Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
|
Corresponding author: Yaroslav Syrota (syrota@saske.sk)
Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev
Received: 06 Oct 2023 | Accepted: 03 Jan 2024 | Published: 16 Jan 2024
© 2024 Oleksii Marushchak, Yaroslav Syrota, Ivanna Dmytrieva, Yuri Kuzmin, Andrii Nechai, Olga Lisitsyna, Roman Svitin
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Marushchak O, Syrota Y, Dmytrieva I, Kuzmin Y, Nechai A, Lisitsyna O, Svitin R (2024) Helminths found in common species of the herpetofauna in Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e113770. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e113770
|
|
Only a few comprehensive studies have been carried out on parasites in amphibians and reptiles in Ukraine. This has resulted in identifying over 100 helminth species across these vertebrate groups. However, most of the studies were performed in the 20th century and the taxonomy of many parasites and their hosts has changed ever since, in addition to the discovery of new species and registrations of species that had not been previously known for Ukraine. In recent decades, there have been very few publications on helminths from amphibian or reptile hosts in this region. Notably, just one of these recent studies is a faunistic study, providing a list of helminths found in two species of green frogs – Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) and Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758). Therefore, it is clear that publishing datasets of modern records of helminths in these vertebrate groups, based on modern taxonomy, is an essential step in further studies of their parasitic diversity. Additionally, such study is important in terms of global climate change, the growing number of possibilities of invasion of alien species (both hosts and parasites) that might potentially become a threat to native biota and growing anthropogenic pressure on local populations of hosts that affect the parasites as well. In future, this study is planned to be used for the creation of a checklist of helminths of the herpetofauna of Ukraine. The present dataset is an inventory of various species of helminths parasitising common species of the herpetofauna in central, northern, western and southern Ukraine recorded during field studies in the 2021-2023 period.
The dataset is the first one to represent the up-to-date and unified data on helminths of reptiles and amphibians of Ukraine. Previously, records of this group of organisms with reference to their hosts were presented as several separate records within the country. Currently, this is the largest dataset presenting geocoded records of non-human-related helminths in the fauna of Ukraine. It reports helminth species from 15 hosts (205 individuals), including eight amphibians and seven reptilian species found in various Ukrainian regions. A total of 47 helminth species have been documented in the research and during 2021-2023 period on the territory of northern (Kyiv and Zhytomyr), western (Lviv, Zakarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk), central (Vinnytsia, Dnipropetrovsk, Cherkasy, Zaporizhzhia and Poltava) and southern (Odesa) regions of Ukraine. The identified helminth species belong to the following phyla: Acanthocephala (Centrorhynchidae (2), Echinorhynchidae (2)); Nematoda (Acuariidae, Anisakidae, Cosmocercidae (3), Dioctophymatidae, Gnathostomatidae (1), Kathlanidae (1), Molineidae (7), Onchocercidae (1), Pharyngodonidae (1), Rhabdiasidae (6), Strongyloididae); Platyhelminthes (Diplodiscidae (1), Diplostomidae (2), Encyclometridae (1), Haematoloechidae (1), Leptophallidae (2), Macroderidae (1), Mesocestoididae, Opisthorchiidae (2), Plagiorchiidae (3), Pleurogenidae (2), Polystomatidae (3), Proteocephalidae (1), Strigeidae (1) and Telorchiidae (3)). Only some helminths in the dataset were not identified to species level. Material is stored in the collection of the department of Parasitology of the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine.
endoparasites, biodiversity, herpetofauna, common species, helminths, parasitic worms, geocoded occurrence
According to the known literature (
Several significant studies dealing with terrestrial cold-blooded vertebrate parasites were performed on Ukraine's territory in the 20th century.
In total, over 100 different helminth species were recorded from amphibians and reptiles in Ukraine, nearly a third of which were registered in the larval stage (using herpetofauna as intermediate or paratenic hosts) (
The primary objective of this study is to investigate helminth diversity in the predominant species of amphibians and reptiles in Ukraine, except for those listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Accordingly, we reduced our sampling efforts when the likelihood of discovering additional helminth species within specific hosts became low. Additionally, we did not sample many host species that do not typically have specific helminths. For instance, after studying 23 specimens of Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758, we only dissected three specimens of Rana arvalis (Nilsson, 1842) because both frog species usually share the same helminth species (
Of all studied host species, only the common newt did not have any helminths detected (however, it should be noted that only one specimen was examined). While the common newt is not listed as an endangered species, we could not locate an area with a dense population of this species. According to literature data (
In the study, we collected a total of 47 species of helminths. That includes nearly all common parasite species, some of which have not been documented previously for the territory of Ukraine. For instance, two specimens of the acanthocephalan A. ranae were obtained from the intestine of the European pond turtle. Both were found attached, suggesting that the turtle most likely became infected by ingesting their intermediate host, Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Malacostraca, Asellidae). Additionally, for the first time, we recorded larvae of two distinct Mesocestoides species in the body cavity of common vipers. Notably, only one of them, namely Mesocestoides lineatus Goeze, 1782, had been previously reported in Ukrainian reptiles (
In our study, we tried to identify all parasites at the species level. However, we frequently encountered metacercariae and cystacanths in amphibians and early-stage nematode larvae in both amphibians and reptiles. These helminth specimens could only be identified to the family, class or phylum level. Amongst these records (n = 48) identified to a higher-than-specific level, there are 13 records identified to the level of genus (Oswaldocruzia - 5, Eustrongylides - 1, Strongyloides - 1, Neyraplectana - 1, Contracaecum - 2, Tylodelphys - 1, Mesocestoides - 2), 22 records - to the level of family (Strigeidae - 9, Cosmocercidae - 9, Acuariidae - 2, Plagiorchiidae - 1, Centrorhynchidae - 1), five records - to the level of superfamily (Metastrongyloidea - 5), two records - to the level of order (Spirurida - 2), one record - to the level of class (Trematoda - 1) and five records - to the level of phylum (Nematoda - 5). We believe that molecular methods can assist in their identification in the future, assuming data on adult parasites are deposited in GenBank.
The dataset presented provides current information on parasite species found in regions of Ukraine that are readily accessible. In addition to a list of parasites, the data encompasses their geographical location, site of infection and infection intensity (
Creating the genetic database of helminths from common species of amphibians and reptiles from the territory of Ukraine
Yaroslav Syrota (Point of contact)
The project covers different territories of Ukraine and includes the invasive study of communities of helminths presented in the target studied species of herpetofauna.
The aims of the projects include:
The project is mainly funded by the Grant for Young Scientists (0123U100296) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and is performed in the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine. The publishing of the study is supported by the EU 508 NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia under projects No. 09I03-03-V01-00046 and No. 09I03-03-V01-00016. Additionally, the research was partly funded by the project Emys-R https://emysr.cnrs.fr through the 2020-2021 Biodiversa & Water JPI joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivRestore ERA-Net COFUND programme and with the funding organisations Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, France), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Germany), State Education Development Agency (VIAA, Latvia) and National Science Center (NSC, Poland).
The authors of this project collected 440 records of helminths, of which 48 records were identified only to higher taxonomic categories of parasites from common species of amphibians and reptiles from various localities within Ukraine. All species were studied by light microscopy methods and the geocoded dataset was created. The presented dataset expands the knowledge on the recorded helminths' species of amphibians and reptiles, as there had been less than 50 records of these representatives of the world's fauna in Ukraine known before the dataset was published.
During the reporting period, several field trips were performed to various regions of Ukraine in order to collect material. The most favourable period for collecting amphibians is spring when they gather in large groups during spawning. However, due to security reasons as a result of the current Russian aggression, most of the hosts for this project were collected in late April and early May and until the beginning of November. This period is not critical since the level of helminth infection of the hosts increases due to active feeding, movement and completion of the spawning period (parasites that have entered the bodies of the hosts in the early larval stages had enough time to develop to adult stages) compared to the period immediately after wintering and at the time of spawning, when the hosts hardly eat, while the individuals weakened by hyperinfection of parasites died during wintering. During the warm periods of 2021, 2022 and 2023, a total of 205 amphibians and reptiles (
For visualising the records, the points of herpetofauna registrations were collected (with the indication of latitude 00.00000 N and longitude 00.00000 E) using the field off-line orientation programme MAPS.ME (version 12.0.1-Google) and Google Earth Pro (version 7.3.3). Visualisation of records and creation of maps was carried out in the QGIS program (v.2.181, QGIS Development Team, 2016. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. URL http://qgis.org). Species were identified using methodological materials (
The dataset visualisation was conducted using the R programming language (
Autopsies were performed in field laboratories during expedition trips. Otherwise live animals were transported to the laboratory of the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Plastic containers of suitable sizes with holes for ventilation lined with moist plant substrate, paper towels or soft cloth were used to transport the hosts. Amphibians and reptiles were euthanised by injecting 10% lidocaine in the brain or bloodstream (only terrapins) and examined for helminths. In amphibians, the spinal cord was cut and the canal was flushed with saline using a thin Pasteur pipette to detect trematode larvae.This could not be done for reptile parasites due to a thin spinal canal that is too narrow and long. All organs were removed, washed in saline and checked for parasites. The body cavity, body and limb muscles and subcutaneous space were also checked for parasites in selected individuals. Found parasites were carefully removed, placed in small Petri dishes with saline and then fixed accordingly to the taxonomic group. Nematodes and smaller trematodes were fixed with hot 70% ethanol; monogeneans, large trematodes and cestodes were euthanised with hot water and then fixed with 70% ethanol; acanthocephalans were left in distilled water for up to 24 hours for the proboscis to extend and then fixed with 70% ethanol. For larval stages found in cysts, some specimens were removed using forceps and needles and fixed with 70% ethanol, other specimens were fixed in cysts or (in case of hyperinfection with a single species) counted and only a sample was taken. All parasites were transferred to vials with 70% ethanol and subsequently stored in the fridge. Several monogeneans were fixed in 10% formalin and stored at room temperature.
For the microscopic studies, nematodes and smaller trematodes were placed in distilled water for about 20-60 min, cleared in lactophenol for 30-120 min and studied as temporary mounts. Larger trematodes were stained with Mayer's haematoxylin in the following stages: soaking the material preserved in 70% ethanol in water (5 min); immersion in dye (5–10 min depending on the size of the individuals); immersion in a solution of hydrochloric acid (5 min); ammonia solution (5 min); passing through alcohols of increasing concentration (70%, 80%, 90%, 96%, 100% – 5(7) min for each stage); cleared in clove oil (10–15 min) and inclusion in Canadian balm on a permanent slide.
Cestodes were stained with carmine according to the following scheme: immersion in dye (5–10 min); acidified alcohol (5 min); passing through alcohols of increasing concentration (80%, 90%, 96%, 100% - 5(7) min for each stage); clearing in clove oil (10–15 min) and mounted in Canada balm on a permanent slide.
A study on the morphology of helminths was performed under an AmScope T690B light microscope with a digital camera; photomicrographs were obtained on a ZEISS Axio Imager M1 System microscope at the Center for Collective Use of Scientific Instruments "Animalia" (https://www.izan.kiev.ua/cen-coll.htm) at the Institute of Zoology. The image plate was composed using Photoshop (CS5 v.12.1.0) software. The original descriptions and latest redescriptions of species were used for the identification, as well as the identification keys in the monographs by
The authors of the dataset are fully responsible for the quality of data provided: accuracy of identification, counting etc.
The dataset represents the records of helminths made on the territory of Ukraine, namely those regions that could be reached by the field expeditions under the conditions of war: Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Poltava, Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk and Kyiv administrative regions.
44.402 and 52.376 Latitude; 22.17 and 40.188 Longitude.
The dataset consists of the records of helminths from the three most represented phyla: Nematoda, Acanthocephala and Platyhelminthes. It represents the findings of 47 different helminth species from 15 different hosts (8 from class Amphibia and 7 from class Reptilia (Fig.
Helminth species identified to species level (ordered alphabetically within each phylum) recorded in the present study, their hosts and sites of infection: msc - mesocercariae of trematodes, mtc - metacercariae of trematodes, L3 - third-stage juveniles of nematodes.
Parasite | Site of infection | Host species | Prevalence, % | Mean intensity |
Acanthocephala: Palaeacanthocephala | ||||
Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) | intestine | B. bombina | 42.9 | 1.7 |
E. orbicularis | 3.7 | 2 | ||
R. temporaria | 47.8 | 4.2 | ||
R. arvalis | 33.3 | 1 | ||
P. ridibundus | 33.3 | 7.5 | ||
Centrorhynchus spinosus (Kaiser, 1893) (cystacanth) | body cavity | H. orientalis | 20 | 3 |
Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis (Shipley, 1903) | intestine | B. bufo | 16.7 | 6 |
Sphaerirostris picae (Rudolphi, 1819) (cystacanth) | body cavity & muscles | Z. vivipara | 4.8 | 1 |
Nematoda: Chromadorea | ||||
Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1851) | rectum | B. bufo | 16.7 | 33 |
intestine & rectum | B. viridis | 18.2 | 20.8 | |
Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) | intestine & rectum | R. temporaria | 69.6 | 8.1 |
intestine | P. ridibundus | 16.7 | 1 | |
Entomelas dujardini (Maupas, 1916) | lungs | A. colchica | 66.7 | 6.5 |
Entomelas entomelas (Dujardin, 1845) | pharynx | A. colchica | 50 | 8 |
Falcaustra armenica Massino, 1924 | intestine | E. orbicularis | 22.2 | 8.8 |
Icosiella neglecta (Diesing, 1851) | limb muscles | P. ridibundus | 33.3 | 7.5 |
Oswaldocruzia bialata (Molin, 1860) | intestine | R. temporaria | 73.9 | 9.9 |
R. arvalis | 33.3 | 3 | ||
Oswaldocruzia duboisi Ben Slimane, Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993 | intestine &stomach | N. natrix | 8.7 | 8 |
Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) | intestine | B. bufo | 100 | 25.2 |
Oswaldocruzia lacertica Svitin, 2017 | intestine | L. agilis | 8.7 | 10.5 |
Oswaldocruzia lisnykiensis Svitin, 2017 | intestine | A. colchica | 33.3 | 18.5 |
Oswaldocruzia skrjabini Travassos, 1937 | intestine & stomach | Z. vivipara | 23.8 | 1.3 |
Oswaldocruzia ukrainae Iwanitzky, 1928 | intestine &rectum | B. viridis | 40.9 | 5.8 |
Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) | lungs (L3) | R. temporaria | 8.7 | 3 |
intestine | R. temporaria | 8.7 | 17.5 | |
A. colchica | 16.7 | 4 | ||
stomach | N. natrix | 4.3 | 48 | |
Parapharyngodon szczerbaki Radchenko & Sharpilo, 1975 | intestine | L. agilis | 4.3 | 123 |
Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) | lungs | R. temporaria | 100 | 2.7 |
R. arvalis | 30.4 | 9.3 | ||
Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) | lungs | B. viridis | 22.7 | 8.2 |
Rhabdias sphaerocephala Goodey, 1924 | lungs | B. bufo | 91.7 | 7.2 |
Serpentirhabdias fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) | lung | N. natrix | 91.3 | 14.9 |
N. tessellata | 100 | 40.9 | ||
V. berus | 14.3 | 1 | ||
Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819) | stomach | E. orbicularis | 85.2 | 22.2 |
intestine | N. natrix | 8.7 | 1 | |
Platyhelminthes: Trematoda | ||||
Alaria alata (Goeze, 1782) (msc) | body cavity | N. natrix | 39.1 | 136.8 |
Astiotrema emydis Ejsmont, 1930 | intestine | E. orbicularis | 18.5 | 9.4 |
Astiotrema monticellii Stossich, 1904 | intestine | N. natrix | 43.5 | 146.5 |
N. tessellata | 28.6 | 5 | ||
Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) | intestine | H. orientalis | 40 | 1 |
intestine & rectum | P. ridibundus | 100 | 12 | |
Encyclometra colubrimurorum (Rudolphi, 1819) | stomach | N. natrix | 52.2 | 30.2 |
body cavity (mtc) | H. orientalis | 40 | 6 | |
Haematoloechus variegatus (Rudolphi, 1819) | lungs | P. ridibundus | 14.3 | 1 |
B. bombina | 16.7 | 1 | ||
Leptophallus nigrovenosus (Bellingham, 1844) | oesophagus & intestine | N. natrix | 13 | 17.3 |
Macrodera longicollis (Abildgaard, 1788) | lung | N. natrix | 52.2 | 6 |
N. tessellata | 28.6 | 1.5 | ||
Metaleptophallus gracillimus (Luhe, 1909) | oesophagus & intestine | N. natrix | 43.5 | 14.9 |
Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frolich, 1791) | intestine | P. ridibundus | 83.3 | 27.4 |
R. temporaria | 4.3 | 1 | ||
B. bufo | 8.3 | 1 | ||
N. natrix | 4.3 | 3 | ||
Paralepoderma cloacicola (Luhe, 1909) | intestine | N. natrix | 52.2 | 26.7 |
N. tessellata | 42.9 | 29 | ||
Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) | intestine | L. agilis | 4.3 | 2 |
Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) | intestine | R. temporaria | 4.3 | 1 |
B. bufo | 8.3 | 17 | ||
Prosotocus confusus (Looss, 1894) | intestine | P. ridibundus | 16.7 | 10 |
Skrjabinoeces similis (Looss, 1899) | lungs | R. arvalis | 33.3 | 3 |
Strigea sphaerula (Rudolphi, 1803) (mtc) | body cavity | N. natrix | 52.2 | 125.9 |
N. tessellata | 28.6 | 42.5 | ||
Telorchis assula (Dujardin, 1845) | stomach | N. natrix | 69.6 | 40.6 |
intestine | N. tessellata | 100 | 62.9 | |
Telorchis stossichi Goldberger, 1911 | intestine | E. orbicularis | 33.3 | 118 |
Tylodelphys excavata (Rudolphi, 1803) (mtc) | spine | P. ridibundus | 33.3 | 34 |
Platyhelminthes: Cestoda | ||||
Ophiotaenia europaea Odening, 1963 | intestine | N. natrix | 82.6 | 6.8 |
N. tessellata | 71.4 | 5.8 | ||
Platyhelminthes: Monogenea | ||||
Polystoma integerrimum (Frolich, 1791) | urinary bladder | R. temporaria | 39.1 | 1.8 |
Polystoma viridis Euzet, Combes & Batchvarov, 1974 | urinary bladder | B. viridis | 4.5 | 3 |
Polystomoides ocellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) | pharynx | E. orbicularis | 25.9 | 1.4 |
Visualising the helminth community of common herpetofauna species in Ukraine. Each point represents a helminth component community of a host species. The x-axis shows the prevalence of infection, which is the proportion of hosts infected with at least one helminth species. The y-axis shows the mean intensity of infection, which is the average number of helminth individuals per infected host. The colour of the points indicates the richness of the helminth community, which is the number of helminth species found in each host. The size of the points shows the host sample size.
Rank | Scientific Name |
---|---|
kingdom | Animalia |
phylum | Acanthocephala |
class | Palaeacanthocephala |
order | Echinorhynchida |
family | Echinorhynchidae |
order | Polymorphida |
family | Centrorhynchidae |
phylum | Nematoda |
class | Chromadorea |
order | Dioctophymatida |
family | Dioctophymatidae |
order | Rhabditida |
family | Acuariidae |
family | Anisakidae |
family | Cosmocercidae |
family | Gnathostomatidae |
family | Kathlanidae |
family | Molineidae |
family | Onchocercidae |
family | Pharyngodonidae |
family | Rhabdiasidae |
superfamily | Metastrongyloidea |
family | Strongyloididae |
order | Spirurida |
phylum | Platyhelminthes |
class | Cestoda |
order | Cyclophyllidea |
family | Mesocestoididae |
order | Onchoproteocephalidea |
family | Proteocephalidae |
class | Monogenea |
order | Polystomatidea |
family | Polystomatidae |
class | Trematoda |
order | Diplostomida |
family | Diplostomidae |
family | Strigeidae |
order | Plagiorchiida |
family | Diplodiscidae |
family | Encyclometridae |
family | Haematoloechidae |
family | Leptophallidae |
family | Macroderidae |
family | Opisthorchiidae |
family | Plagiorchiidae |
family | Pleurogenidae |
family | Telorchiidae |
The parasites' hosts were collected during the vegetation period, when the hosts began to be active, to the period of seasonal decreasing of the activity: from March to October.
The dataset consists of 440 records of helminths belonging to 47 species; 48 records were identified only to higher taxonomic categories. A total of 11305 parasites individuals were recorded from 205 hosts belonging to eight amphibian and seven reptile species. Such stages as mature individuals, larvae and cysts were taken into account after examining such parts of the hosts' bodies as muscles, stomach, liver, lungs, body cavity, intestine, rectum, spine, pharynx, oesophagus and bladder (
The dataset presented provides current information on parasite species found in regions of Ukraine that are readily accessible. In addition to a list of parasites, the data encompasses their geographical location, site of infection and infection intensity. While exploring other regions could potentially reveal more parasite species, we believe this dataset offers a valuable background for further research, including analyses of parasite communities amongst the examined hosts and comparative studies with other hosts and regions.
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
occurrenceID | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceID; a unique identifier of a particular occurrence within this dataset. |
scientificName | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificName; the full scientific name, with authorship and date information, if known, of the identified species or other taxonomic level. |
basisOfRecord | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/basisOfRecord; a specific nature of the way in which the data were recorded. |
eventDate | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventDate; the date-time or interval during which the observation was made. |
verbatimeventDate | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimEventDate; an original version of the recorded date-time or interval during which the observation was made. |
taxonRank | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRank; the taxonomic rank of the record made. |
decimalLatitude | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/decimalLatitude; the geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a location, where the observed individual (its host actually) was spotted. |
decimalLongitude | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/decimalLongitude; the geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a location, where the observed individual (its host actually) was spotted. |
coordinatesUncertaintyInMetres | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/coordinateUncertaintyInMeters; the horizontal distance (in metres) from the given latitude and longitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the location. |
geodeticDatum | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/geodeticDatum; the ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS), upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. |
language | http://purl.org/dc/terms/language; a language of the resource. |
taxonRemarks | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRemarks; comments or notes about the taxon or name. |
organismRemarks | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismRemarks; comments or notes about the registered organism(s). |
occurrenceRemarks | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceRemarks; comments or notes about the occurrence of the organism. In this dataset - localisation of the helminths in different parts of the host's body. |
organismQUantity | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismQuantity; a number or enumeration value for the quantity of the registered organisms. |
organismQuantityType | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/organismQuantityType; the type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. |
georeferenceProtocol | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferenceProtocol; a description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates and uncertainties. |
recordedBy | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/recordedBy; a person, group or organisation responsible for recording the original registration of the species. |
identifiedBy | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identifiedBy; a list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who assigned the taxon to the registered organism. |
georeferencedBy | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/georeferencedBy; a person, group or organisation who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the location where the host of the parasite(s) was caught. |
materialSampleID | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/materialSampleID; an identifier for the sampled hosts, where the parasites were found. |
associatedTaxa | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedTaxa; a list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of taxon records and the associations of this occurrence to each of them. |
countryCode | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/countryCode; the standard code for the country in which the location of record occurs. |
country | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/country; the name of the country or major administrative unit in which the location of record occurs. |
stateProvince | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/stateProvince; the name of the next smaller administrative region than country. |
locality | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/locality; the specific description of the place. |
kingdom | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/kingdom; the full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified. |
phylum | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/phylum; the full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified. |
class | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/class; the full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified. |
order | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/order; the full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified. |
family | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/family; the full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified. |
genus | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/genus; the full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
specificEpithet | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/specificEpithet; the name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName. |
verbatimTaxonRank | http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimTaxonRank; the taxonomic rank of the most specific name (here - superfamily, as this option was absent in the mapping tool) used in the dataset. |
type | http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/type; the nature or genre of the resource. |
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Dr. Oksana Greben for her help with staining and identification of cestodes and to Dr. Volodymyr Gorobchyshyn, Dr. Oksana Nekrasova, Ms. Valeria Dupak for their invaluable help during the field studies. The authors are grateful to the NGO "Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group" (UNCG; https://uncg.org.ua/) for providing a place to publish data on their profile as a publisher on the GBIF platform. Additionally, the authors are extremely grateful to the Armed Forces of Ukraine for protection and the opportunity to conduct scientific research and publish scientific works, supporting science in Ukraine even during the time of the full-scale Russian aggression.