Introduction

General description

Project description

Study area description: 

MONAPC is a federal protected area in Brazil. It is about 17,000 ha and is divided within two municipalities, 12,000 ha in Pancas and 5,000 ha in Águia Branca, in north-eastern Espírito Santo State (Fig. 1). In 2002, this protected area was created as a National Park to preserve the granite outcrops specially from mining, one of the most important economic activities to Espírito Santo State (Sardou Filho et al. 2013). The local population was technically not allowed to inhabit the region inside its legal limits (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2000). Therefore, in 2008, the National Park was reclassified as a Natural Monument, a different category of protected area that allows people to inhabit inside its legal limits (Barbosa 2013, Bortoleto 2015, Spamer 2017).

Figure 1.  

Location map depicting Pontões Capixabas Natural Monument, in the municipalities of Pancas and Águia Branca, Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

MONAPC is divided into two microregions of the State, the Northeast Microregion and Central-West Microregion, which have various environmental problems. Both microregions bear the greatest number of municipalities in the State that are in a process of desertification, according to a national programme that was developed to assist extremely dry areas in Brazil (Programa de Ação Nacional de Combate à Desertificação e Mitigação dos Efeitos da Seca no Brasil) (Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves 2021). The Northeast Microregion comprises less than 8% of native forest, less than 1% of it being within protected areas and around 60% of pasture, which is the highest percentage in the State (Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves 2021). The Central-West Microregion has circa 12% of native forest, less than 3% of it being officially protected and the main soil use is for coffee crops (around 16%) (Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves 2021). For the two microregions together, around 11% of the agricultural areas have degraded soils, around 18% of the coffee crops have degraded soils and around 21% of the pastures are degraded (Barreto and Sartori 2012). The rural properties within the legal limits of the protected areas are small and mostly specialised in cultivating robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) (Ferrão et al. 2019) or farming cattle (Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves 2021).

Weather

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 2002) classifies the climate of northern Espírito Santo as hot and dry. In a more general classification by Köppen (1936), MONAPC has a tropical climate with a dry winter and rainy summer (Aw) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.  

Climate map and location of previous studies about inselbergs and weather stations near the present study area, Espírito Santo State, south-eastern Brazil.

The weather stations nearest to MONAPC are Aimorés (A534 -19,532778, -41,090833; 287,74 a.s.l.), around 30 km to the southeast and Mantena (A540 -18,780620, -40,986505; 254,91 a.s.l.), around 40 km to the northeast (Fig. 2). Data from the Mantena station showed that the average temperature of the coldest months (June to August) is 21ºC and the sum of the precipitation for the period of 92 days is less than 10 mm. During the hottest months (January to March), the average temperature is 27ºC and the precipitation increases considerably to nearly 300 mm for the entire period. During this work, the rainiest months were from October 2021 to February 2022; in December, there was 277 mm of rain (Fig. 3, A). Graphs of the precipitation and average temperature from the Aimorés station (which were not available for the Mantena station) demonstrate a climate pattern that is very demarcated for the region, with dry winters and rainy summers (Fig. 3, B and C).

Figure 3.  

Climate data from two weather stations near the Monumento Natural dos Pontões Capixabas, Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

Geology

Inselbergs are very old outcrops formed underground and revealed by weathering on the surface (Varajão and de Alkmim 2015). They can be various types of rock and occur in different climates, but the inselbergs in MONAPC are made of granite and gneiss from the crystalline core of the Araçuaí orogen, formed during the separation of Gondwana at the end of the Neoproterozoic and beginning of the Paleozoic (Varajão and de Alkmim 2015). The three types of rock that form the inselbergs in MONAPC are Ataléia and Carlos Chagas granites (575 m.y.a.) and Charnockito Aimorés (520 to 490 m.y.a.) (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 1987). The most frequent is Carlos Chagas leucogranite, which is formed by large crystals of feldspar in a matrix of plagioclase, quartz and garnets (Varajão and de Alkmim 2015).

Inselbergs are classified as lowlands when they are up to 1000 m above sea level (sensu de Paula et al. 2016) and highlands when they exceed this height (sensu Safford (1999)). Average elevation in Pancas is 110 m to 480 m and, in Águia Branca, around 278 m.

In MONAPC, 195 outcrops have been recorded (OpenStreetMap Foundation 2022) that are up to 1000 m a.s.l., so they are considered lowlands. The region predominantly has red-yellow latosols (halic or dystrophic) with a clayey texture associated with the crystalline rocks of the inselbergs (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 1987).

Sampling methods

Step description: 

Vascular Plant Dataset

The list of species was constructed in four steps (Fig. 4):

Figure 4.  

Construction and validation of vascular plant dataset for inselbergs in the Monumento Natural dos Pontões Capixabas, Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

Figure 5.  

Species endemic to vegetation on inselbergs in Espírito Santo State. a Orthophytum zanonii Leme; b Kielmeyera rupestris Duarte; c Pleroma sp. nov.; d, e Anthurium marcusianum Theoófilo, L.Kollmann & Sakur. All photos by Fabiula Arantes.

Figure 6.  

The sampling gap within the official limits of the Monumental Natural dos Pontões Capixabas (MONAPC), Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

Figure 7.  

Comparison of family richness between the present and the previous studies on inselbergs from Espírito Santo State.

1. We compiled all the occurrence records of vascular plant species from the municipalities of Pancas and Águia Branca, which were in the Reflora Herbário Virtual (2022) and Herbário Virtual da Flora e de Fungos (Centro de Referência e Informação Ambiental 2022) online databases. At the end of this step, we had 6,054 records (including duplicates) of 1,180 species.

2. A comparison was made between the species in SLL (which has 548 vascular plant species on vegetation islands; de Paula et al. (2020)) and the database of the species compiled in step 1. Only records of corresponding species were kept, thus ensuring which species occur on vegetation islands. Of the 6,054 records, we kept 1,084 records of 184 species from vegetation islands (and occasionally scrub vegetation).

3. We found 106 records restricted to the official geographic limits of MONAPC (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2023) and determined by their respective taxa specialists.

4. The authors collected 92 species that were present in the step 3 database, replacing the respective vouchers for our own. Finally, two species discovered new to science were added to the step 3 database, totalling 108 species in the first “Checklist of the Vascular Plant Species in MONAPC”.

Geographic coverage

Description: 

The geographic coverage encompasses lowland inselbergs in the Monumento Natural dos Pontões Capixabas (MONAPC), a federal protected area in north-eastern Espírito Santo State, south-eastern Brazil. Ten inselbergs were visited (Table 2, Fig. 8).

Figure 8.  

Some Inselbergs visited in MONAPC, Espírito Santo State. a Paredão das Ruschianas; b Mirante's view (northeast); c Paredão Noroeste's view (northwest); d Bromeliaceae garden at Mirante (northeast); e Velloziaceae garden at Mirante; f Pedra do Vidal Krause's view.

Figure 9.  

Richest families and genera, least diverse families and genera, life forms and vegetative habits in the Monumental Natural dos Pontões Capixabas, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, according to Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023).

Taxonomic coverage

Description: 

We provide the first “Checklist of Vascular Plant Species in MONAPC”, which has 108 species distributed in 36 families and 75 genera (Suppl. material 1, Fig. 10). Although we found a richness of 108 species in MONAPC, other authors found higher numbers in other inselbergs: Covre et al. (2021) found 121 species on Pedra das Andorinhas, Couto et al. (2017) found 211 species on Pedra dos Pontões, Pena and Alves-Araújo (2017) found 302 species in the APA Pedra do Elefante and Esgario et al. (2009) found 170 species in Alto Misterioso (Table 3). The low number of species found in MONAPC compared to the other floristic works conducted on inselbergs in Espírito Santo State could be due to differences in the methodology (as previously mentioned, we only sampled vegetation islands, while the other studies also sampled other vegetation types) and/or the floristic composition of each rock outcrop.

Figure 10.  

Species inhabiting vegetation islands on inselbergs in Espírito Santo State. a Merianthera pulchra Kuhlm.; b Wunderlichia azulensis Maguire & G.M.Barroso; c Sinningia aghensis Chautems; d Mandevilla fistulosa M.F.Sales et al.; e Cololobus sp.nov.; f Stigmaphyllon crenatum C.E.Anderson; g Cololobus argenteus M.Monge & Semir; h Huberia espiritosantensis Baumgratz; i Mandevilla grazielae M.F.Sales et al.; j Dyckia horrida (L.B.Sm.) Forzza; k Dyckia bracteata (Wittm.) Mez; l Encyclia spiritusanctensis L.C.Menezes. All photos by Fabiula Arantes.

The angiosperm lineage is the richest, with 98 species distributed in 70 genera and 32 families. The richest families are Bromeliaceae (13 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.), Melastomataceae (9 spp.), Orchidaceae (7 spp.), Araceae and Apocynaceae (5 spp. Each) and Fabaceae (4 spp.). Together, these families represent 79% of all the species on this list. The richest genera are Pleroma (6 spp.) and Anthurium (4 spp.), followed by six genera with three species each: Anemia, Cololobus, Dioscorea, Dyckia, Mandevilla and Selaginella. Thirteen genera have two species each and 54 genera are represented in the local flora by only one species (50%) (Fig. 9).

There are 10 species of lycophytes and monilophytes. The lycophytes are only represented by Selaginellaceae (Selaginella, 3 spp.), while the monilophytes are represented by seven species and three families, Anemiaceae and Pteridaceae with three species each and Blechnaceae with one species. The richest genus is Anemia (3 spp., Anemiaceae), followed by Cheilantes (Pteridaceae) with two species and Doryopteris (Pteridaceae) and Blechnum (Blechnaceae) with one species each.

Most of the species found in this study have an exclusively herbaceous life form (48 spp.; 50%), followed by shrubs (16 spp.; 17%), vines and subshrubs (5 spp. each; 5%), trees (5 spp.; 4%) and one species of palm (Syagrus ruschiana (Bondar) Glassman). Seventeen species have more than one life form (10%) (Fig. 9, Suppl. material 1).

The most species-rich families in this study are the same as those in other works conducted on inselbergs in Espírito Santo. The richest family was Bromeliaceae, as found by Pena and Alves-Araújo (2017) and Covre et al. (2021); however, this was the second richest family in Couto et al. (2017) (Fig. 7). Asteraceae and Melastomataceae ranked amongst the first four positions in all the works, including the present study (Fig. 7). According to Porembski et al. (1997) and Porembski and Watve (2005), Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae and Melastomataceae are typical families of inselbergs in the southeast region of Brazil.

The richest families on the inselbergs in MONAPC are also the most diverse in the Atlantic Forest domain in Espírito Santo State. These families are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, Apocynaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae (Dutra et al. 2015). These are also amongst the most representative families on inselbergs in Sugarloaf Land (de Paula et al. 2020) and alternate amongst the top positions, which reinforces the connection between the species assemblages in the different ecosystems and phytophysiognomies in the Atlantic Forest domain (Scarano 2002, Neves 2017). Species in the forest matrix colonise inselbergs and those in temporary refuges on inselbergs (e.g. during cycles of environmental changes) also return to the matrix (Burke 2002a, Burke 2002b, Burke 2003, Porembski 2007). Thus, as considered for ocean islands (e.g. Heaney (2007)), it is believed that populations on inselbergs can be sources or sinks, depending on the environmental niche of the species (Burke 2003). Long-term monitoring of selected species populations, dated phylogenies and biogeographic approaches are needed to better explain if “source-sink” effects exist and how they operate.

There were 33 exclusively rupicolous species and 32 exclusively terrestrial species. Twenty-one species were both rupicolous and terrestrial. Only one species was exclusively epiphytic (Stigmatodon vellozicolus (Leme & J.A.Siqueira) D.R.Couto & A.F.Costa), while seven species were epiphytic and rupicolous. Finally, combined substrates, rupicolous/hemi-epiphytic and aquatic/terrestrial, had only one species each. Interestingly, Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae are generally the richest families in the Atlantic Forest and mostly represented by epiphytes in forest physiognomies, but on inselbergs, they are represented by rupicolous groups. It is speculated that vegetation richness in epiphytes in the Atlantic Forest region (Benzing 2000, Givnish et al. 2014) could influence the high richness of bromeliad species on inselbergs in south-eastern Brazil, or vice versa, especially for Tillandsioideae (de Paula et al. 2016). This can culminate in the evolution of species that are efficiently adapted to the severe environmental conditions in canopies and on rocky outcrops (Porembski et al. 1998). More studies are needed to understand to what extent epiphytic bromeliads (of a regional pool of species) share preferences for a similar habitat with rupicolous elements of inselbergs.

Amongst the species recorded in MONAPC, fifteen are on the Brazilian Red List (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2022) under one of the threatened categories (3 CR, 6 EN, 6 VU) and 25 are on the Espírito Santo State Red List (Espírito Santo 2022) under one of the threatened categories (5 CR, 9 EN, 11 VU). The family with the greatest number of threatened species is Bromeliaceae (8 spp.), followed by Melastomataceae (5 spp.), Orchidaceae (4 spp.) and Asteraceae and Anemiaceae (2 spp. each). Each of the remaining 12 families have one threatened species (Table 4). Only five species are classified in the same categories on both lists: Orthophytum zanonii Leme (CR), Kielmeyera rupestris Duarte (CR), Stigmaphyllon crenatum C.E.Anderson (CR), Merianthera pulchra Kuhlm. (VU) and Epidendrum robustum Cogn. (VU).

Nomenclatural types: According to the Reflora and SpeciesLink virtual herbaria, 29 species of plants were described from specimens collected in Pancas and Águia Branca over the last 80 years (Table 5). The oldest type collections are from 1942, Ixora emygdioi (E.A. Bruno n. 191) and 1977, Mandevilla grazielae (G.J. Sheperd n. 5869), which is a typical species of inselbergs and were described 70 and 29 years after being collected for the first time, respectively. For 20 years, there were no collection records in the region and, in 2003, two new species of Melastomataceae were collected and described 11 and 12 years later. The highest number of types were collected in 2006 (11 collections), of which some were described a decade later. In 2007 and 2008, there were five species each and, in 2010, there were two species. After a hiatus of 5 years without type collections, 2016 and 2017 each had one collection. The time for a species to be described is highly variable and it depends on the specialists in the families. Eighteen species took 5 to 13 years to be described, while 14 species took less than 5 years.

New records within the official limits of MONAPC

Orthophytum zanonii was only known from two records from the “Pedra do Vidal Krause” inselberg, which is a popular tourist spot in the region. In this work, we recorded another occurrence of this species on an inselberg on private property. It is important that these records were made within a protected area because this ensures the plants are protected at least from mining, which is the greatest threat to inselbergs.

Thirty-eight species in the checklist are endemic to granite rocky outcrops in southeast Brazil (Table 6). Some genera are typical of inselbergs, such as Cololobus and Wunderlichia, from the Asteraceae family and Merianthera, from the Melastomataceae family (Safford and Martinelli 2000, Fig. 5).

Widely-distributed species were also collected on the inselbergs in MONAPC and are included on the list. These species were collected to help studies about species migration from the surroundings to the vegetation islands. Inselbergs are inadequate for agriculture and pastures, but around them, coffee plantations and pastures have replaced the forest matrix. The pastures and crops directly touch the rocks and, in some cases, there is a transitional vegetation comprising shrubs, vines, grasses and other herbs.

We collected Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka (Poaceae) on all the inselbergs visited. This is an African grass considered invasive (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 2012) and has already been described as a serious threat to Brazilian inselbergs (de Paula et al. 2015, Porembski et al. 2016). The Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023), however, classifies this species as naturalised, according to Pyšek et al. (2004).

Gap in collections within the official limits of MONAPC

Our preliminary studies of the occurrences, based on online data for Pancas and Águia Branca, found there is a major sampling gap within the official limits of MONAPC, since all the collections are from a few points (Fig. 6). Many collections have the locality “Monumento Natural dos Pontões Capixabas”; however, the geographic coordinates are outside the official limits. This occurs because there is no clear physical delimitation of the natural monument limits, such as signs, which is probably because there is no management plan for the area. Additionally, most of the collections were made near the paved roads in the region and many of the collections are from the Três Pontões de Águia Branca Region due to a major collection effort during the work of Pinto-Junior et al. (2021). A few collections with coordinates within the Municipalities of Baixo Guandu and Nova Venécia were erroneously recorded for Pancas and Águia Branca. Localities with numerous collections, such as "Pedra da Colina" and "Três Pontões de Águia Branca", were not included in the protected area; they are a few kilometres outside the border of MONAPC. When MONAPC was being created, all these records would have been within the original planned area of 110,000 ha (Bortoleto 2015). However, in the official decree, only 17,000 ha were included in the protected area (15%).

Traits coverage

Temporal coverage

Collection data

Usage licence

Data resources

Additional information

Acknowledgements

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