and harmful organisms (
The risk associated with the accidental introduction of exotic arthropods is very high (see e.g.
The project CUARENTAGRI aims to contribute to prevent and/or reduce the arrival, establishment and proliferation of new harmful organisms to the Macaronesian Islands. To achieve such a goal, there is the need to promote better training in pest risk analysis (PRA) for technicians and enhance the dissemination of appropriate information to farmers and citizens in general.
Currently, it is very important to know which harmful organisms from the European Union priority lists are most likely to be introduced in Macaronesia, facilitating the delineation, modelling and development of contingency plans in advance to deal with these phytosanitary problems.
Relative to the monitoring of the population dynamics of the main crop pests, different types of traps and attractants have been used in the field to allow the detection of their arrival, creating an alert system and making the emission of agricultural warnings. Phytosanitary sheets were made fortnightly in the three targeted Azorean Islands (Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel), with information on the arrival and population dynamics of the key pests in the economically most important crops. In addition, some activities of information dissemination and awareness-raising were developed for farmers in the field. The data we present are part of the CUARENTAGRI project (see https://www.cuarentagri.com/ September 2019 - August 2022), which involves the outermost regions of the European Union of Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cabo Verde and Senegal as third countries.
To provide an arthropod pests inventory in the Azores Archipelago, using three islands as study case (Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel), based on data collected in several types of orchards and crops. We aim to include identification of arthropod pests responsible by damaging crops, evaluate the risk associated with their introduction and to develop monitoring systems, based on prediction and/or population dynamics and phenology of the crop pests. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the arthropods pests that can affect the Azorean crops and will serve as a baseline for future monitoring actions, pest risk assessments and impacts warning and prevention systems.
The data we present are part of the CUARENTAGRI project, which involves the archipelagos of the Macaronesia region: Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cabo Verde. In this publication, we present all data related to the Azores Archipelago, collected during three consecutive years (2020, 2021, 2022). The CUARENTAGRI project includes additional objectives, as for example, the creation of an alert network with the scope to carry on an early detection pest plan and specific training activities for technicians in plant protection sector. Specific details of the original project can be consulted in the website of the project (https://www.cuarentagri.com/).
Inventory of Arthropod pests in Azorean orchards: The project Cuarentagri
Project leaders: David Horta Lopes (UAç), José Asterio Guerra (GMR-Canárias), Miguel Angelo Carvalho (UMa), Luis Dantas (DRAM), Raimundo Cabrera (ULL) and Estrela Hernandez (ICIA).
Team members: José Carlos Goulart Fontes (UAç), Maria Manuela Juliano (UAç), Elisa Tarantino (UAç), Cristina Moules (SDAT/SRADR), Ricardo Rodrigues (FRUTER), José Adriano Mota (DRADSA/DRSAg/SRADR), Jéssica Machado (SDASJ/SRADR), Beatriz Sousa (DSA/DRAgDRA/DSA/SRADR), Helder Amaral (DSA/DRAgDRA/DSA/SRADR), Maria da Conceição Filipe (FRUTER) and António Lopes (DSA/DRAgDRA/DSA/SRADR).
External Consultants: António Maria Marques Mexia (ISA/UL).
Taxonomists: Paulo A.V. Borges (UAç) and Estrela Hernandez (ICIA).
Darwin Core Database management: Lucas Lamelas-López and Paulo A.V. Borges (UAç).
The study comprises three islands of the Azores Archipelago, which is located in the northern Atlantic Ocean (roughly at 38°43'17''N, 27°13'14''W) and is formed by nine islands of volcanic origin and several small islets. The Archipelago is divided into three main groups: The Western Group (Flores and Corvo), the Central Group (Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira) and the Eastern Group (São Miguel and Santa Maria). The studied islands were Terceira (area: 402 km2, 1023 m a.s.l.), São Jorge (area: 246 km2, 1053 m a.s.l.) and São Miguel (757 km2, 1103 m a.s.l.). The climate of the Archipelago is temperate oceanic, characterised by regular and abundant precipitation, high levels of air relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during the winter season. The land-use of the Azores is dominated by several types of agroecosystems. The main agricultural habitats are semi-natural pastures at high elevation (500-700 m a.s.l.), intensive pastures and maize fields (in rotation with intensive pastures in the summer), mostly between 0 and 500 m a.s.l. Orchards and vineyards are also present and restricted to low elevations near coastal areas in some microclimatic ideal conditions for each target fruit tree.
The sampled agroecosystems were selected by investigators of the University of the Azores in cooperation with the technicians from the Regional Secretariat for Agriculture and Rural Development and FRUTER Producers Cooperative of Terceira Island and included several types of orchards and crops, as potato fields, apples, banana, chestnuts, olives, orange and strawberry and pastures.
The sampling methods included the installation of traps baited with pheromones, using different attractant types. The traps remain active during all year or only for few months, according to pest life cycles. The traps were monitored regularly to replace the attractant or pheromone. The collected specimens were identified by an expert taxonomist in the laboratory. The study was conducted during three consecutive years (2020, 2021 and 2022).
This work was financed under the project CUARENTAGRI by Cooperation Programs INTERREG V A (Spain-Portugal) and MAC 2014-2020. Darwin Core Database management was funded by the Project project FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (Thematic Line 1 – integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity) and Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores (2022-2023) - PO Azores Project - M1.1.A/INFRAEST CIENT/001/2022.
The study was conducted in three islands of the Azores Archipelago, Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel. The sampled agricultural areas included several crops and orchards types, as potato fields, apples, banana, chestnuts, olives, orange and strawberry and pastures.
The sampling methods included the installation of three traps per each plot baited with pheromones, using different attractant types. Most of the traps were commercial with the food attractant (e.g. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824)), sexual pheromone (e.g. Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) or Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873)) or aggregation pheromones (e.g. Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824)) depending of the type of pest.
The traps were installed in each orchard in three diferent sites with the same plant host during the períod of normal appearance of the adults of the different pests sometimes only for few months, depending of the pest life cycle and fruits in the host and in the case of the most economomically important key pests during the whole year (C. capitata, C. sordidus, thrips). The traps were monitored every two weeks in the field and the collected captured adults were identified by an expert taxonomist in the laboratory, determining the individual sex when possible and registered in the web platform of the project. The sampling protocol was implemented during three consecutive years (2020, 2021 and 2022). Additionally, phytosanitary sheet reports were regularly elaborated and provided to technicians and farmers in order to inform them about pests identity, their abundance and spread status.
All collected individuals were identified by expert taxonomists in the laboratory. When possible, the sex of the individuals was provided. The taxonomic nomenclature follows the most recent checklist of Azorean arthropopds (
The sampled agroecosystems were selected by investigators of the University of the Azores in cooperation with the technicians from the Regional Secretariat for Agriculture and Rural Development and FRUTER Producers Cooperative of Terceira Island, which included several types of crops and orchards. Pheromone-baited traps were used to sample the arthropod pests, which remain deployed during the appearance of the adults of the different pests, sometimes during all year (C. capitata, C. sordidus, trips) and sometimes only for few months, depending of the pest life cycle and monitored in one or two weeks periods. The sampling protocol comprise three consecutive years (2020, 2021 and 2022). The collected individuals were identified by expert taxonomists in the laboratory. Additionally, phytosanitary sheet reports to technicians and farmers were regularly elaborated, including information about pests identity, their abundance and spread status.
The study was conducted on Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel Islands, Azores, Portugal.
37.697 and 38.812 Latitude; -28.339 and -25.117 Longitude.
The following orders of Insecta Class are covered: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera.
Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
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phylum | Arthropoda | Arthropods |
class | Insecta | Insects |
order | Coleoptera | Beetles |
order | Hemiptera | Bugs |
order | Lepidoptera | Butterflies and Moths |
order | Diptera | Flies |
order | Thysanoptera | Thrips |
Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 License
The dataset is available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. |
stateProvince | Name of the region of the sampling site. |
islandGroup | Name of archipelago. |
island | Name of the island. |
country | Country of the sampling site. |
countryCode | ISO code of the country of the sampling site. |
locality | Locality of the sampling site. |
locationRemarks | Additional information about the locality. |
decimalLongitude | The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. |
decimalLatitude | The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. |
geodeticDatum | The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. |
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot in meters. |
coordinatePrecision | A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude. |
georeferenceSources | A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. |
locationID | Identifier of the location. |
samplingProtocol | The sampling protocol used to capture the species. |
sampleSizeValue | The numeric amount of time spent in each sampling. |
sampleSizeUnit | The unit of the sample size value. |
day | Day of the event. |
month | Month of the event. |
year | Year of the event. |
eventDate | Date or date range the record was collected. |
habitat | The habitat of the sampling site. |
The dataset is available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. |
type | Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard. |
licence | Reference to the licence under which the record is published. |
institutionID | The identity of the institution publishing the data. |
institutionCode | The code of the institution publishing the data. |
datasetName | Name of the dataset. |
basisOfRecord | The nature of the data record. |
occurrenceID | Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier. |
recordedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field. |
identifiedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field. |
dateIdentified | The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon. |
organismQuantity | A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms. |
organismQuantityType | The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. |
lifeStage | The life stage of the organisms captured. |
scientificName | Complete scientific name including author and year. |
kingdom | Kingdom name. |
phylum | Phylum name. |
class | Class name. |
order | Order name. |
family | Family name. |
genus | Genus name. |
specificEpithet | Specific epithet. |
scientificNameAuthorship | Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record. |
taxonRank | Lowest taxonomic rank of the record. |
establishmentMeans | The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'native', 'introduced', 'endemic', 'indeterminate'. |
Results
We collected a total of 114,827 specimens of insects, belonging to four orders, six families and ten species. A total of eight species are considered introduced (n = 84,986 specimens) and two native non-endemic (n = 17,465 specimens). No endemic species were recorded and 12,376 specimens were identified at order level, all belonging to Thysanoptera (Table
Inventory of the identified pest species recorded in Azorean agroecosystems, in São Jorge (SJG), Terceira (TER) and São Miguel (SMG) Islands, between 2020 and 2022. The colonisation status (Status) and abundance values are provided.
Order | Family | Species | Colonisation status | Abundance per island | ||
SJG | SMG | TER | ||||
Coleoptera | Dryophthoridae | Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824) | introduced | 0 | 10347 | 35412 |
Diptera | Drosophilidae | Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) | introduced | 383 | 21390 | 3819 |
Diptera | Tephritidae | Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) | introduced | 0 | 0 | 3246 |
Diptera | Tephritidae | Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) | introduced | 458 | 985 | 4214 |
Lepidoptera | Gelechiidae | Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) | introduced | 0 | 4010 | 179 |
Lepidoptera | Noctuidae | Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) | native | 0 | 63 | 198 |
Lepidoptera | Noctuidae | Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) | native | 0 | 5079 | 12125 |
Lepidoptera | Tortricidae | Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) | introduced | 0 | 3 | 98 |
Lepidoptera | Tortricidae | Cydia splendana (Hübner, 1799) | introduced | 0 | 0 | 411 |
Lepidoptera | Tortricidae | Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) | introduced | 0 | 0 | 40 |
Thysanoptera | Thysanoptera | 0 | 7433 | 4943 |
In general, the most abundant pest species was the banana root borer C. sordidus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) (n = 45,759), which was mainly captured in Terceira Island (n = 35,412) and the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) (n = 25,592), recorded mainly in São Miguel Island (n = 21,390). The family Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) included the species with lowest abundance in the orchards, Cydia splendana (Hübner, 1799) (n = 411); C. pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 101); and Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (n = 40; Table
Although most of detected pest species are considered introduced, two species of Noctuidae family (Lepidoptera) are considered native non-endemic species: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (n = 17,204) and Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) (n = 261; Table
The island with highest captures of pest species was Terceira with 64,685 captured individuals; São Miguel recorded a total of 49,310 individuals and, finally, São Jorge, with significantly less captures (n = 841), mainly associated with the low sampling effort in the Island.
Banana orchards and mixed citrus recorded the highest abundance of pest species. In the case of banana orchards mainly by the presence of the banana root borer C. sordidus (around 78% of total captures) and individuals of the Thysanoptera order. In the mixed citrus orchards, mainly two species of Diptera, C. capitata and D. suzukii (88% of total captures) were recorded (Table
Abundance of pest species of Insecta Class per agroecosystem type. The presented data aggregate the records obtained in the three studied islands (São Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel).
Coleoptera | Diptera | Lepidoptera | ||||||||
Agroecosystem | C. sordidus | B. oleae | C. capitata | D. suzukii | C. pomonella | C. splendana | G. molesta | M. unipuncta | P. operculella | S. littoralis |
Apple tree orchard | 143 | 0 | 636 | 27 | 101 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Banana orchard | 45616 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Blueberry orchard | 0 | 0 | 16 | 244 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chestnut orchard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 390 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coffee plantation | 0 | 0 | 1799 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fig tree orchard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lemon tree orchard | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mixed citrus | 0 | 0 | 2695 | 21411 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Olive tree orchard | 0 | 3246 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Orange tree orchard | 0 | 0 | 191 | 2858 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pasture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 261 | 0 | 16148 |
Plum tree orchard | 0 | 0 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Potato culture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4189 | 0 |
Several cultures | 0 | 0 | 146 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Strawberry orchard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 480 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Strawberry-Araçá orchard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 249 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tangerine tree orchard | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vegetable garden | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 993 |
Vineyard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 175 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 63 |
Moreover, some studied orchards recorded less than 50 individuals of pest species, as fig tree orchard (n = 46 individuals), tangerine tree orchard (n = 35) and lemon tree orchard (n = 6; Table
The most widespread pest species were the Diptera C. capitata and D. suzukii, which were detected at more than 50% of the studied orchards types. This is according to another studies (e.g.
As expected, Thysanoptera were only detected in banana orchards, B. oleae only in olive tree orchards and C. pomonella in apple tree orchards (Table
Pests information and Conclusion
The ten species of agricultural pests recorded and the known impacts are summarily described as follows:
Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824) is one of the most important insect pests of banana orchards worldwide, producing different types of impacts during the life of the crop, namely destroying the roots and plants and making the banana plants susceptible to fall at the end of their production cycle (
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is a major pest species in European agricultural systems, affecting several types of orchards and leading to considerable losses in fruit production (e.g.
Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) is probably one of the main pest species of olive trees in the world (
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) can have an impact in several types of crops, mainly by attacking soft fruits, causing severe economic losses (
Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) is one of the major pest species that affect potato crops. Its impacts are produced by its larvae mainly during storage process and also in the production fields (
Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) is responsible for economic damage in Poaceae cultivars (
Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) is one of the major lepidopteran pests in many regions of the world, impacting on several types of agricultural areas, such as grasslands, gardens or fruit tree plantations (
Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most important pests on apple tree orchards worldwide, due to the damages in the fruits, which lead to economic losses in production process (
Cydia splendana (Hübner, 1799) is a major pest of chestnut orchards, affecting the fruits by destroying them and causing very important economic losses for the chestnut producers. This species was already highlighted as an important pest of chestnut orchards in the Azores (
Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) is probably one of the major pest species that affect fruit trees (e.g. peach and apple trees) in several regions of the world (
The results of this publication contribute to a better knowledge of the arthropods pests that can affect the Azorean crops. For example, C. capitata and D. suzukii demonstrated to be widespread and abundant pest species across several agroecosystems types and C. sordidus is probably the most important pest species on banana orchards. Although most of the pest species are introduced, some are native due to their high dispersal ability. This is the case of M. unipuncta and S. littoralis that are major pests in intensive pastures and maize fields and now are starting to affect horticultural cultures. These results also will serve as a potential baseline for future monitoring actions, pest risk assessments and prevention systems.
We thank to all the farmers and landowners of Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel Islands, who permitted us to work on their properties. We thank the Heads and Technicians from the Secretaria Regional de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural and the Terceira and São Jorge Island Agricultural Services (SDAT and SDASJ) and the Direção Regional de Agricultura e Direção de Serviços de Agricultura (DRA and DSA) and the technicians from the FRUTER Cooperative (Associação de Produtores de Frutas, de Produtos Hortícolas e Florícolas da Ilha Terceira).
This work was financed under the project CUARENTAGRI by Cooperation Programs INTERREG V A (Spain-Portugal) and MAC 2014-2020. Darwin Core Database management was funded by the Project project FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (Thematic Line 1 – integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity) and Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores (2022-2023) - PO Azores Project - M1.1.A/INFRAEST CIENT/001/2022.
Lucas Lamelas-Lopez was supported by the Project FCT-UIDP/00329/2020-2023.
LLL: Data Curation; Darwin Core dataset preparation; Formal analysis and interpretation; manuscript writing.
PAVB: Data Curation; Darwin Core dataset preparation; Formal analysis and interpretation; manuscript writing.
ET, CM, RR, JM, JDM, JS, HA, MCF: Data acquisition; data interpretation and manuscript revision.
DHL: Conceptualisation; Methodology; Resources; Formal analysis and interpretation; manuscript writing.
MMJ, JCF: data interpretation and manuscript revision.