Introduction

Materials and methods

Taxon treatments

Stachyotropha punctifera Stål, 1871

Nomenclature

Stachyotropha punctifera Stål,1871 - Stål (1871): 698 (original description); Stål (1874): 85 (catalogue, distribution); Lethierry and Severin (1896): 81 (catalogue, distribution); China (1940): 251 (listed); Hoffmann (1944): 5 (catalogue, distribution); Hsiao and Ren (1981): 465 (listeda); Maldonado Capriles (1990): 540 (catalogue, distribution); Putshkov and Putshkov (1996): 223 (catalogue, distribution); Hua (2000): 211 (listed, distribution). Syntypes (2♂): Philippines, NHRS.

Stachyotropha miyamotoi Hidaka and Miller, 1959 - Hidaka and Miller (1959): 136 (original description); Azuma and Kinjo (1987): 36 (catalogue, distribution); Miyamoto and Yasunaga (1989): 170 (listed, distribution); Maldonado Capriles (1990): 540 (catalogue, distribution); Yasunaga et al. (1993): 172 (re-description, distribution, bionomics, photo); Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan (1995): 151 (catalogue); Putshkov and Putshkov (1996): 223 (catalogue, distribution); Koike (1996): 14 (record); Hayashi (2002): 139 (listed); Ishikawa (2005): 30 (photo); Ishikawa and Miyamoto (2012): 284 (distribution, bionomics, photo); Ishikawa (2016): 450 (catalogue, distribution). Holotype (♂): Japan, the Ryukyus, Okinawa Is., ELKU. New Synonym.

Materials   Download as CSV 

Syntypes:

1. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; country:
   Philippines
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; identifiedBy:
   Stål
   ; dateIdentified:
   1871
   ; institutionID:
   NHRS
   ; collectionID:
   GULI-000007698
   ; occurrenceID:
   657FC444-4FA0-54BC-B30A-9C068BF3ACC8
2. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; country:
   Philippines
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; identifiedBy:
   Stål
   ; dateIdentified:
   1871
   ; institutionID:
   NHRS
   ; collectionID:
   GULI-000001771
   ; occurrenceID:
   59815025-84F7-555F-B05F-B503CD92B13D

Holotype:

1. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   miyamotoi
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Okinawa Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; year:
   1955
   ; month:
   8
   ; day:
   1
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   T. Takara
   ; institutionID:
   ELKU
   ; occurrenceID:
   EC4BBBE8-37FC-595F-B281-6892D628B490

Other materials:

1. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Kakeroma Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Kagoshima
   ; county:
   Ôshima-gun
   ; municipality:
   Setouchi-chô
   ; locality:
   Doren
   ; year:
   2022
   ; month:
   4
   ; day:
   30
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Reo Ito
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionID:
   PCKO
   ; occurrenceID:
   9F6A721F-EFCF-5824-AB06-8111C3026854
2. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Ishigaki Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; municipality:
   Ishigaki-shi
   ; locality:
   Omoto
   ; year:
   2003
   ; month:
   8
   ; day:
   1
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Tadafumi Nakata
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionID:
   PCKO
   ; occurrenceID:
   47F142CE-D5F9-5983-9904-E4F557CA874C
3. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Ishigaki Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; municipality:
   Ishigaki-shi
   ; locality:
   Shiraho
   ; year:
   2013
   ; month:
   10
   ; day:
   7
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Reo Ito
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionID:
   PCKO
   ; occurrenceID:
   7AA635D6-C2EB-5EF3-9BE1-80AF4A8D7FCF
4. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Ishigaki Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; municipality:
   Ishigaki-shi
   ; locality:
   Shiraho
   ; samplingProtocol:
   light trap
   ; year:
   2019
   ; month:
   4
   ; day:
   20
   ; sex:
   female
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionID:
   PCKO
   ; occurrenceID:
   EED80E3C-317A-57AD-A140-57F998577301
5. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Iriomote Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; county:
   Yaeyama-gun
   ; municipality:
   Taketomi-chô
   ; locality:
   Shirahama-rindô
   ; year:
   2003
   ; month:
   4
   ; day:
   3
   ; sex:
   female
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Tadashi Ishikawa
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionCode:
   ELTUA
   ; occurrenceID:
   72C8F81A-B33A-5A12-AFA3-9929224A4FB2
6. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Iriomote Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; county:
   Yaeyama-gun
   ; municipality:
   Taketomi-chô
   ; locality:
   Takana
   ; year:
   2004
   ; month:
   4
   ; day:
   19
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Yukihiko Hirano
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionID:
   KPMNH
   ; occurrenceID:
   484306F2-0B40-5E1C-AD86-993A9DA1CD86
7. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Iriomote Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; county:
   Yaeyama-gun
   ; municipality:
   Taketomi-chô
   ; locality:
   Ootomi,Haiminaka
   ; samplingProtocol:
   light trap
   ; year:
   2014
   ; month:
   5
   ; day:
   15
   ; sex:
   male
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Kyohei Watanabe
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionCode:
   KPMNH
   ; occurrenceID:
   BBDBC5DF-8BBE-50BA-925D-AA37C6684A03
8. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; islandGroup:
   The Ryukyus
   ; island:
   Iriomote Is.
   ; country:
   Japan
   ; stateProvince:
   Okinawa
   ; county:
   Yaeyama-gun
   ; municipality:
   Taketomi-chô
   ; locality:
   Takana
   ; samplingProtocol:
   light trap
   ; year:
   2022
   ; month:
   5
   ; day:
   14
   ; individualCount:
   4
   ; sex:
   2males, 2females
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Tomoya Saeki
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda
   ; dateIdentified:
   2023
   ; institutionCode:
   PCKO
   ; occurrenceID:
   DAE1EC1C-EB63-59AC-B3D0-0CC040EB4A66
9. kingdom:
   Animalia
   ; phylum:
   Arthropoda
   ; class:
   Insecta
   ; order:
   Hemiptera
   ; family:
   Reduviidae
   ; genus:
   Stachyotropha
   ; specificEpithet:
   punctifera
   ; country:
   China
   ; stateProvince:
   Guangxi
   ; county:
   Guilin
   ; municipality:
   Yanshan District
   ; year:
   1963
   ; month:
   5
   ; day:
   29
   ; sex:
   female
   ; lifeStage:
   adult
   ; recordedBy:
   Chikun Yang
   ; identifiedBy:
   Kyosuke Okuda and Zhuo Chen
   ; dateIdentified:
   2022
   ; institutionID:
   CAU
   ; collectionID:
   RE-0001049
   ; occurrenceID:
   6D1E6D6D-B155-5F9F-B225-8A5A52BB2A8D
10. kingdom:
    Animalia
    ; phylum:
    Arthropoda
    ; class:
    Insecta
    ; order:
    Hemiptera
    ; family:
    Reduviidae
    ; genus:
    Stachyotropha
    ; specificEpithet:
    punctifera
    ; island:
    Mindanao Is.
    ; country:
    Philippines
    ; stateProvince:
    Davao (Near CALINAN)
    ; year:
    1970
    ; month:
    6
    ; day:
    20
    ; sex:
    female
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; recordedBy:
    K. Souma
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kyosuke Okuda
    ; dateIdentified:
    2022
    ; institutionID:
    ELTUA
    ; occurrenceID:
    ACC8DEF0-4674-5D4B-A5C5-297CE5FC957B

Redescription: 

Macropterous male. Colouration: General colour pale yellowish-brown (Fig. 1); body matte, covered with whitish pilose setae on head, thorax, abdomen and legs; setation on corium sparse; eyes and apex of scutellum black; third visible labial segment dark brown; vein of cubitus with blackish spot; connexiva of abdominal tergites III ~ VII with dark spot; abdominal sternites III ~ VII with one pair of longitudinal brownish markings; ventral surface of abdomen with sparse blackish spots.

Figure 1.  

Stachyotropha punctifera: A, B male habitus (A: dorsal; B: ventral); C, D female habitus (C: dorsal; D: ventral); E–H apical segments of abdomen (E: male dorsal; F: male ventral; G: female dorsal; H: female ventral). Scale bars: 5 mm for A–D and 2 mm for E–H.

Vestiture: Head, thorax, abdomen, legs and antennae densely covered with short setae. Scape with short decumbent setae, approximately less than 0.4 times as long as maximum width of scape; segment II ~ IV with long suberect setae, approximately 1.0 ~ 1.3 times as long as maximum width of each antennal segment. Femur with short setae, approximately less than 0.2 times as long as maximum width of femur; tibia with decumbent setae, approximately 0.5 times as long as maximum width of tibia; tarsus with decumbent setae, approximately as long as maximum width of tarsus.

Structure: male: Body medium-sized (16.00 mm), approximately 6.9 times longer than its maximum width (Fig. 1A, B). Head (Fig. 2A) approximately 1.7 times as long as width across eyes, approximately 0.8 times as long as pronotum; ante-ocular portion approximately 1.2 times as long as postocular portion; postocular with dorsal longitional sulcate. Juga approximately 0.85 times as long as scape. Maxillary plates approximately half as long as scape. Scape approximately 0.35 times as long as head; ratio of antennal segments (I ~ IV) = 10.0 : 19.3 : 4.0 : 6.7. First visible labial segment (Fig. 2B) curved, extending to level of middle of eye; ratio of visible labial segments (I ~ III) = 10.0 : 0.31 : 0.20.

Figure 2.  

Stachyotropha punctifera: A, B head, male (A: dorsal; B: lateral); C proleg; D protibia, ventral; E profemur, ventral; F, G abdominal sternite VII, ventral (F: male; G: female); H, I pygophore (H: dorsal; I: lateral); J median process of pygophore, caudal; K paramere, in different views; L–N phallus (L: lateral; M: dorsal; N: expanded phallosoma dorsal view). Arrows in D, E indicate front direction. Scale bars: 1 mm for A–G, 0.5 mm for H–I and K–N and 0.25 mm for J. (Abbreviations: bp, basal plates; pd, pedicel; plb, phallobase; plt, phallotheca).

Pronotum 1.5 times as long as humeral width; anterior propleural spines thick, acute, curved upwards, shorter than eye width. Hemelytra reaching abdominal segment VII.

Profemur (Fig. 2C, E) with lateral inner side armed three long spines and two pairs short spines; longest spine approximately 1.9 times as long as maximum width of profemur; shortest spines approximately 0.6 times as long as maximum width of profemur. Protibia (Fig. 2D) armed with two pairs of lateral spines; longest spines approximately 3.0 times as long as maximum width of protibia; shortest spines approximately 0.8 times as long as maximum width of protibia.

Abdomen (Fig. 2F) elongate, approximately 3.6 times as long as its maximum width; segment VII with obliquely angulately truncated inner side.

Male genitalia. Pygophore (Fig. 2H, I) broadly rounded ventrally, ventral surface covered with short sparse setae; median process of pygophore (Fig. 2J) equilateral triangle from dorsal view, weakly darkened. Paramere (Fig. 2K) thick, apical portion broad, weakly curved, with short erect setae. Phallus (Fig. 2L-N) elongate; dorsal phallothecal sclerite elongate, sclerotised ventrally; basal plate thin from posterior view, entire length approximately 0.6 times as long as dorsal phallothecal sclerite; phallosoma elongate, nearly cylindical; struts nearly straight, not reaching apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite.

Macropterous female. Similar to male in general habitus (Fig. 1C, D). Body (16.5 mm) approximately 4.7 times as long as than its maximum width. Abdomen (Fig. 2G) approximately 3.2 times as long as its maximum width.

Distribution

China: Fujian, Guangxi; Japan: The Ryukyus (Kakeroma Island, Okinawa Island, Miyako Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island, Yonaguni Island); Philippines: Mindanao Island.

Biology

In Japan, almost all examined specimens were collected using light traps. This species was very rare everywhere. Ishikawa and Miyamoto (2012) have previously recorded the adults and nymphs (as S. miyamotoi) collected from grasslands, where Poaceae and Cyperaceae were dominant. Additionally, adults also have known examples collected from an ankle-deep marshy area.

Analysis

Discussion

Stål (1871) described Stachyotropha punctifera, based on an unspecified number of male specimens collected from the Philippines. He provided a dorsal habitus illustration of this species with the original description. Hidaka and Miller (1959) described Stachyotropha miyamotoi, based on one male collected from the Okinawa Island of the Ryukyu Islands and provided the illustrations of the dorsal habitus and the lateral view of the anterior body part. They listed the following morphological characters to distinguish S. miyamotoi and S. punctifera: 1) the dorsal surface of the head of S. miyamotoi is considerably less strongly sulcate; 2) the antennifers of S. miyamotoi are obtusely conical; 3) the armature of the prolegs is different between the two species; 4) the apex of the produced portions of abdominal segment VII of S. miyamotoi is obliquely, but not angulately truncated; and 5) the apical internal cell of the hemelytron is less than half as long as the apical external cell at the base in S. miyamotoi, whereas it is half as long in S. punctifera.

Based on the examination of the syntypes of S. punctifera (Figs 3, 4), the holotype of S. miyamotoi (Fig. 5) and several non-type specimens collected from China, Japan and the Philippines, we further evaluated and discussed the differences between S. punctifera and S. miyamotoi. The first four characters listed by Hidaka and Miller (1959) cannot be used to separate these two species because they were very similar between the examined specimens in this study. Additionally, the apical internal cell of the hemelytron varied significantly amongst our examined specimens. Furthermore, no morphological differences (including male paramere structures, but we could not compare genital structures) were found amongst these specimens. In Hidaka and Miller (1959), the description of S. miyamotoi was based on only one male specimen and they overlooked the fact that internal cells have a wide range of variation amongst individuals. This species has been known to be very rare. In fact, only one specimen was found in this study, which was collected from China (Fig. 6). Similarly, we consider that Hidaka and Miller (1959) also did not collect sufficient number of specimens for a proper comparative examination. In conclusion, as the comparison presented by Hidaka and Miller (1959) is inadequate and S. miyamotoi cannot be distinguished from S. punctifera by morphological characters, we propose that S. miyamotoi is a junior subjective synonym of S. punctifera.

Figure 3.  

Stachyotropha punctifera male, syntype deposited in NHRS, catalogue number NHRS-GU-LI000001771. A dorsal; B lateral; C ventral; D labels; Scale bar: 10 mm (A). Photos by Gunvi Lindberg, 2022; Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Made available by the Swedish Museum of Natural History under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License, CC-BY 4.0., https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Figure 4.  

Stachyotropha punctifera, male, syntype deposited in NHRS, catalogue number NHRS-GU-LI000007698. A dorsal; B lateral; C ventral; D labels; Scale bar: 10 mm (A). Photos by Gunvi Lindberg, 2022, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Made available by the Swedish Museum of Natural History under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License, CC-BY 4.0., https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Figure 5.  

Photographs of holotype of Stachyotropha miyamotoi: A dorsal; B lateral; C labels; Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6.  

Photographs of a Chinese specimen of Stachyotropha punctifera, female: A dorsal; B lateral; C ventral; D labels.

Acknowledgements

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