New records of non-native Coleoptera in Italy

Enrico Ruzzier; Lucio Morin; Matteo Zugno; Andrea Tapparo; Luciano Bani; Andrea Di Giulio

doi:10.3897/BDJ.11.e111487

Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomy & Inventories

PDF

Taxonomy & Inventories

New records of non-native Coleoptera in Italy

Enrico Ruzzier^‡,§,|, Lucio Morin^|, Matteo Zugno^¶, Andrea Tapparo^¶, Luciano Bani^#,§, Andrea Di Giulio^‡,§

‡ Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

§ NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy

| World Biodiversity Association, Verona, Italy

¶ Regione Lombardia, Laboratorio del Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale c/o Fondazione Minoprio, Vertemate con Minoprio, Italy

# University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Milan, Italy

Corresponding author: Enrico Ruzzier (enrico.ruzzier@uniroma3.it)

Academic editor: Paulo Borges

Received: 22 Aug 2023 | Accepted: 20 Sep 2023 | Published: 17 Oct 2023

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Ruzzier E, Morin L, Zugno M, Tapparo A, Bani L, Di Giulio A (2023) New records of non-native Coleoptera in Italy. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e111487. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e111487

Abstract

Background

In the last decades, climate change and globalisation have been exacerbating the introduction of non-native beetles worldwide. Due toits peculiar territory, climate and geographical position in the middle of the Mediterranean Basin, Italy is one of the European countries with the highest number of intercepted, adventive and established non-native beetles, some of which are invasive. In this perspective, producing new faunistic records and continuously updating reliable and easily accessible distributional data is a fundamental step in investigating and potentially preventing further species introduction.

New information

The aim of this contribution is to report and discuss new faunistic records of non-native Coleoptera in Italy. For some species, new records enlarge the previously-known distribution (e.g. the ambrosia beetles Anisandrus maiche (Kurentzov, 1941) and Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford, 1894) or the click beetle Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1829)), while for others (e.g. the scarab beetle Archophileurus spinosus Dechambre, 2006), data confirm their establishment and highlight a possible expansion phase. The false powderpost beetles Ptilineurus marmoratus (Reitter, 1877) and the longhorn beetle Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat, 1852) are two new additions to the Italian fauna, while the establishment of the monotomid beetle Monotoma americana Aubé 1837 is confirmed.

Keywords

beetles, biodiversity, Bostrichidae, Cerambycidae, distribution, Monotomidae, Ptinidae, Scolytinae, wood borers

Introduction

In the perspective of an increasingly globalised world in which goods and people move at an ever-increasing speed, maintaining a high level of attention towards non-native and invasive species is fundamental (Banks et al. 2015, Seebens et al. 2018). In particular, together with early detection, the production of new faunistic records and continuous updating of reliable and easily accessible distributional data is a fundamental step in investigating and preventing non-native species introduction and spread (Kenis et al. 2007). Amongst European countries, Italy has one of the highest numbers of intercepted, adventive and established non-native Coleoptera (e.g. Beenen and Roques 2010, Denux and Zagatti 2010, Kirkendall and Faccoli 2010, Roy and Migeon 2010, Sauvard et al. 2010, Yus-Ramos et al. 2014, Nardi et al. 2015, Montagna et al. 2016, Forbicioni 2019, Ruzzier and Colla 2019, Ruzzier et al. 2020b, Ruzzier et al. 2020a, Rattu et al. 2021, Ruzzier et al. 2021c, Ruzzier et al. 2022b, Ruzzier et al. 2023a, Ruzzier et al. 2023c) and this condition is plausibly attributable to Italy's central role in international trade as a crossroads to and from Europe (Roques 2010, Rassati et al. 2014). Given this latter condition, which sees Italy as a possible "gateway to Europe" for non-native species, it is essential to share distribution data to promote an ever-increasing level of attention both in Italy and neighbouring countries against possible natural spreading and introductions. Data collection and monitoring of non-native species, especially if not directed towards specific target taxa of medical, economic or phytosanitary interest, is, however, generally difficult to implement on a national scale; in this regard, the contributions deriving from the non-professional entomological community and citizen-science initiatives prove to be fundamental (e.g. Crall et al. (2010), Larson et al. (2020), Wallace et al. (2021)). This work aims to share faunistic data on Italian non-native beetles in a standard and easily accessible format, updating the distribution or confirming the establishment of some taxa and reporting the arrival of further species.

Beenen and Roques 2010, Denux and Zagatti 2010, Kirkendall and Faccoli 2010, Roy and Migeon 2010, Sauvard et al. 2010, Yus-Ramos et al. 2014, Nardi et al. 2015, Montagna et al. 2016, Ruzzier and Colla 2019, Ruzzier et al. 2020b, Ruzzier et al. 2020a, Rattu et al. 2021, Ruzzier et al. 2021c, Ruzzier et al. 2023a, Ruzzier et al. 2023c

Materials and methods

Methods for capturing specimens have been quite diverse and included direct collection (e.g. litter/organic debris sifting, beating tray, sweeping net; Iannuzzi et al. (2020)), use of baited traps (Touroult and Witté 2020, Ruchin et al. 2021, Ruzzier et al. 2021a) and light trapping (Hébert et al. 2000, Iannuzzi et al. 2020, Kammar et al. 2020). The collection of data on widespread species was possible thanks to the helpfulness of colleagues and citizens who provided specimens and direct observations (with photos) to the authors. All observations, before being included in the paper, were validated by the first author. Species treated in the "Taxon treatments" section are listed alphabetically.

Taxon treatments

Anisandrus maiche (Kurenzov, 1941)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/10559613

Materials Download as CSV

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Distribution

Eastern Palearctic species, established in European Russia (Terekhova and Skrylnik 2012, Nikulina et al. 2015), Italy (Colombari et al. 2022, Ruzzier et al. 2022b, Mola et al. 2023), North America (Rabaglia et al. 2009, Gomez et al. 2018), Switzerland (Ribeiro-Correia et al. 2023) and Ukraine (Terekhova and Skrylnik 2012, Nikulina et al. 2015).

Notes

The data confirm that the species is widely distributed and relatively common in northern Italy, Lombardy in particular. Although Anisandrus maiche is a modestly polyphagous species on broadleaf trees (Ruzzier et al. 2023), no damage attributable to this species has been recorded so far.

Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1875)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/8046168

Material Download as CSV

scientificName:
Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff 1875)
; family:
Curculionidae
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IT
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Distribution

Ambrosiophilus atratus is an ambrosia beetle native to the Eastern Palearctic now established in France, Italy and Slovenia (Faccoli 2008, Dodelin 2019, Hauptman et al. 2019). The present finding is the first record of the species in Lombardy.

Notes

Ambrosiophilus atratus is a highly polyphagous species, capable of developing in both hardwoods and conifers (Ruzzier et al. 2023). Recent observations, coupled with the lack of damage attributable to the species, however, seem to suggest that A. atratus might have a negligible phytosanitary value, preferring severely debilitated or already dead plants as reproductive substrate (Ranger et al. 2010, Reed et al. 2015, Ruzzier et al. 2022a).

Archophileurus spinosus Dechambre, 2006

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/1073568

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Archophileurus spinosus Dechambre, 2006
; family:
Scarabaeidae
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Italy
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IT
; county:
Puglia
; locality:
Molfetta
; decimalLatitude:
41.184601
; decimalLongitude:
16.622004
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2020-07-09
; individualCount:
1
; sex:
male
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
38D8EE03-F4E1-5701-9B44-666FBCA56537
scientificName:
Archophileurus spinosus Dechambre, 2006
; family:
Scarabaeidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; county:
Puglia
; locality:
Minervino di Lecce
; decimalLatitude:
40.090350
; decimalLongitude:
18.431938
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2023-07-20
; individualCount:
1
; sex:
female
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
B785307E-E50B-51B3-9466-21E2066A1E5C

Notes

The finding of the specimen in Molfetta, more than 170 km from the area of the first recording (see Ruzzier et al. (2020b)), would suggest the existence of a second population of this species, probably as a result of an independent introduction. The specimen collected in Minervino di Lecce may also be the result of an independent introduction or be confirmation that the species is expanding in southern Apulia. The fact that the specimens were observed in nature suggests the existence of at least two naturalised populations.

Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/1044108

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Cassanego (Borso del Grappa)
; decimalLatitude:
45.827633
; decimalLongitude:
11.811687
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-03-04
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
C12A2CD3-F6F7-5357-B897-91B6AEC1B840
scientificName:
Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Pederobba
; decimalLatitude:
45.884568
; decimalLongitude:
11.944527
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventTime:
2021-04-17
; individualCount:
1
; occurrenceID:
34E90A5F-BF19-5172-948A-D29A0F7D461D
scientificName:
Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Ronchi dei Legionari
; decimalLatitude:
45.824606
; decimalLongitude:
13.495001
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2019-08-20
; individualCount:
4
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
7710809D-DDF0-548A-A92C-E920A3CE75AA
scientificName:
Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Monte Calvario
; decimalLatitude:
45.952522
; decimalLongitude:
13.583972
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2019-04-03
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
7D090E7D-F9DB-5881-B1C9-AF8B35A35A99
scientificName:
Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Monte Calvario
; decimalLatitude:
45.952522
; decimalLongitude:
13.583972
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2019-05-09
; individualCount:
7
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
4F4A32F2-0773-5411-B774-BA7361D59E98
scientificName:
Caplothorax lugubris (Murray, 1864)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Creazzo
; decimalLatitude:
45.527977
; decimalLongitude:
11.488399
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2019-11-09
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
51B94B3C-5C87-5CF1-B4DF-7515EB58E368

Distribution

Species of Nearctic and Neotropical distribution (Parsons 1943), established in Italy since 2013 (Marini et al. 2013, Jelínek et al. 2016).

Notes

Species of phytosanitary relevance (e.g. Harrison (1962), Dowd (2000), Marini et al. (2013), Jelínek et al. (2016)) now widely distributed in the Po plain (Northern Italy), were is frequently injurious on Zea mays L. and Fragaria sp. (authors' personal observations).

Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford, 1894)

Material Download as CSV

scientificName:
Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford, 1894)
; family:
Curculionida
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; municipality:
Borso del Grappa
; decimalLatitude:
45.815456
; decimalLongitude:
11.769814
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-08-08
; individualCount:
1
; sex:
female
; recordedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
867EB1BE-5F06-5C36-BFA3-378BF566184B

Distribution

Species native to the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic Regions, established in North America (Gomez et al. 2018, Smith et al. 2020) and Italy (Colombari et al. 2022, Marchioro et al. 2022). This finding further extends the distribution range of the species.

Notes

Cnestus mutilatus is a somewhat polyphagous species (Ruzzier et al. 2023b), including plants of economic/productive relevance (e.g. Mandelshtam et al. (2019), Ruzzier et al. (2021b), Monterrosa et al. (2022)), yet its host plants in Europe were not known. The specimen on which the report is based was found in a tunnel bored into a branch of an unidentified conifer (probably Abies). This is the first observation in which C. mutilatus was found in association with a conifer; however, it is plausible that this plant might not be a reproductive host.

Dinoderus (Dinoderastes) japonicus Lesné, 1895

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/4427616

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Dinoderus japonicus Lesné, 1895
; family:
Bostrichidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Ronchi dei Legionari
; decimalLatitude:
45.824285
; decimalLongitude:
13.495115
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-05-1
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Lucio Morin
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
3FDA78E1-BEA0-5E32-AB07-6E9C35C04C2F
scientificName:
Dinoderus japonicus Lesné, 1895
; family:
Bostrichidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Altavilla Vicentina
; decimalLatitude:
45.521738
; decimalLongitude:
11.478075
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-08-05
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
BDCD3FCA-A8F4-508F-A50E-FBEE98D010A5

Distribution

Species native to China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, recorded multiple times in Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the Netherlands; observations indicate established populations only in France (Brustel and Aberlenc 2014), Italy (Nardi et al. 2015) and, more recently, in the Caucasus (Bieńkowski and Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2017).

Notes

The recollection of the single specimen in Ronchi dei Legionari, in nature, suggests the existence of an established population in the area. However, given the close vicinity of the Monfalcone port, a well-known port of entry for non-native species (Rassati et al. 2014), it might be possible that the specimen would be the result of a recent introduction. The specimen recollected in Altavilla Vicentina was found already dead inside a DIY store, suggesting its introduction via bamboo products.

Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1829)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/6984492

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1829)
; family:
Elateridae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Calabria
; locality:
Torre Mezza Praia, Acconia
; decimalLatitude:
38.8162444606245
; decimalLongitude:
16.2220915973993
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2014-06-28
; individualCount:
26
; recordedBy:
Rudolf Schuh
; identifiedBy:
Rudolf Schuh
; occurrenceID:
D85425C8-4501-55CA-8092-190FD66AB239
scientificName:
Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1829)
; family:
Elateridae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Sicily
; county:
Messina
; locality:
Tremestieri
; decimalLatitude:
38.143639
; decimalLongitude:
15.522750
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-06-28
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Giovanni Altadonna
; identifiedBy:
Giovanni Altadonna
; occurrenceID:
3178C064-E00D-5267-8230-DAE8EEA1D0C8
scientificName:
Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1829)
; family:
Elateridae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Sicily
; county:
Messina
; locality:
Tremestieri
; decimalLatitude:
38.143639
; decimalLongitude:
15.522750
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-07-08
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Giovanni Altadonna
; identifiedBy:
Giovanni Altadonna
; occurrenceID:
5D51C8AA-856B-5E00-87EA-BBB20B575E39
scientificName:
Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1829)
; family:
Elateridae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; county:
Vicenza
; locality:
Costalunga
; decimalLatitude:
45.811018
; decimalLongitude:
11.743925
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-08-12
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
E628CAD2-F417-5A7D-B164-644C000CC0E5

Distribution

Species native to the Neotropics and now established in both the Nearctic and Western Palearctic (Ruzzier et al. 2021c, Van Meer and Artéro 2022). Monocrepidius posticus is seemingly a species of relatively recent introduction that, however, has been able to spread in peninsular Italy and Sicily. The rapid diffusion of this species is most probably associated with potted plants (Ruzzier et al. 2021c), especially when the insect is at the larval stage. Specimens from Calabria and Veneto represent new regional records that further demonstrate the wide distribution of the species on the Italian territory.

Notes

Species included in the CABI Invasive Species Compendium; to date, there is no information on the real economic or environmental impact of this non-native species (Ruzzier et al. 2021c). This species was earlier known as Conoderus posticus; however, the name Conoderus Eschscholtz, 1829 is a synonym of Monocrepidius Eschscholtz, 1829 (see Kundrata et al. (2019)).

Monotoma americana Aubé, 1837

Material Download as CSV

scientificName:
Monotoma americana Aubé 1837
; family:
Monotomida
; country:
Italy
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; county:
Gorizia
; municipality:
Rochi dei Legionari
; decimalLatitude:
45.838596
; decimalLongitude:
13.497632
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-11-20
; individualCount:
100
; lifeStage:
adult
; recordedBy:
Lucio Morin
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
555B1798-5F9E-5831-B495-B95E460B5E6D

Distribution

North American species (Bousquet and Laplante 1999) introduced in Croatia and Italy (Jelínek 2007).

Notes

The finding of additional specimens confirms the establishment of this species in the Italian territory, as the occurrence of this taxon was so far limited to the only vague indication given in Jelínek (2007).

Ptilineurus marmoratus (Reitter, 1877)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/1095559

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Ptilineurus marmoratus (Reitter, 1877)
; family:
Ptinidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardy
; county:
Brescia
; municipality:
Esine
; decimalLatitude:
45.92741
; decimalLongitude:
10.25646
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2022-06-12
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Davide Pedersoli
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
9D84AA13-EAE2-55A3-9AEB-1DDC4358CABE
scientificName:
Ptilineurus marmoratus (Reitter, 1877)
; family:
Ptinidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Piedmont
; county:
Asti
; municipality:
Rocchetta Tanaro
; decimalLatitude:
44.8622778
; decimalLongitude:
8.3246666
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2022-06-30
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Luca Cristiano
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
1CFB379D-F5FA-5665-915E-07E7C5FD86E3

Distribution

Taxon native to China, Indonesia, Japan and introduced in Germany, Sweden and USA (Zahradník 2012, Zahradník 2021, Jarzabek-Müller 2023); new species for the Italian fauna.

Notes

The two records, which occurred in different regions and in nature, clearly indicate the establishment of the species in the Italian territory. Ptilineurus marmoratus is a negligible pest in the countries of origin, where it has been recorded damaging stored grains (Yan et al. 2010) or furnishings (Yuasa and Onoe 1930).

Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/9166077

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Carugate
; decimalLatitude:
45.551858579102
; decimalLongitude:
9.3466620693504
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2021-08-25
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
CBDF2EE5-F84F-5374-9DB7-B5E0247C1B51
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Carate Brianza
; decimalLatitude:
45.6792254670083
; decimalLongitude:
9.22969294016464
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-08-13
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
E6FE9FF5-BE9F-54F0-82EE-55C401085FC7
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Mandello del Lario
; decimalLatitude:
45.9141449791127
; decimalLongitude:
9.32590399764125
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-08-15
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
7ABA8012-C57A-57BD-9709-726A4DEEB99C
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Valbrona
; decimalLatitude:
45.8757857966675
; decimalLongitude:
9.2992147264757
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-08-13
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
63207C90-E03D-565D-AB6B-011CF79005D6
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Viganò
; decimalLatitude:
45.715744797865
; decimalLongitude:
9.32365682691914
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-07-31
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
113CAE03-455D-560A-B0C4-5D471A19FD07
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Valaperta
; decimalLatitude:
45.6731438758896
; decimalLongitude:
9.35553589763243
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-07-20
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
876A5500-62E0-5609-BE88-85B64AD9BA81
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Casetello di Brianza
; decimalLatitude:
45.764033
; decimalLongitude:
9.34946156924904
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-06-09
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
AFCB9F02-0C7C-5DFC-A0BE-1BE208E1BC31
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Nesso
; decimalLatitude:
45.91001879
; decimalLongitude:
9.15568364012023
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2019-09-02
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
236111F8-A763-515A-993E-1FA25C760478
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Castelmarte
; decimalLatitude:
45.8327755037426
; decimalLongitude:
9.24120299763827
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2019-08-3
; individualCount:
1
; occurrenceID:
6D4BCC00-4E11-5109-8352-FB4803E70DB9
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Sala di Calolziocorte
; decimalLatitude:
45.7906744601323
; decimalLongitude:
9.44158372647262
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-06-25
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
3AC5E866-5647-5D50-A8CD-AD9D46110B4D
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Como
; decimalLatitude:
45.7826544507253
; decimalLongitude:
9.08968049763644
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-08-30
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
8B6CBB74-10B6-59BE-B51B-3B07CC764CD6
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Calolziocorte
; decimalLatitude:
45.7916760173374
; decimalLongitude:
9.44862099763678
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-10-25
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
5DEBB24C-1B93-5D45-8A44-7BBA731F4D11
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Villasanta
; decimalLatitude:
45.617095
; decimalLongitude:
9.299486
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-07-17
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
3FBFE588-631C-5034-A930-AC6A11E9B40E
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Cernusco dul Naviglio
; decimalLatitude:
45.522631
; decimalLongitude:
9.338841
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-07-14
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
7E650CF7-A0E1-51A4-BCC9-1E6CBE8862A7
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Castelnuovo
; decimalLatitude:
45.692475
; decimalLongitude:
9.322235
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-06-09
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
E8910DA7-1194-5217-8D26-65E321CD7FED
scientificName:
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe, 1857)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Arlate
; decimalLatitude:
45.729312
; decimalLongitude:
9.441062
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-07-29
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
AD01E2C1-1FF7-5AC9-9C1C-6C7E14760A34

Distribution

Species widely distributed in southeast China and Japan (Danilevsky 2020), introduced and established in Italy (Lupi et al. 2013).

Notes

Psacothea hilaris is facing a substantial expansion phase in northern Italy (Lupi et al. 2023), where it is a pest on Ficus carica L. (Moracee) (Lupi et al. 2013).

Sinoxylon unidentatum (Fabricius, 1801)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/6005764

Material Download as CSV

scientificName:
Sinoxylon unidentatum (Fabricius, 1801)
; family:
Bostrichida
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Marghera - Porto
; decimalLatitude:
45.4675788
; decimalLongitude:
12.237859
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-09-27
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
676575BD-B096-510A-A62F-8C24806832C6

Distribution

Species of Oriental origin and now established in Asia, North, Central and South America, Africa (including Madagascar) and Oceania (Lykidis et al. 2016).

Notes

Sinoxylon unidentatum has been recorded multiple times in Europe (Nardi and Mifsud 2015, Lykidis et al. 2016), although it appears that there are currently no established populations (Lykidis et al. 2016). The fact that the specimen presented here was collected in close proximity to a port area would suggest its recent arrival rather than the existence of a stable population.

Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/1043978

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Cismon del Grappa
; decimalLatitude:
45.930615
; decimalLongitude:
11.731266
; eventTime:
2021-02-15
; individualCount:
5
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
5551F673-ECC8-5945-9549-80EE22205D8D
scientificNameID:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Madonnetta (Pieve del Grappa)
; decimalLatitude:
45.850090
; decimalLongitude:
11.838718
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-03-04
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
5BEB32C2-4714-515E-865D-9434470A652D
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Cavaso del Tomba
; decimalLatitude:
45.87854064067142
; decimalLongitude:
11.870694397663117
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventTime:
2020-10-31
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
F865FB4A-7A60-56CC-B7A4-7BCAF2B56908
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Romano d'Ezzelino
; decimalLatitude:
45.79608863822578
; decimalLongitude:
11.744732926495166
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-10-01
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
BA8E0D16-9738-5D36-8E02-CD458527A1B4
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Val dei Ponti (Solagna)
; decimalLatitude:
45.824872
; decimalLongitude:
11.719725
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-04-29
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
95FE36BB-B51F-5361-AB40-1EB21FEE1E16
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Calabria
; locality:
Torre Mezza Praia, Acconia
; decimalLatitude:
38.8162444606245
; decimalLongitude:
16.2220915973993
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2014-062
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Rudolf Schuh
; occurrenceID:
FD7E0C67-C3CD-59FD-AC56-92718EDDD617
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
San Piero di Feletto
; decimalLatitude:
45.9296259207839
; decimalLongitude:
12.2343788273258
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-08-13
; individualCount:
23
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
345F5E0E-D792-53A0-B3CC-38D9CE0972F2
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Marina Julia (Monfalcone)
; decimalLatitude:
45.780855
; decimalLongitude:
13.522679
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2017-03-17
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Lucio Morin
; occurrenceID:
3A918067-EA6F-5E90-94EE-35B7AD7B52D7
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Piedimonte- Monte Calvario
; decimalLatitude:
45.944862
; decimalLongitude:
13.583999
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-05-23
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Lucio Morin
; occurrenceID:
DF66CDE3-D4A6-5F85-9588-45DCEC391444
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
Duino - Bosco della Cernizza
; decimalLatitude:
45.777
; decimalLongitude:
13.594
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2011-11-27
; identifiedBy:
Lucio Morin
; occurrenceID:
92C5CB23-6FB3-541F-9643-7B7BD1A48741
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Creazzo
; decimalLatitude:
45.5460
; decimalLongitude:
11.4780
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2015-04-25
; individualCount:
2
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
B48C6458-0EB2-549A-B42E-13AF551B7D0D
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
ITALY
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Angone
; decimalLatitude:
45.905485
; decimalLongitude:
10.198955
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2006-09-06
; individualCount:
2
; identifiedBy:
Davide Pedersoli
; occurrenceID:
EE28EC36-B058-57D3-BBE0-C9AA2E589258
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Boario
; decimalLatitude:
45.891122
; decimalLongitude:
10.189661
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2008-08-24
; identifiedBy:
Davide Pedersoli
; occurrenceID:
CA1227D5-3BFC-5A44-8DD7-DFF162590571
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Bunote di Angone
; decimalLatitude:
45.911237
; decimalLongitude:
10.204144
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2012-05-08
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Davide Pedersoli
; occurrenceID:
D8A9309C-5293-5450-940F-B50FA1CFE040
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Esine
; decimalLatitude:
45.905999
; decimalLongitude:
10.222361
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2016-06-25
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Davide Pedersoli
; occurrenceID:
27691415-EFCE-5316-8EC4-3DAD5BBA921F
scientificName:
Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825)
; family:
Nitidulidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardia
; locality:
Tisa
; decimalLatitude:
46.180218
; decimalLongitude:
10.318497
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventTime:
2017-08-0
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Davide Pedersoli
; occurrenceID:
2A18DEB8-174F-53B8-8BC5-1251AC0BACEF

Distribution

Species of North American origin and established in Central and South America, Europe, the Oriental Region and in the Near East (Peck et al. 2014, Jelínek et al. 2016, Stan 2019).

Notes

Stelidota geminata is an relevant pest of strawberries in North America (Weiss and Williams 1980, Loughner et al. 2007). This species is expanding rapidly all over the world and, in Europe, it was reported at first in the Azores in the 1980s (Israelson 1985) and then in several continental countries (Jelínek et al. 2016, Guéorguiev 2018, Stan 2019, Wojas 2022). In Italy, it seems acclimatised since the second half of the 1990s (Ratti 2002), where it has been recorded as phytosaprophagous (Pezzi 2013), but also as a concurrent source of damage on cultivated strawberries (Pansa et al. 2014, author's personal observations).

Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/1043900

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846
; family:
Silvanidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Vellai (Feltre)
; decimalLatitude:
46.035593
; decimalLongitude:
11.942838
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2012-07-07
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Nicola Roncen
; identifiedBy:
Nicola Roncen
; occurrenceID:
E12C0E6A-B19C-5386-A74F-E5AF2317312C
scientificName:
Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846
; family:
Silvanidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Vellai (Feltre)
; decimalLatitude:
46.032920
; decimalLongitude:
11.951203
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2012-07-14
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Nicola Roncen
; identifiedBy:
Nicola Roncen
; occurrenceID:
37AB006F-63EE-5E7A-8D13-4667D1CA79B7
scientificName:
Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846
; family:
Silvanidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
San Pier d'Isonzo
; decimalLatitude:
45.851512
; decimalLongitude:
13.453215
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-05-16
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Lucio Morin
; identifiedBy:
Lucio Morin
; occurrenceID:
8577D6E8-230A-5976-98A3-EB5DAEC4F4D3
scientificName:
Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846
; family:
Silvanidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
San Pier d'Isonzo
; decimalLatitude:
45.851512
; decimalLongitude:
13.453215
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2020-05-18
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Lucio Morin
; occurrenceID:
8D59979F-4A95-5FD4-8DE0-2C18D71F3A88
scientificName:
Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846
; family:
Silvanidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Friuli Venezia Giulia
; locality:
San Canzian D'Isonzo
; decimalLatitude:
45.769977
; decimalLongitude:
13.471999
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2021-03-01
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Lucio Morin
; occurrenceID:
71DEFE24-F2B6-5609-BD00-C767F8395DED
scientificName:
Telephanus atricapillus Erichson, 1846
; family:
Silvanidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Romano d'Ezzelino
; decimalLatitude:
45.813867
; decimalLongitude:
11.754639
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2023-05-06
; individualCount:
1
; recordedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
3F1B1E10-333D-591A-B4A8-6214A5563E09

Distribution

Species of Nearctic origin, established both in Italy and Spain (Ruzzier et al. 2020a). The records here presented substantially extend the distribution of T. atricapillus in northern Italy.

Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann, 1835)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/1151427

Material Download as CSV

scientificName:
Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann, 1835)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Veneto
; locality:
Saonara
; decimalLatitude:
45.394167
; decimalLongitude:
12.007500
; geodeticDatum:
WGS8
; eventDate:
2018-07-03
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
F3CD819B-D612-5D95-BAE2-0F92550A96FD

Distribution

Species of Eastern Palearctic origin, introduced in Europe and North America (Danilevsky 2020, Cocquempot et al. 2022).

Notes

In Italy, Trichoferus campestris was first detected in Piacenza in 2000 (Cocquempot et al. 2022) and subsequently intercepted in Naples in 2015 (Pennacchio et al. 2016), recorded in Veneto (2018, this paper) and recently observed in Lombardy in 2020 (Cocquempot et al. 2022, source INaturalist). It would seem that all the specimens observed belong to single introductions and that, currently, no established populations exist on the Italian territory. However, this situation requires further investigation given the phytosanitary relevance of the species (Allen and Humble 2002, EFSA Panel on Plant Health et al. 2021).

Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat, 1852)

GBIF https://www.gbif.org/species/8325707

Materials Download as CSV

scientificName:
Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat, 1852)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardy
; municipality:
Roè Volciano
; locality:
Tormini
; decimalLatitude:
45.607926
; decimalLongitude:
10.4682366
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-07-02
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
898AAD92-D272-5BC8-8BBB-06C6C605BECA
scientificName:
Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat, 1852)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardy
; municipality:
Prevalle
; decimalLatitude:
45.553290
; decimalLongitude:
10.422359
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-06-10
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
932B446C-0D4C-545A-9CE6-6AAB60E5ED00
scientificName:
Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat, 1852)
; family:
Cerambycidae
; country:
Italy
; countryCode:
IT
; stateProvince:
Lombardy
; municipality:
Muscoline
; decimalLatitude:
45.572222
; decimalLongitude:
10.482320
; geodeticDatum:
WGS84
; eventDate:
2023-06-23
; individualCount:
1
; identifiedBy:
Enrico Ruzzier
; occurrenceID:
BE3DA5D1-FF92-5169-B3A6-637BD4D2F519

Distribution

Species native to East Asia, introduced in Europe (Leivadara et al. 2018, Sarto i Monteys and Torras i Tutusaus 2018, Cocquempot et al. 2019); new species for the Italian fauna.

Notes

In Europe, Xylotrechus chinensis was first officially reported in 2013 in Catalonia (Sarto i Monteys and Torras i Tutusaus 2018) and subsequently was observed to be established also in Greece (Leivadara et al. 2018) and France (Cocquempot et al. 2019). The three records here presented and observed in the Province of Brescia (Lombardy) indicate the first record of X. chinensis in Italy. The species was promptly notified to the Regional Plant Health Service (Regione Lombardia Plant Health Service) and to the European Commission (Europhyt Outbreak No. 2250). Several records of exit holes and adults on plants of Morus sp. clearly indicate the establishment of X. chinensis on the Italian territory. There are currently no signs of attack on the other host plants known from literature (Han and Lyu 2010) and present in the Italian invaded area, such as Malus spp., Pyrus spp. and Vitis vinifera L. (Europhyt Outbreak No. 2250).

Analysis

Discussion

The faunistic records here presented further demonstrated how Italy, due to its climatic and environmental peculiarities, is rather predisposed to host and foster the establishment of non-native beetles; in confirmation, it is sufficient to note that most of the species that have arrived in recent decades are all undergoing a substantial range expansion. It is also interesting to note that species new to the Italian fauna are already present at the European level, indicating a general homogenisation of the non-native fauna due to species natural spreading and unintentional human-mediated transport amongst EU countries. The latter could be the case for the recent arrival of Xylotrechus chinensis, whose Italian population may originate from infested areas in Spain or France, rather than a random introduction from countries of origin (a hypothesis that requires further investigation). Given the enormous diversity of species and adaptations that characterise Coleoptera, maintaining a national level of monitoring and data collection would not be possible without the continued support of the non-professional entomological community, as well as from citizen-science initiatives. In particular, especially for species that are more conspicuous and identifiable by photography, at least in the first instance, careful monitoring of social networks can help to collect totally unexpected observations.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all the people who shared their observations on non-native Coleoptera, substantially contributing to the improvement of the data used in this paper. In addition, the authors acknowledge the support of NBFC to University of Roma Tre, Department of Science and University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, PNRR, Missione 4 Componente 2, ‘Dalla ricerca all’impresa’, Investimento 1.4, Project CN00000033.

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Supplementary material

Endnotes