Introduction

General description

Project description

Sampling methods

Geographic coverage

Description: 

The geographic extent of the digitised dataset is placed in the following biogeographic areas (Fig. 1: 1) the southern part of the Magellan Province, including the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR); 2) the Subantarctic island of South Georgia; 3) the South Orkney Islands; 4) the South Shetland Islands; 5) the West and East Antarctic Peninsula and 6) Kerguelen Island.

Figure 1.  

Occurrence of marine (yellow circles) and freshwater (purple circles) invertebrates throughout all sampling sites.

Taxonomic coverage

Description: 

Morphological observations were performed under an OLYMPUS stereomicroscope CX31. Taxonomic identification of the molluscs was based on a complete study of the current literature (e.g. Troncoso et al. (2001), Aldea and Troncoso (2008), Engl (2012), Ibáñez et al. (2019)), as well as on classic works (Smith 1879, v Martens and Pfeffer 1886, Strebel 1908, Powell 1954) and systematics studies about specific taxa (Zelaya 2004, Pastorino 2005, Zelaya 2005, Pastorino 2016, Zelaya et al. 2020). The identification of echinoidea was based on Larrain (1975).

For specific taxonomic identifications in the Arthropoda database, we followed the available taxonomic keys (Ephemeroptera: Domínguez and Fernández (2009); Coleoptera: Libonatti et al. (2011); Plecoptera: Nieto 2004, McLellan and Zwick (2007); Branchiopoda: Rogers et al. (2008); Odonata: von Ellenrieder (2003)). For general freshwater macroinvertebrates identification, we used available taxonomic guides (Merritt and Cummins 1996, Domínguez and Fernández 2009).

The taxonomic coverage of the dataset consists of all captures of aquatic invertebrates from marine (sub- and intertidal) and freshwater (rivers, lakes and lagoons) habitats. This database comprises 770 occurrences across four invertebrate Phyla: Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca and Echinodermata. Of the total occurrences, 50.1% corresponded to Arthropoda, 47% to Mollusca, 2.3% to Echinodermata (1 species) and 0.5% to Annelida (1 taxon at genus level) (Fig. 2). The databases will be described below based on the type of environment (marine or freshwater) and discussed, based on the most representative taxa in terms of occurrences.

Figure 2.  

Representation of total occurrences from four phyla. Data were collected from different expeditions to the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions. The absolute values of occurrences are represented in parentheses.

Marine

Considering all the revised specimens, the mollusc database includes 357 records, representing 104 taxa belonging to the classes Polyplacophora, Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Of the total number of taxa, 93 were identified at the species level, six at the genus level and five were left as "cf" (i.e. conferred) because there was no concrete background to identify it with certainty. Of the total occurrences, 277 are gastropods, corresponding to 76 recorded taxa; 40 are chitons, belonging to 10 species and 36 are bivalves, belonging to 17 species. The main families in terms of occurrence and number of species were Littorinidae, Eatoniellidae, Nacellidae, Muricidae and Calliostomatidae, accumulating together ~ 51% of the total occurrences and ~ 42% of the total species (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.  

Occurrences and total taxa by families from Mollusca database. Data were collected from different expeditions to the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions. The absolute values of occurrences and species are represented in parentheses.

Freshwater

The freshwater ecosystems included three phyla: Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda, the latter being the most complete in terms of taxonomic coverage, occurrences and geographic extent. Considering all the Arthropoda database, we included 374 records, from which Insecta was the most representative class (305 records), followed by Branchiopoda (38), Malacostraca (27) and Maxillopoda (4). Within the total records, we detected 48 taxa, from which 25 were identified at the species level and 23 at the genus level. We have detailed the most diverse orders regarding occurrences and taxonomic diversity (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.  

Occurrences and total taxa by orders from the Arthropoda database. Data were collected from different expeditions to the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions. The absolute values of occurrences and species are represented in parentheses. Credits for images Maxime Dahirel (coleoptera) and Didier Descouens vectorised by T. Michael Keesey (trichoptera).

Traits coverage

Temporal coverage

Collection data

Usage licence

Data resources

Additional information

Geographic regions and diversity gaps

Within Magellan Province, important differences exist amongst the regions included in this study. For example, CHBR had the highest number of records (440) of freshwater biodiversity overall across all the geographic regions, but in Brunswick/Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, there is a notorious gap in terms of biodiversity assessment, digitisation of inventories and sampling efforts (Fig. 5). Conversely, South Georgia and Antarctica are very similar in global marine biodiversity, with 166 and 145 occurrences, respectively. However, there are significant differences between marine and freshwater data (Fig. 5) within these regions, the former being the most extensive marine database in these latitudes. In particular, the Littorinidae represented more than 24% in the Antarctic Peninsula and South Georgia; while in the Magellan Province, the families Nacellidae and Muricidae were the most representative, with 13.7% and 12.9%, respectively (Fig. 6).

Figure 5.  

Biodiversity of aquatic invertebrates from the different regions included in this study.

Figure 6.  

Total occurrences and percentages per dominant molluscs' family. Data were collated from different expeditions to the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions. The absolute values of occurrences per area are represented in bold at the end of each bar.

These results deserve to be highlighted as they point out where sampling and geographic exploration efforts should be aimed and to survey and digitise the under-represented taxa in the territory. In this regard, the highest number of records obtained in the CHBR (Fig. 5) could represent the result of the long-term monitoring of freshwater invertebrates in the area currently conducted by the new Cape Horn International Centre funded by the Chilean Agency of Research and Innovation.

New records and distribution extensions

Pickenia signyensis Ponder, 1983 (Fig. 7a) is a micro-gastropod that was described from Borge Bay on Signy Island and, until that time, only recorded for that geographic area (Ponder 1983). This genus is characterszed by the morphological characteristics of its radula, with absence of the central teeth (Ponder 1983, Fig. 7b). This species inhabits areas mainly associated with algae on rocky bottoms and, despite being locally common in Signy, no work on molluscan assemblages associated with macroalgae in the western Antarctic Peninsula has reported this species (Amsler et al. 2015, Martín et al. 2016, Rosenfeld et al. 2017, Amsler et al. 2022). Therefore, this study is the first report of P. signyensis outside of South Orkney, specifically in the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Figure 7.  

Photographs of new records and distribution extension of marine invertebrates; a Pickenia signyensis (bar scale 1 mm); b Radula of P. signyensis where the absence of the central tooth is shown (bar scale 0.01 mm); c Liotella crassicostata (bar scale 0.4 mm); d Laevilacunaria antarctica Photographs by Sebastián Rosenfeld.

Liotella crassicostata (Strebel, 1908) (Fig. 7c) does not present so many records since its description. It is distributed mainly in the southern part of the Magellan Province, mainly in Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados and Burwood Bank (Strebel 1908, Di Luca and Zelaya 2019). It is characterised by presenting a teleoconch of up to 1.75 whorls, markedly convex in outline, with the last whorl comprising about 90% of the total shell height and a white surface, sculptured with 16 to 19 strong axial ribs per whorl (Di Luca and Zelaya 2019). Our analysed specimens measured approximately 0.7 mm in height and presented 16 axial ribs. This record would represent the first report in the South Georgia Islands.

Laevilacunaria antarctica (Martens, 1885) (Fig. 7d) is a species with a restricted distribution in the SO, mainly present in South Georgia Island, South Orkney and the western part of the Antarctic Peninsula (Reid 1989, Engl 2012, Amsler et al. 2015). This work represents the first record of a population of L. antarctica in the Weddell Sea, specifically on Cockburn Island, located in front of Seymour Island.

The Antarctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini Daday, 1910 is an Anostraca species with a distribution from southern South America, Falkland/Malvinas Islands and South Georgia. Within maritime Antarctica, this shrimp occurs from the South Orkney Islands to the southern Antarctic Peninsula, including South Shetland Islands (Hawes 2009). This database contributes new records in the East Antarctic Peninsula (James Ross Island), the southern part of South Georgia and Brunswick Peninsula and Tierra del Fuego from the Magellan Region (see georeferencing information details in GBIF).

Regarding the general freshwater records, all the species found from the Diptera, Rhynchobdellida, Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Veneroida, Hygrophila, Amphipoda, Cladocera, Calanoida and Basommatophora orders correspond to the southernmost records of their known distribution. In addition, new records of Parochlus steinenii (Gercke, 1889) and Boeckella were obtained during the last expedition to South Georgia and the Weddell Sea, but these occurrences will be updated into the existing GBIF databases (Maturana et al. 2018, Gañan et al. 2020).

With all this, these new records represent a significant contribution in occurrence data, which undoubtedly contributes to the knowledge of the biodiversity of aquatic invertebrates in the Sub-Antarctic ecoregion of Magallanes, the maritime Antarctic and the Antarctic Peninsula. Additionally, this database allows for contributions to further studies on species distribution, biogeography and ecological niche modelling, amongst others.

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

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