Introduction

Materials and methods

Previous taxonomic and ecological papers (until 2022), in which Malaysian polychaetes were identified to the species level by taxonomic specialists with or without descriptions of specific characteristics, were analysed. In the cases where records were tentatively treated at genus level in literature, only those with taxonomic remarks were here included (e.g. Prionospio sp. in Ong (1995)). This checklist comprises marine, estuarine and freshwater species reported in Malaysia. Species originally described outside the Central and Western Indo-Pacific biogeographic regions, realms to which Malaysian coastal waters belong, are regarded as questionable records until their present distribution in the country is re-assessed. These species are noted in Suppl. material 1. The information about each species described was confirmed with the original description and subsequent literature. Additionally, an indication of the specimens’ repository deposition used in the species original record was incorporated to the list (Table 4), when available. This paper divides Malaysia into two main geographic parts: Peninsular Malaysia (including the east and west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia) and Borneo (including Sabah and Sarawak).

Table 1.

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References with records of polychaete species in Malaysian waters.

Author (Year)	Number of species listed/mentioned/collected from Malaysian waters
de Quatrefages (1866)	1
Grube (1875)	1
Horst (1911)	1
Dales (1959)	14
Chuang (1961)	2
Rullier (1969), Rullier (1970), Rullier (1976)	3
Jones (1974)	1
Nakao et al. (1989a), Nakao et al. (1989b)	10
Ong (1995)	13
Nishi (2001)	1
Paxton (2002)	1
Glasby and Hsieh (2006)	1
Idris et al. (2012)	2
Idris and Arshad (2013)	2
Idris et al. (2014)	2
Nishi et al. (2015)	1
Ibrahim et al. (2017)	1
Ibrahim et al. (2019)	1

Table 2.

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Number of species per family reported in Malaysian waters.

Family	Number of species
Nereididae de Blainville, 1818	10
Tomopteridae Grube, 1850	4
Lopadorrhynchidae Claparède, 1870	3
Phyllodocidae Örsted, 1843	3
Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856	3
Chaetopteridae Audouin and Milne Edwards, 1833	2
Eunicidae Berthold, 1827	2
Glyceridae Grube, 1850	2
Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861	2
Onuphidae Kinberg, 1865	2
Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942	2
Sabellidae Latreille, 1825	2
Sigalionidae Kinberg, 1856	2
Spionidae Grube, 1850	2
Amphinomidae Savigny in Lamarck, 1818	1
Aphroditidae Malmgren, 1867	1
Capitellidae Grube, 1862	1
Cirratulidae Ryckholt, 1851	1
Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919	1
Eulepethidae Chamberlin, 1919	1
Iospilidae Bergström, 1914	1
Oenonidae Kinberg, 1865	1
Pilargidae de Saint-Joseph, 1899	1
Poecilochaetidae Hannerz, 1956	1
Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865	1
Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867	1
Sternaspidae Carus, 1863	1
Syllidae Grube, 1850	1
Terebellidae Johnston, 1846	1
Typhloscolecidae Uljanin, 1878	1

Table 3.

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Number of families and species reported in neighbouring countries or regions.

Country/Region	Families	Species	Reference
Australia	81	1139	Beesly et al. (2000)
The China and Philippines Seas	60	1037	Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Indonesia	51	580	Pamungkas and Glasby (2019)
South China Sea	54	661	Paxton and Chou (2000)
Philippines	36	219	Paxton and Chou (2000), Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	29	193	Rajasekaran and Fernando (2012), Muruganantham et al. (2015), Gopal et al. (2016)
Vietnam	38	191	Paxton and Chou (2000), Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Thailand	37	145	Aungtonya et al. (2002)
Singapore	28	74	Tan and Chou (1993), Chan (2009)
Malaysia	30	57	Idris and Arshad (2013); Present study

Table 4.

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List of Malaysian polychaete species collected from taxonomical and ecological literature from 1960s until recently. Repository of specimens listed, based on original literature, when available. The symbol ‘-‘ indicates either no information provided or difficulty to obtain the information as the literature is not directly accessible. The questionmark likely suggests the institution, based on the author's workplace.

Acronyms of repository (in alphabetical order):

AM: Australian Museum, Sydney; CBM: Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba; KMNH: Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka; ICHUM: Hokkaido University Museum, Sapporo, Hokkaido; IEA: Institut d’Écologie Appliquée, Université Catholique de l’Ouest, Angers; MNHN: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; NML: Naturalis Museum, Leiden, Netherlands; NSMT: National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan; NTM: Art Gallery of Northern Territory, Australia; PMBC: Phuket Marine Biological Centre, Phuket, Thailand; SFRS: Singapore Fisheries Research Station; UM: University of Malaya, Malaysia; UMT: South China Sea Repository and Reference Centre of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; USM: Central Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Science, Malaysia; YNU-M: Yokohama National University Museum, Yokohama; ZMB: Zoologischen Museums, Berlin, Germany.

Family	Species	Authorship, Year	Repository	Reference(s)
Amphinomidae	Notopygos cirratus	Horst, 1911	NML	Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Aphroditidae	Aphrodita sondaica	Grube, 1875	ZMB	Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Capitellidae	Notomastus latericeus	Sars, 1851	-	Nakao et al. (1989b)
Chaetopteridae	Mesochaetopterus selangora	(Claparède, 1869)	UM & CBM	Rullier (1976), Nishi (1999)
Chaetopteridae	Spiochaetopterus costarum	(Rullier, 1976)	-	Nakao et al. (1989a)
Cirratulidae	Cirriformia tentaculata	(Montagu, 1808)	-	Nakao et al. (1989b)
Dorvilleidae	Protodorvillea egena	(Ehlers, 1913)	USM	Ong (1995)
Eulepethidae	Grubeulepis malayensis	Nishi, 2001	UM	Nishi (2001)
Eunicidae	Marphysa cf. mossambica	Idris, Hutchings & Arshad, 2014	AM & NTM	Idris et al. (2014)
Eunicidae	Marphysa moribidii	(Peters, 1854)	AM & NTM	Idris et al. (2014)
Glyceridae	Glycera alba	(O.F. Müller, 1776)	-	Nakao et al. (1989a)
Glyceridae	Glycera cinnamomea	Grube, 1874	USM	Ong (1995)
Iospilidae	Phalacrophorus uniformis	Reibisch, 1895	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Lopadorrhynchidae	Lopadorrhynchus brevis	Grube, 1855	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Lopadorrhynchidae	Maupasia coeca	Viguier, 1886	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Lopadorrhynchidae	Pelagobia longicirrata	Greeff, 1879	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Lumbrineridae	Gesaneris malaysiae	(Verrill, 1875)	MNHN & IEA	Carrera-Parra (2006)
Lumbrineridae	Lumbrinerides acuta	(Rullier, 1969)	-	Nakao et al. (1989b)
Nereididae	Dendronereis arborifera	Peters, 1854	-	Nakao et al. (1989a)
Nereididae	Namalycastis cf. abiuma	(Baird, 1863)	AM & NTM	Idris et al. (2012)
Nereididae	Namalycastis rhodochorde	(Grube, 1840)	AM & NTM	Idris et al. (2012)
Nereididae	Neanthes glandicincta	(Grube & Kröyer in Grube, 1858)	UMT, PMBC & NSMT	Ibrahim et al. (2019), Azmi et al. (2021)
Nereididae	Perinereis aibuhitensis	(Grube, 1872)	UMT	Ibrahim et al. (2017)
Nereididae	Perinereis cf. nuntia	Glasby, Miura, Nishi & Junardi, 2007	AM & NTM	Idris et al. (2012)
Nereididae	Perinereis cultrifera	(Lamarck, 1818)	-	Chuang (1961)
Nereididae	Perinereis rhombodonta	Wu, Sun & Yang, 1981	NTM	Glasby and Hsieh (2006)
Nereididae	Platynereis bicanaliculata	(Southern, 1921)	-	Nakao et al. (1989b)
Nereididae	Pseudonereis variegata	(Grube, 1878)	-	Chuang (1961)
Oenonidae	Halla okudai	Imajima, 1967	AM & NTM	Okuda (1933), Idris and Arshad (2013)
Onuphidae	Diopatra claparedii	Grube, 1878	AM & NTM	Idris and Arshad (2013)
Onuphidae	Diopatra neapolitana	delle Chiaje, 1841	USM	Ong (1995)
Orbiniidae	Leodamas chevalieri	(Fauvel, 1902)	USM	Ong (1995)
Orbiniidae	Naineris kalkudaensis	(De Silva, 1965)	USM	Ong (1995)
Phyllodocidae	Plotohelmis capitata	(Greeff, 1876)	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Phyllodocidae	Rhynchonereella moebii	(Apstein, 1893)	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Phyllodocidae	Vanadis minuta	Treadwell, 1906	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Pilargidae	Sigambra ocellata	(Hartmann-Schröder, 1959)	-	Nakao et al. (1989a)
Poecilochaetidae	Poecilochaetus serpens	Allen, 1904	USM	Ong (1995)
Polynoidae	Drieschia pelagica	(de Quatrefages, 1866)	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Polynoidae	Gaudichaudius cimex	(Rullier, 1970)	MNHN	Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Polynoidae	Olgalepidonotus kumari	Michaelsen, 1892	MNHN	Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Sabellariidae	Sabellaria jeramae	Nishi, Matsuo, Capa, Tomioka, Kajihara, Kupriyanova & Polgar, 2015	AM, CBM, KMNH, YNU-M & ICHUM	Nishi et al. (2015)
Sabellidae	Branchiomma nigromaculatum	(Baird, 1865)	USM	Ong (1995)
Sabellidae	Caobangia abbotti	Jones, 1974	USNM, NHM, MNHN & NML	Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)
Scalibregmatidae	Parasclerocheilus branchiatus	Fauvel, 1928	USM	Ong (1995)
Sigalionidae	Euthalenessa digitata	(McIntosh, 1885)	USM	Ong (1995)
Sigalionidae	Pisione oerstedii	Grube, 1857	USM	Ong (1995)
Spionidae	Paraprionospio pinnata	(Ehlers, 1901)	-	Nakao et al. (1989a), Nakao et al. (1989b)
Spionidae	Prionospio sp.		USM	Ong (1995)
Sternaspidae	Sternaspis scutata	(Ranzani, 1817)	-	Nakao et al. (1989a)
Syllidae	Syllis cornuta	Rathke, 1843	USM	Ong (1995)
Terebellidae	Lanice socialis	(Willey, 1905)	USM	Ong (1995)
Tomopteridae	Tomopteris (Johnstonella) aloysii sabaudiae	Rosa, 1908	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Tomopteridae	Tomopteris (Johnstonella) dunckeri	Rosa, 1908	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Tomopteridae	Tomopteris mariana	Greeff, 1885	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Tomopteridae	Tomopteris nisseni	Rosa, 1908	SFRS?	Dales (1959)
Typhloscolecidae	Typhloscolex muelleri	Busch, 1851	SFRS?	Dales (1959)

A bathymetry distribution map of species was constructed using ArcGIS 10.8 and the bathymetry data provided by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). The bathymetric information of the polychaete was arranged by a 10 m depth interval. The distribution was shown by the following five habitat zones: estuary, intertidal, subtidal, freshwater and unknown zones (Suppl. material 2). The single freshwater species was not given to its exact locality and type habitat; however, it was still shown in a separate map since it has important significance in this checklist. The unknown zone category consisted of species whose habitat was not mentioned or unknown and their locality and depth were estimated, based on the location given by the original author. Most species were plotted to their specific depth and locality. Meanwhile, some species' depth, locality or both were estimated, based on location recorded. A accumulative curve of species recorded over time and the exponential curve line were plotted using Microsoft Excel.

History of polychaete research in Malaysia

The earliest studies of polychaetes in Malaysia began with scientists of different nationalities before the independence era (the 1950s). The first study focused on polychaetes at the Strait of Malacca, considered as one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world, following behind the Dover Strait back in those days (Freeman 2003, Ismail and Mohd Sani 2010). The eminent French naturalist Armand de Quatrefages, who worked in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN), described the first polychaete species from this region, Iphione cimex de Quatrefages, 1866 (= Gaudichaudius cimex sensu Pettibone, 1986). The single specimen is currently deposited at the MNHN (IA-TYPE 0326), which was collected probably in Pulau Pinang (Malaysia) or Singapore on any date between 17 and 26 February 1836 by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré in a circumnavigation carried out on board the French corvette La Bonite (Eydoux and Souleyet 1842).

There were expeditions in the IMPA (Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago) or the Malay Archipelago (Wallace 1869). One of them was the Dutch “Siboga” (1899–1900) expedition that gathered 782 polychaete species from Indonesia, 269 species being considered new to science (see Bleeker and van der Spoel (1992), Glasby and Al Hakim (2017)). A few decades later, more international expeditions to the Malay Archipelago were carried out, such as the Dutch “Snellius” expedition (1929–1930), which visited the same area as “Siboga”, the U.S. Fisheries steamer “Albatross” in late 1907, collected most samples from the Gulf of Tomini (northern Sulawesi), the Philippines waters, the northern coast of Borneo and the Moluccas and the Danish “Dana” expedition sampled in Indo-Malay waters in 1929 (Dana-Report 1934). In the post-1960s, there were numerous collaborative research studies, particularly from adjacent countries (Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines) with the United States, Australia and European countries (Glasby and Al Hakim 2017). However, records of polychaetes in Malaysian waters from these expeditions were insufficient.

Various national and international research studies were undertaken in the early 1960s up to recent years (Table 1). Most were carried out on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Chuang (1961), Sasekumar (1974), Nakao et al. (1989a), Ong (1995), Nishi (1999), Rezai et al. (2002) and Glasby and Hsieh (2006) collected polychaetes along the coastlines of the Strait of Malacca. On the other hand, Nakao et al. (1989b) collected from the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Almost a decade later, Idris and Arshad (2013) compiled the first polychaete checklist in Malaysia, based on literature records. They reported 64 species belonging to 31 families and included a re-description of two commercially exploited onuphid species: Diopatra claparedii Grube, 1878 and Halla okudai Imajima, 1967. Afterwards, two new species were described from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia: the eunicid Marphysa moribidii Idris, Hutchings and Arshad, 2014 from the mangrove area of Morib (Idris et al. 2014) and the sabellarid Sabellaria jeramae Nishi, Matsuo, Capa, Tomioka, Kajihara, Kupriyanova and Polgar, 2015 from the intertidal zone of Jeram (Nishi et al. 2015). Later on, new recorded species were done by Ibrahim et al. (2019) who registered the nereidid Neanthes glandicincta (Southern, 1921), originally described from Indian waters, in the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, whose reproductive biology, epitokal morphology and swimming behaviour was later described in detail (Azmi et al. 2021). In addition, Idris et al. (2022) studied the serpulid Spirobranchus corniculatus (Grube, 1862) from the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

The accumulative curve of the records of species in Malaysia (Fig. 2) indicates that studies on polychaetes attracted the attention of researchers during the 1960s. From there, the records started to increase gradually until 2019. In the past decade, a markedly drastic increase in studies of polychaetes on different topics (ecology, environment and diversity-related) was upscaled due to the efforts carried out by local scientists (e.g. Gholizadeh et al. (2012), Shi et al. (2014), Polgar et al. (2015), Hamzah et al. (2021)). Contrarily, there have been only a few studies addressing taxonomy throughout the years. Malaysia is the type locality for ten species, which were mostly described from the Peninsular Malaysia (de Quatrefages 1866, Grube 1875, Horst 1911, Rullier 1969, Rullier 1970, Jones 1974, Rullier 1976, Nishi 2001, Idris et al. 2014, Nishi et al. 2015). After the 1950s, researchers such as Sasekumar (1974), Nakao et al. (1989a), Nakao et al. (1989b) and Ong (1995) contributed to increasing the number of Malaysian species with various literature.

Figure 1.  

Bathymetric map distribution of Malaysian polychaetes on their type of habitat. Data provided by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO).

Figure 2.  

Cumulative number of species recorded over time in the Malaysian waters.

Analysis

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

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