A new species of the genus Proutia Tutt (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from Korea, based on morphology and DNA barcodes

Dong-June Lee; Jae-Seok Lee; Jongwon Kim; Hyeon Lee; Bong-Kyu Byun; Seung Jin Roh

doi:10.3897/BDJ.11.e110313

Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomy & Inventories

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Taxonomy & Inventories

A new species of the genus Proutia Tutt (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from Korea, based on morphology and DNA barcodes

Dong-June Lee^‡, Jae-Seok Lee^‡, Jongwon Kim^‡, Hyeon Lee^‡, Bong-Kyu Byun^§, Seung Jin Roh^‡

‡ Honam National Institute of Biological Research, Mokpo, Republic of Korea

§ Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Seung Jin Roh (sjroh@hnibr.re.kr)

Academic editor: Shinichi Nakahara

Received: 31 Jul 2023 | Accepted: 22 Sep 2023 | Published: 05 Oct 2023

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Lee D-J, Lee J-S, Kim J, Lee H, Byun B-K, Roh SJ (2023) A new species of the genus Proutia Tutt (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from Korea, based on morphology and DNA barcodes. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e110313. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e110313

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4DB04A54-4D2F-488C-B9A0-5337A4CB2D18

Abstract

Background

The genus Proutia Tutt, 1899 (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) comprises 14 species found throughout the world. In East Asia, three species, Proutia chinensis Hättenschwiler & Chao, 1990, P. maculatella Saigusa & Sugimoto, 2014 and P. nigra Saigusa & Sugimoto, 2014, are known from Korea, Japan and China.

New information

Proutia cornucervae Roh & Lee, sp. nov. is newly recognised from Korea. In addition, Bruandella niphonica (Hori) is transferred to genus Proutia. Male and genitalia of the species are described and DNA barcodes are provided.

Keywords

Proutia cornucervae, Bruandella niphonica, new combination, DNA barcode, bagworms, Korea

Introduction

The family Psychidae consists of 241 genera with 1,350 described species (van Nieukerken et al. 2011). Phylogenetically, Psychidae have been placed in the superfamily Tineoidea (Regier et al. 2015). The larvae of the family Psychidae usually make cases in unique shapes for each species (Sugimoto 2009a, Sugimoto 2009b).

The genus Proutia Tutt, 1899 was based on the type species Psyche betulina Zeller, 1839. Recently, genera Anaproutia Lewin, 1949 and Bruandella Saigusa & Sugimoto, 2014 were synonymised to genus Proutia (Arnscheid and Weidlich 2017). In total, 14 species of the genus Proutia are known worldwide, with all species being distributed throughout the Palaearctic Regions (Sobczyk 2011, Saigusa and Sugimoto 2014, Arnscheid and Weidlich 2017). In East Asia, three species, Proutia chinensis Hättenschwiler & Chao 1990, P. maculatella Saigusa & Sugimoto, 2014 and P. nigra Saigusa & Sugimoto 2014, are known from Korea, Japan and China (Sobczyk 2011, Saigusa and Sugimoto 2014, Roh et al. 2016, Roh and Byun 2017). The genus Proutia is known, based on the following adult characters: labial palp reduced to one segment and antenna bipectinate; nine veins arising from the discal cell, intercalary cell present in the forewing; genitalia of the male usually with short anellus and saccus, vesica without cornuti. The larvae build their cases by putting together debris of algae, bark and wood (Arnscheid and Weidlich 2017).

The purpose of this paper is to describe a new species, Proutia cornucervae sp. nov., including the collecting localities, illustrations of male adult and genitalia and DNA barcode. In addition, Bruandella niphonica (Hori, 1926) is transferred to genus Proutia. Furthermore, DNA barcodes for precise identification of five species of Korean Proutia (four) and Psyche (one) are also provided.

Materials and methods

The materials examined in this study are kept in the Entomological Collection, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources (ECHNIBR), Mokpo, Korea. The male genitalia were dissected and examined after mounting on glass slides in 80% glycerol solution. The wing venations were examined in 70% alcohol solution. Photographs of adults were taken using a MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro Photo, attached to 5D Mark IV digital camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Photographs of the male genitalia was taken using a DFC 95 mm digital camera (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) attached to a Leica M205A stereomicroscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Terminology and morphological characters of the adult, wing venation and genitalia follow Saigusa and Sugimoto (2014) and Arnscheid and Weidlich (2017).

Genomic DNA from seven specimens of Proutia maculatella, four specimens of P. nigra, nine specimens of P. niphonica, one specimen P. cornucervae sp. nov. and one specimen of Psyche yeongwolensis was extracted from the legs of dried specimens of adults in 100% alcohol using a Genomic Cell/Tissue Spin Mini Kit (Qiagen, Inc, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Specimens were sequenced and the DNA barcode, cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), was amplified using the primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions for amplification followed the manufacturer’s protocol (Platinum Taq, Invitrogen, Carlsbad City, CA, USA). The amplicons were purified using the QIAquick® PCR purification kit (QIAGEN, Inc, Hilden, Germany) and directly sequenced at Macrogen (Seoul, Korea). Contigs were assembled in Geneious prime (Kearse et al. 2012). Successful sequences were uploaded to GenBank (Table 1).

Table 1.

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Species with DNA barcodes (COI) and GenBank and BOLD systems accession numbers used in this study.

Species	Country	Accession No.	Species	Country	Accession No.
Proutia maculatella	Korea	OR122630 ^*	P. comitella	Slovenia	KX045500
”	Korea	OR122631 ^*	”	Italy	KU497314
”	Korea	OR122632 ^*	”	Italy	KU497313
”	Korea	OR122633 ^*	Proutia niphonica	Korea	MT154326 ^*
”	Korea	OR122634 ^*	”	Korea	OR134246 ^*
”	Korea	OR134240 ^*	”	Korea	OR134247 ^*
”	Korea	OR134241 ^*	”	Korea	OR134248 ^*
”	Japan	LC094176	”	Korea	OR134249 ^*
P. cornucervae sp. nov.	Korea	MT154331 ^*	”	Korea	OR134250 ^*
P. nigra	Korea	OR134242 ^*	”	Korea	OR134251 ^*
”	Korea	OR134243 ^*	”	Korea	OR134252 ^*
”	Korea	OR134244 ^*	”	Korea	OR134253 ^*
”	Korea	OR134245 ^*	”	Japan	LC094173
P. norvegica	Norway	BOLD:AAD0603	”	Japan	LC094187
”	Norway	BOLD:AAD0603	Proutia sp.	Japan	LC094174
P. raiblensis	Austria	BOLD:AAQ1159	”	Japan	LC094178
”	Slovenia	KX044945	Psyche casta	Germany	HQ563536
	Slovenia	KX047374	”	Austria	KM572052
P. betulina	Slovenia	KX046545	”	Canada	GU096047
	Austria	KP253124	”	Finland	HM873163
	Germany	HQ563535	P. yeongwolensis	Korea	MT154332 ^*
	Slovenia	KX045856	P. crassiorella	Austria	KM572313
P. rotunda	Finland	JF853593	”	Italy	HM914070
	Denmark	KX043914	”	Finland	HM875551
P. comitella	Italy	KX045446	”	Denmark	KX043231

* In this study

The barcodes were compared to 50 DNA barcodes of the genera Proutia and Psyche downloaded from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and BOLD systems (https://v4.boldsystems.org/) (Table 1). A Neighbour-Joining analysis (NJ) was performed with MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018) using the Kimura-2-Parameter (K2P) model (Kimura 1980) for nucleotide substitutions. Bootstrap support values for each node were also evaluated via MEGA X with 1000 replicates. Parsimony (PA) with bootstrap analyses were conducted in TNT 1.5 (Goloboff and Catalano 2016).

Taxon treatments

Proutia cornucervae Roh & Lee sp. nov.

ZooBank B3404205-CD97-4E82-87A6-2B539EEF6876

Material Download as CSV

Holotype:

scientificName:
Proutia cornucervae Roh & Lee, sp. nov.
; phylum:
Arthropoda
; class:
Insecta
; order:
Lepidoptera
; family:
Psychidae
; country:
South Korea
; stateProvince:
Daejeon-si
; county:
Yuseong-gu
; decimalLatitude:
36.3333
; decimalLongitude:
17.3333
; year:
2015
; month:
4
; day:
12
; individualID:
MT154331
; individualCount:
1
; recordNumber:
MT154331
; otherCatalogNumbers:
GBMND76673-21
; institutionCode:
Mined from GenBank, NCBI
; occurrenceID:
DF1C4BA7-55A1-598A-96D7-AA9131C8DC18

Description

Adult (Fig. 1A-C, E and F). Male. Head: Vertex of head densely clothed with brown hairs; ocelli absent; antennae less than 1/3 length of forewing, flagellum bipectinated. Thorax: notum covered with dark-brown scales. Wingspan 14 mm. Forewing dark-brown scale covered, generally without markings on upperside; 6.8 mm in length excluding fringe with termen distinctly formed; median cell 0.69 times as long as forewing; accessory cell absent; intercalary cell present; Sc and R₁ terminating at 4/5 costa; R₂ and R₃ stalked at anterior part of the cell; R₄ and R₅ originating at corner of anterior part of cell to reach apex; M₂ stalked at corner of intercalary cell; CuA₁ and CuA₂ parallel to tornus. Hindwing covered with greyish scales; 4.9 mm excluding fringe, with termen distinctly formed and gently curved; median cell 0.59 times as long as hindwing; Rs and M₁ separated. Legs covered with dark brown scales. Abdomen: Male genitalia with tegumen wide, rounded; uncus formed as rectangular; saccus straight, slightly long and slender; apical part of ampulla gently arched with club shape, setae present, length of ampulla 0.45 times as long as length of valva dorsal margin; phallus curved, cornuti wide and long. In dorso-ventral aspect, uncus concave; gnathos absent; valva slightly narrow, apical part of valva presented with short setae; apical margin of harpe formed into three weakly-rounded laciniation; juxta absent; anellus well developed, pointed, 0.3 times as long as length of valva; phallus long. Larval case (Fig. 1D). 9 mm in length. Larvae attach their tiny and slender branches on to the larval case of cylindrical shape.

Figure 1.

Male of P. cornucervae sp. nov., Holotype: A adult; B antenna; C wing venation; D larval case; E genitalia, dorso-ventral aspect; F ditto, lateral aspect.

Diagnosis

This species is similar to P. nigra Saigusa and Sugimoto, but can be distinguished by the much darker wings being blackish-brown and pectinations of the antennae elongate and about about same length from basal flagellomeres to flagellomere 9. Whereas in P. nigra, the wings are slightly lighter, being brownish-black and pectinations of antennae abruptly becoming longer to 7^th flagellomere.

Etymology

The specific name is derived from the Latin cornu and cerva (= antler), referring to the antennae shape.

Distribution

Korea (new species).

Proutia niphonica (Hori, 1926), comb. nov.

Nomenclature

Eumea niphonica Hori, 1926: 28 (Eumea is misspelling of Fumea). Type locality: Japan.

Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767): Sauter and Hättenschwiler (1991): 79; Leraut (1997): 87; Sobczyk (2011): 257.

Bruandia niphonica (Hori, 1926): Sugimoto (2009a): 12; Saigusa and Sugimoto (2013): 145.

Bruandella niphonica (Hori, 1926): Saigusa and Sugimoto (2014): 143; Roh and Byun (2017): 224; Saigusa and Sugimoto (2022): 147.

Notes

The placement of niphonica Hori, 1926 has been a debatable issue. The species was described by Hori, based on specimens collected from Honshu and Kiyshu in Japan and assigned to Eumea, an incorrect subsequent spelling of Fumea Haworth, 1812. Sauter and Hättenschwiler (1991) treated it as a junior subjective synonym of Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767) and this treatment has been subsequently followed by Leraut (1997), Sobczyk (2011) and Arnscheid and Weidlich (2017). However, Sugimoto (2009a) treated it as valid species in Bruandia Tutt, 1900 and this was followed by Saigusa and Sugimoto (2013). Bruandia Tutt is a homonym of Bruandia Desmarest, 1857. Sauter and Hättenschwiler (1999) proposed Anaproutia Lewin, 1949 as a replacement name of Bruandia Tutt and then Anaproutia was treated as a synonym of Proutia by Bengtsson and Palmqvist (2008). Saigusa and Sugimoto (2014) erected Bruandella as a replacement name of Bruandia Tutt and then Roh and Byun (2017) assigned niphonica in Bruandella. Saigusa and Sugimoto (2013) discussed differences between niphonica Hori collected from the type locality and Psyche casta (Pallas) in detail, pointing out that the intercalary cell in the male forewing is present in niphonica Hori, whereas absent in Psyche casta (Pallas). Recently, Saigusa and Sugimoto (2022) desginated the lectotype specimen (Fumea niphonica Hori, 1926) and concluded that it was reasonable for this species to be a new combination into the genus Bruandella. Therefore, niphonica Hori is a valid species. We accepted this point of view. Furthermore, the molecular analyses (Table 2, Figs. 2 and 3) supported specimens from Korea and Japan representing a valid species in Proutia, treated as Proutia niphonica (Hori, 1926), comb. nov.

A checklist of the genus Proutia in Korea

Proutia maculatella Saigusa and Sugimoto, 2014

Nomenclature:

Proutia maculatella Saigusa and Sugimoto, 2014: 144; Roh et al. (2016): 673. Type locality: Japan.

Distribution:

Korea, Japan.

Notes:

This species was first reported by Roh et al. (2016) in Korea.

Proutia nigra Saigusa and Sugimoto, 2014

Nomenclature:

Proutia nigra Saigusa and Sugimoto, 2014: 149; Roh and Byun (2017): 226. Type locality: Japan.

Distribution:

Korea, Japan.

Notes:

This species was first reported by Roh and Byun (2017) in Korea.

Proutia niphonica (Hori, 1926), comb. nov.

Nomenclature:

Eumea niphonica Hori, 1926: 28 (Eumea is misspelling of Fumea). Type locality: Japan.

Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767): Sauter and Hättenschwiler (1991): 79; Leraut (1997): 87; Sobczyk (2011): 257.

Bruandia niphonica (Hori, 1926): Sugimoto (2009a): 12; Saigusa and Sugimoto (2013): 145.

Bruandella niphonica (Hori, 1926): Saigusa and Sugimoto (2014): 143; Roh and Byun (2017): 224; Saigusa and Sugimoto (2022): 147.

Distribution:

Korea, Japan.

Notes:

This species was first reported by Roh and Byun (2017) in Korea.

Proutia cornucervae Roh & Lee, sp. nov.

Distribution:

Korea (new species).

Analysis

A total of 22 new sequences was generated from four species of Proutia and one species of Psyche (567–658 bp of partial COI). All new sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: MT154331–154332, OR122630–122634 and OR134240–134253 in Table 1). The DNA barcodes (COI) were compared to those of 50 specimens in 13 species, 25 sequences downloaded from NCBI and three sequences downloaded from BOLD systems.

Genetic divergence of COI, using uncorrected p-distances amongst the Proutia and Psyche species, ranged from 5.8% to 16.0% (the result between P. betulina and P. rotunda was excluded, as it was considered to be due to misidentification), while intraspecific divergence ranged from 0% to 3.6% (Table 2). The molecular analyses (p-distance, NJ and PA analyses) revealed that Proutia sp. and P. maculatella were closely related to P. cornucervae sp. nov. (Table 2, Figs 2, 3). The maximum difference amongst populations within Proutia sp. was 1.3% and within P. maculatella 1.0% (Table 2). Genetic divergence between P. cornucervae sp. nov. and its molecularly related species Proutia sp. and P. maculatella are 6.2% and 6.5%, respectively and that strongly supported the separation of P. cornucervae sp. nov. and its congeners (Table 2).

Table 2.

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Inter-and intraspecific genetic differences in the two genera Proutia and Psyche species for COI (658 bp), calculated using p-distances.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1	0- 0.02
2	0.093- 0.103	0
3	0.124- 0.134	0.119- 0.121	0.003- 0.009
4	0.110- 0.120	0.113- 0.116	0.058- 0.060	0
5	0.105- 0.117	0.109- 0.119	0.102- 0.109	0.099- 0.105	0.002- 0.006
6	0.105- 0.115	0.109- 0.114	0.103- 0.105	0.099- 0.100	0- 0.005	0
7	0.112- 0.128	0.117- 0.121	0.099- 0.107	0.096- 0.099	0.093- 0.102	0.093- 0.097	0.002- 0.010
8	0.113- 0.123	0.121- 0.126	0.106- 0.108	0.092- 0.099	0.091- 0.096	0.091- 0.094	0.059- 0.070	0.013
9	0.116- 0.123	0.122- 0.124	0.102- 0.103	0.106- 0.108	0.103- 0.108	0.103	0.062- 0.068	0.065- 0.072	0
10	0.119- 0.131	0.120- 0.127	0.108- 0.118	0.102- 0.108	0.114- 0.129	0.114- 0.125	0.067- 0.079	0.082- 0.093	0.091- 0.102	0- 0.019
11	0.128- 0.143	0.138- 0.141	0.146- 0.147	0.137- 0.141	0.123- 0.128	0.123	0.125- 0.134	0.134- 0.140	0.131- 0.132	0.135- 0.144	0- 0.018
12	0.137- 0.149	0.135- 0.141	0.129- 0.141	0.132- 0.138	0.125- 0.141	0.125- 0.137	0.131- 0.141	0.134- 0.147	0.137- 0.138	0.144- 0.155	0.075- 0.085	0- 0.036
13	0.147- 0.152	0.148- 0.150	0.150- 0.153	0.139- 0.140	0.132- 0.137	0.132	0.138- 0.144	0.146- 0.149	0.160	0.146- 0.157	0.120	0.128- 0.132	0

1, Proutia niphonica; 2, Proutia comitella; 3, P. raiblensis; 4, P. norvegica; 5, P. betulina; 6, P. rotunda; 7, P. maculatella; 8, Proutia sp.; 9, P. cornucervae sp. nov.; 10, P. nigra; 11, Psyche casta; 12, P. crassiorella; 13, P. yeongwolensis.

Figure 2.

Neighbour-Joining tree, based on partial COI gene sequences with bootstrap values. Scale bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site.

Figure 3.

Strict consensus tree of equally parsimonious cladograms, based on partial COI gene sequences with bootstrap values (bootstrap values over 80% are indicated).

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the Honam National Institute of Biological Resources (HNIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Repulblic Korea (HNIBR202101101, 202301101).

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Supplementary material

Endnotes