Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomy & Inventories
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Corresponding author: Yun-Xia Li (342788514@qq.com)
Academic editor: Ning Jiang
Received: 13 Jul 2023 | Accepted: 28 Aug 2023 | Published: 30 Aug 2023
© 2023 Sha Luan, Hong-Wei Shen, Dan-Feng Bao, Zong-Long Luo, Yun-Xia Li
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Luan S, Shen H-W, Bao D-F, Luo Z-L, Li Y-X (2023) Morphology and multi-gene phylogeny reveal a novel Torula (Pleosporales, Torulaceae) species from the plateau lakes in Yunnan, China. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e109477. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e109477
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During an investigation into lignicolous freshwater fungi from the plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, China, two fresh collections of Torula taxa were collected and examined morpholgically.
Torula luguhuensis is characterised by: conidiophores which are semi-macronematous mononematous, erect, septate, smooth, slightly flexuous and pale brown; conidiogenous cells which are holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, integrated, terminal, terminal or intercalary in conidial chains, doliiform and pale brown; conidia which are branched chains, acrogenous, straight or slightly curved, dark brown to blackish, pale brown or subhyaline at apex, 1–3 septate, strongly constricted at the septa, verruculose or finely echinulate and rounded at both ends. A new species was introduced, based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF sequence data. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided, with an updated phylogenetic tree depicting intergeneric relationships within the Torulaceae.
1 new species, lignicolous freshwater fungi, phylogeny, taxonomy
Torulaceae was introduced by Corda (
Torula was introduced by
Yunnan is an inland province at a low latitude and high elevation, lying between 21°09’–29°15’ N and 97°32’–106°12’ E in south-western China, an area which is rich in freshwater resources. The nine major plateau lakes represented by Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake and Fuxian Lake are major features of Yunnan. Abundant freshwater lake resources provide a favourable environment for the occurrence of lignicolous freshwater fungi (
Submerged decaying woods were collected from Luguhu Lake, Yunnan Province and brought to the laboratory in zip-lock plastic bags. The samples were incubated in plastic boxes lined with moistened tissue paper at room temperature for one week and examined by methods following
Single spore isolations were carried out following the methods described by
Specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS), Kunming, China. The cultures were deposited in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) and Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection (KUNCC). The MycoBank number was registered at https://www.mycobank.org.
Fungal mycelium was scraped from the surface of colonies grown on PDA at room temperature. The TreliefTM Plant Genomic DNA Kit (TSP101-50) was used to extract DNA from the ground mycelium according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The primers used for PCR amplification were ITS = ITS5/ITS4 (
PCR amplification was confirmed on 1% agarose electrophoresis gels stained with ethidium bromide. Purification and sequencing of PCR products were sent for sequencing at Tsingke Biological Engineering Technology and Services Company, Yunnan, China. The sequences were deposited in the GenBank database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the accession numbers are listed in Table
Taxa used in the phylogenetic analysis and their corresponding GenBank accession numbers. The newly-generated sequences and the ex-type strains are in bold.
Species |
Culture/Voucher |
GenBank accession numbers |
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ITS |
LSU |
RPB2 |
TEF |
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Torula acaciae |
CPC 29737 |
NR 155944 |
NG 059764 |
- |
||
Torula aquatica |
DLUCC 0550 |
|||||
Torula aquatica |
MFLUCC16–1115 |
- |
||||
Torula luguhuensis |
KUNCC 22–12427 |
|||||
Torula breviconidiophora |
KUMCC 18–0130 |
- |
||||
Torula camporesii |
KUMCC 19–0112 |
|||||
Torula chiangmaiensis |
KUMCC 16–0039 |
- |
||||
Torula chromolaenae |
KUMCC 16–0036 |
|||||
Torula fici |
CBS 595.96 |
|||||
Torula fici |
KUMCC 15–0428 |
|||||
Torula fici |
KUMCC 16–0038 |
|||||
Torula gaodangensis |
MFLUCC 17–0234 |
NG 059827 |
- |
- |
||
Torula goaensis |
NFCCL 4040 |
NR 159045 |
NG 060016 |
- |
- |
|
Torula herbarum |
CPC 24414 |
- |
- |
|||
Torula hollandica |
CBS 220.69 |
NR 132893 |
NG 064274 |
|||
Torula hydei |
KUMCC 16–0037 |
- |
||||
Torula mackenziei |
MFLUCC 13–0839 |
|||||
Torula masonii |
CBS 245.57 |
NR 145193 |
NG 058185 |
- |
- |
|
Torula masonii |
DLUCC 0588 |
|||||
Torula masonii |
KUMCC 16–0033 |
|||||
Torula pluriseptata |
MFLUCC 14–0437 |
|||||
Torula polyseptata |
KUMCC 18–0131 |
- |
||||
Torula sp. |
CBS 246.57 |
- |
- |
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Torula lancangjiangensis |
HKAS 112709 |
NR 175706 |
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Torula thailandica |
GZCC 20–0011 |
- |
- |
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Torula canangae |
MFLUCC 21–0169 |
- |
||||
Torula chinensis |
UESTCC 22.0085 |
- |
- |
|||
Torula longiconidiophora |
UESTCC 22.0088 |
|||||
Torula longiconidiophora |
UESTCC 22.0125 |
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Torula phytolaccae |
ZHKUCC 22-0107 |
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Torula phytolaccae |
ZHKUCC 22-0108 |
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Torula sichuanensis |
UESTCC 22.0087 |
- |
- |
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Torula submersa |
UESTCC 22.0086 |
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Torula submersa |
KUNCC 22–12426 |
- |
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Cylindrotorula indica |
NFCCI 4836 |
NR 175156 |
NG 081308 |
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Cylindrotorula indica |
NFCCI 4837 |
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Dendryphion aquaticum |
MFLUCC 15–0257 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion comosum |
CBS 208.69 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion europaeum |
CPC 22943 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion europaeum |
CPC 23231 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion fluminicola |
KUMCC 15–0321 |
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Dendryphion fluminicola |
DLUCC 0849 |
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Dendryphion fluminicola |
MFLUCC17–1689 |
NR 157490 |
- |
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Dendryphion hydei |
KUMCC 18–0009 |
- |
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Dendryphion nanum |
HKAS84010 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion nanum |
HKAS84012 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion nanum |
MFLUCC 16–0987 |
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Dendryphion submersum |
MFLUCC15–0271 |
- |
- |
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Dendryphion submersum |
KUMCC15–0455 |
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Neotorula aquatica |
MFLUCC 15–0342 |
- |
- |
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Neotorula submersa |
HKAS 92660 |
NR 154247 |
- |
- |
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Neopodoconis aquaticum |
KUMCC 15–0297 |
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Neopodoconis aquaticum |
MFLUCC 16–1113 |
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Neopodoconis pandanicola |
KUMCC 17–0176 |
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Neopodoconis cangshanense |
MFLUCC 20–0146 |
- |
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Neopodoconis cangshanense |
MFLUCC 20–0147 |
- |
- |
- |
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Rutola graminis |
CPC 33267 |
- |
- |
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Rutola graminis |
CPC 33695 |
- |
- |
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Rutola graminis |
CPC 33715 |
- |
- |
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Neopodoconis thailandica |
MFLUCC 13–0840 |
NG 059703 |
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Neopodoconis thailandica |
KUMCC 16–0012 |
Sequences were assembled with BioEdit (
Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was performed by setting RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.12) (
Saprobic on submerged decaying wood (Fig.
Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hours and germ tubes produced from the apex. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching 10 cm in 15 days at 24℃, mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed, hairy, with regular edge, maroon to yellowish-brown (Fig.
China, Yunnan Province, submerged decaying wood in Luguhu Lake, 100°49′04.72″E, 27°44′13.59″N, March 2021, Sha Luan, Torula luguhuensis (KUN-HKAS 124588, holotype), ex-type culture, CGMCC 3.24256 = KUNCC 22–12427.
Referring to Luguhu Lake, China, where the fungus was collected.
In the multigene phylogenetic analysis, Torula luguhuensis clustered with T. aquatica (MFLUCC 16–1115, DLUCC 0550) with 100% ML and 1.00 PP support. Torula luguhuensis resembles T. aquatica in having macronematous or semi-macronematous, erect conidiophores and verruculose conidia (
Saprobic on submerged decaying wood (Fig.
Conidia germinating on PDA within 10 hours and germ tubes produced from the apex. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching 10 cm in 15 days at 24℃. Colonies were raised in the middle, velvety on the surface and had a white centre fading to yellowish-brown, reverse, yellowish-brown in centre and white edges.
China, Yunnan Province, submerged decaying wood in Luguhu Lake, 100°49′08.33″E, 27°39′39.24″N, March 2021, Yan Tao, L147 (KUNCC 22–12426).
Torula submersa was introduced by
Phylogram generated from Maximum Likelihood analysis, based on combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF sequence data for species of Torulaceae. RAxML bootstrap support values equal to or greater than 75% are given before the forward slash. Branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities equal to or higher than 0.95 are given after the forward slash.
Species of Torula are quite similar in morphology and most species lack DNA sequence data to support their phylogenetic relationships (
Taxonomic research on Torulaceae in China is mainly concentrated in the south-western region and commonly found in freshwater habitats (
Species |
Distribution |
Habitat |
New species/record |
Reference |
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Dendryphion aquaticum |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Dendryphion fluminicola |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
|
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Dendryphion nanum |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new record |
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Dendryphion submersum |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Neotorula aquatica |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Neotorula submersa |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Neopodoconis aquaticum |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Neopodoconis cangshanensis |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Neopodoconis pandanicola |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new record |
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Torula aquatica |
Yunnan |
Lentic and Lotic |
new species |
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Torula fici |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new record |
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Torula lancangjiangensis |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Torula mackenziei |
Yunnan |
Lotic |
new record |
|
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Torula gaodangensis |
Guizhou |
Lotic |
new species |
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Torula chinensis |
Sichuan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Torula longiconidiophora |
Sichuan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Torula sichuanensis |
Sichuan |
Lotic |
new species |
|
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Torula submerse |
Sichuan |
Lotic |
new species |
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Torula masonii |
Yunnan |
Lentic |
new record |
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We would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China (Project ID: 32060005) and the Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (grant no. 202201AW070001) for financial support. Sha Luan thanks Zheng-Quan Zhang and Yan Tao for the assistance in sample collection and thanks Long-Li Li and Wen-Peng Wang for their help on phylogeny and morphology work.