Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomy & Inventories
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Taxonomy & Inventories
Floristic inventory and distribution characteristics of algific talus slopes in a specific area of forest biodiversity in South Korea
expand article infoJong-Won Lee‡, Ho-Geun Yun§, Tae Young Hwang§, Kyungmin Kim|, Se-Hoon Jung|, Jong Bin An§
‡ Korea National Arboretum, Yanggu, Republic of Korea
§ Korea National Arboretum, DMZ Forest Biological Conservation, Yanggu-gun, Republic of Korea
| Daoneco, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author: Jong Bin An (ajb8825@korea.kr)
Academic editor: Quentin Groom
Received: 10 Oct 2023 | Accepted: 09 Dec 2023 | Published: 18 Dec 2023
© 2023 Jong-Won Lee, Ho-Geun Yun, Tae Young Hwang, Kyungmin Kim, Se-Hoon Jung, Jong Bin An
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Lee J-W, Yun H-G, Hwang TY, Kim K, Jung S-H, An JB (2023) Floristic inventory and distribution characteristics of algific talus slopes in a specific area of forest biodiversity in South Korea. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e113952. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e113952
 Open Access

Abstract

Background

This study conducted a survey for establishing in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures for northern lineage plants that are vulnerable to climate change and for designating Forest Genetic Resource Reserve for 25 algific talus slope sites, which are specific areas of forest biodiversity. The survey was conducted in South Korea within a distance of 50 m to the east, west, north and south from the core area where wind blows to the algific talus slopes. The study was conducted once or twice per season from April 2016 to November 2021.

New information

Vascular plants of 25 algific talus slope sites in South Korea included a total of 1,052 taxa of 125 families, 486 genera, 947 species, 23 subspecies, 75 variety and 7 forma. The maximum surveyed area was 0.09 km2, accounting for only 0.00014% of the 62,860 km2 forest area in Korea, but comprise 22.27% of the 4,724 species of vascular plants in Korea. The algific talus slopes are areas rich in forest biodiversity. Six taxa were categorized as endangered, including Paeonia obovata Maxim. Sixty-seven taxa, including Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl.; 58 taxa endemic to the Korean Peninsula, including Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey; and 317 taxa of floristic target plants were categorized as rare plants in the Red list. Further, 181 taxa were identified as northern lineage plants and 32 taxa, including Sillaphyton podagraria (H. Boissieu) Pimenov, were limestone area plants. Regarding alien plants, 75 taxa, including Oenothera biennis L., were identified and the naturalization and urbanization rates were 7.13% and 12.12%, respectively. Plants specific to the phytogeography of the 25 algific talus slope sites in this study were Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Rosa koreana Kom., Syringa villosa Vahl subsp. wolfii (C.K. Schneid.) Jin Y.Chen & D.Y. Hong, Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb., Tephroseris flammea (Turcz. ex DC.) Holub, among others.

Keywords

Algific talus slope, Korea endemic plants, rare plants, floristic target species, alien plants, phytogeographic plants

Introduction

Biodiversity refers to the diversity of the biological species on the Earth as well as the diversity of the ecosystems the species inhabit and diversity of the genes they exhibit (United Nations 1992). Advancement in the economy in the 20th century led to sudden urbanization and indiscrete exploitation of natural resources, resulting in rapid increase in the temperature of the Earth due to climate change and global warming (Boo et al. 2006). Acceleration of climate change led to disturbance or alteration of habitats of plants growing in alpine and subalpine zones (Kim and Lee 2011) and the disappearance of the species that failed to adapt to the changing environment (Lee et al. 2022a). Additionally, species population and biodiversity reduced as invasive alien plants dominated the habitats of endemic species, resulting in the elimination of these species from their natural habitats (Kong et al. 2011). Moreover, the reduction of biodiversity is occurring at an unprecedented rate corresponding to the everincreasing causal activities such as overexploitation. Particularly, the COVID-19 pandemic experience has demonstrated the importance of the relationship between humans and nature. The well-being and survival of humans have been predicted to be severely affected by the continuous loss of biodiversity and destruction of the ecosystem (Locke et al. 2021). As biodiversity provides various ecosystem services and has a substantial role in the sustainability of the Earth, ecosystem and humans, there is an urgent need to develop measures that support systematic conservation and sustainable utilization of nature with respect to biodiversity at a national level.

Algific talus slopes are characterized by locally detected unique micrometeorological phenomena such as cold air blowing or water getting frozen during summer and warm wind blowing during winter in a hole or crack on the rock (Kong et al. 2012). In a situation where the habitat of polar and alpine plants that grow at low temperatures is gradually decreasing due to global warming or climate change, the micrometeorological phenomenon of wind holes that maintain a constant temperature regardless of the season is very important as a refuge for plants sensitive to high temperatures. It is thus known that rare plants and plants that are uncommon in the environments at close proximity to humans are widely distributed on the algific talus slopes. Notably, as the habitats of polar and alpine plants that naturally grow in low temperature regions are being continuously reduced due to global warming or climate change, the micrometeorological phenomena on algific talus slopes, where low temperature is maintained even in summer, are critical for providing a refuge for plants sensitive to high temperatures and for the conservation of rare and endangered species (Kong et al. 2017).

Various studies have been conducted in South Korea and other countries on algific talus slopes. In advanced countries such as the U.S. and Japan, the importance of algific talus slopes has been recognized, which has led to their designation as reserve areas for protection. Since 1989, algific talus slopes in the U.S. have been designated as natural wildlife reserves and are managed as such; furthermore, in Japan, continuous studies are conducted on the algific talus slopes in central and northern regions of Honshu (Iokawa and Ishizawa 2003). In South Korea, data on algific talus slopes have been compiled since 1926 with the investigation of forests during the Japanese colonial era. A previous study reported a total of 149 algific talus slopes distributed across the nation (Park 2017). The Rio Convention has emphasized the importance of promoting biodiversity in response to climate change through continuous management, such as topographic and species distribution monitoring. Despite such efforts, all algific talus slopes other than that in Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon, designated as the Forest Gene Resource Reserve (FGRR), are yet to be designated and managed as a reserve and concerns have been raised regarding their destruction (Kim et al. 2016).

The Korea Forest Service designates and manages the FGRRs as forests that require protection and management to conserve the plants within forest ecosystems. The designation of FGRRs is performed by the mayor, governor or local branch of the Korea Forest Service. There are seven types of forests designated as reserve areas: virgin forest, rare and valuable forest, rare plant habitat, alpine plant habitat, forest marsh and valley, natural ecosystem reserve and useful plant habitat. However, most algific talus slopes are currently not designated as reserve areas despite the urgent requirement of active forest management. Hence, algific talus slopes should be designated as FGRRs or there is a need for Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs). OECMs are regional measures to conserve the biodiversity in and around a reserve area. An area of OECMs is not a reserve area but a geographically defined area that is managed in ways to achieve positive and continuous long-term results towards the conservation of biodiversity and the relevant ecosystem functions and services. The goal is to conserve an area with cultural, spiritual, social and economic values (Hong et al. 2017, Convention on Biological Diversity 2018).

This study was conducted to rediscover the phytogeographic values of algific talus slopes by investigating the distribution of five types across 25 algific talus slopes as the specific areas of forest biodiversity. This will aid in developing optimal conservation measures for algific talus slopes that serve as a refuge for northern lineage plants among alpine plants and those vulnerable to climate change, as well as providing basic data for the systematic management of algific talus slopes and facilitating the designation of algific talus slopes as FGRRs.

Materials and methods

Study site

Arboretum of Korea Forest Service (Korea National Arboretum 2013, Suppl. material 1, Fig. 1). Algific talus slopes are classified into five types: talus, cave, dent, vertical cave and others. According to the current status of algific talus slopes by type, 14 algific talus slopes are type talus (e.g. Bangnae-ri, Nae-myeon, Hongcheon-gun), 4 algific talus slopes are type cave (Dongmak-ri, Yeoncheon-eup, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do), 4 algific talus slopes are type dent (Milyang Ice Valley of Samyang-ri, Sannae-myeon, Milyang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do), 1 algific talus slope is type vertical cave (Geom-eun Oreum of Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Jeju-si, Jeju-do) and 2 algific talus slopes are type others (one of Gwandong-ri, Hwasan-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do and the other of Gwnagjeom-dong, Macheon-myeon, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do) (Fig. 8).

Figure 1.  

Map showing location of survey areas.

Figure 2.  

Pictures showing rare plants and Red list on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

Figure 3.  

Pictures showing endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

Figure 4.  

Pictures showing floristic target plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

Figure 5.  

Pictures showing northern lineage plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

Figure 6.  

Pictures showing calciphilous plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

Figure 7.  

Pictures showing invasive alien plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

Figure 8.  

3 major types (Talus, Cave and Dent) of algific talus slopes in South Korea.

Method

Vascular plants were investigated in each season during April 2016 to November 2021. In the investigation, we aimed to cover up to 50 m to the east, west, south and north from the centre of the core area from where the wind blows to the algific talus slopes. The detected plants were mainly identified on-site. The plants that posed a difficulty in identification were made into a specimen to be identified at the laboratory in reference to Korea National Arboretum 2008a, Korea National Arboretum 2011, Korea National Arboretum 2012, Lee 2014a, Lee 2014b, Korea National Arboretum 2016, Korea National Arboretum 2019bVscular plants were listed in order from pteridophytes to gymnosperms to angiosperms according to the Engler’s classification system (Melchior 1964). The scientific names were recorded according to the National Standard Floristic Inventory (Korea National Arboretum 2023). The names of rare plants and Red list species were recorded in reference to Korea National Arboretum (2008b), Korea National Arboretum (2021), National Institute of Biological Resources (2021)and those for endangered wildlife were recorded in reference to Korea Ministry of Envrionment (2023). Chung et al. (2017) and Korea National Arboretum (2022) were referred for the endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. For the endemic species, references were made to National Institute of Biological Resources (2013), National Institute of Biological Resources (2020). The floristic target species were recorded according to the class defined by National Institute of Ecology (2018). The northern lineage plants of the Korean Peninsula were recorded according to Gantsetseg et al. (2020) and the 300 species threatened by climate change were recorded according to Korea National Arboretum (2010). The limestone area plants were listed according to Kim et al. (2021). The alien plants and invasive alien plants were listed in reference to the national floristic inventory of alien plants Korea National Arboretum (2019a) and Kang et al. (2020), respectively. The calculation of the Naturalization Index (NI) and Urbanization Index (UI) was based on Numata and Kotaki (1975) and Kim et al. (2000), respectively.

The set of all the records collected for the present work was included in the dataset of occurrences of vascular plant on algific talus slopes in South Korea, which was published through GBIF (An and Lee 2023).

The distribution of the species listed below is based on The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023).

Checklist of vascular plant on algific talus slopes in South Korea

Huperzia miyoshiana (Makino) Ching, 1981

Distribution: 

Alaska to NW. U.S.A., Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis., 1874

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to NE. China and Japan, Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, Cuba to Hispaniola

Lycopodium annotinum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Lycopodium obscurum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Russian Far East, Subarctic America to U.S.A.

Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring, 1838

Distribution: 

Europe to Japan and Himalaya

Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring, 1843

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to NW. Pacific

Selaginella rossii (Baker) Warb., 1900

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring, 1843

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central & South Malesia

Equisetum arvense L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Osmunda cinnamomea L., 1753

Distribution: 

New World, Arunachal Pradesh to Russian Far East and North Indo-China

Osmunda japonica Thunb., 1780

Distribution: 

Pakistan to Sakhalin and Indo-China

Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats., 1985

Distribution: 

India to Ogasawara-shoto and Pacific

Dennstaedtia hirsuta (Sw.) Mett. ex Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Dennstaedtia wilfordii (T.Moore) Christ, 1910

Distribution: 

Pakistan to West Himalaya, South Russian Far East to China and Japan

Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl, 1851

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A.Heller, 1909

Distribution: 

India to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia, Canada to North Mexico

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., 1806

Distribution: 

Cosmopolitan

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, 1851

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz. 1936

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Siberia and Japan

Adiantum pedatum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Japan

Cheilanthes argentea (S.G.Gmel.) Kunze, 1850

Distribution: 

Siberia to Japan and North Indo-China

Coniogramme intermedia Hieron., 1916

Distribution: 

Pakistan to Russian Far East and Indo-China, Taiwan

Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels, 1899

Distribution: 

Central & S. China to North Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Asplenium incisum Thunb., 1794

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Asplenium pekinense Hance, 1867

Distribution: 

Pakistan to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Asplenium ruprechtii Sa.Kurata, 1961

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and China

Asplenium tenuicaule Hayata, 1914

Distribution: 

Pakistan to South Russian Far East and Philippines

Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Mey., 1962

Distribution: 

North America, Temperate & Subtropical Old World to NorthEast & East Tropical Africa

Parathelypteris japonica (Baker) Ching, 1963

Distribution: 

South China to Temperate East Asia

Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) D.Watt, 1867

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Thelypteris palustris (A.Gray) Schott, 1834

Distribution: 

Central Canada to Mexico, Bermuda, Cuba, Temperate Eurasia, Morocco

Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn, 1868

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Japan and North China

Woodsia manchuriensis Hook., 1861

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Woodsia microsora Kodama, 1917

Distribution: 

North Korea

Woodsia polystichoides D.C.Eaton, 1858

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Japan and China

Woodsia subcordata Turcz., 1832

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to North & Central Japan and North China

Onoclea interrupta (Maxim.) Ching & P.C.Chiu, 1974

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and China

Pentarhizidium orientale (Hook.) Hayata, 1927

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Japan

Athyrium iseanum Rosenst., 1913

Distribution: 

China to Japan

Athyrium monomachii (Kom.) Kom., 1931

Distribution: 

Siberia to North & Central Japan and North China

Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance, 1872

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to Temperate East Asia and North Indo-China

Athyrium spinulosum (Blume) Milde, 1870

Distribution: 

Sulawesi to New Guinea

Athyrium yokoscense (Franch. & Sav.) Christ, 1896

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Cornopteris crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Nakai, 1931

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & Central Japan and North & East China

Deparia conilii (Franch. & Sav.) M.Kato, 1977

Distribution: 

East China to Japan

Deparia coreana (Christ) M.Kato, 1984

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Deparia japonica (Thunb.) M.Kato, 1977

Distribution: 

Pakistan to South Kuril Islands and Lesser Sunda Islands

Deparia pycnosora (Christ) M.Kato, 1977

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan and North China

Diplazium sibiricum (Turcz. ex Kunze) Sa.Kurata, 1961

Distribution: 

North & NorthEast Europe to North & Central Japan

Arachniodes borealis Seriz., 1986

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Japan

Arachniodes standishii (T.Moore) Ohwi, 1962

Distribution: 

Korea (Jeju-do), Japan

Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm., 1866

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to Korea and Indo-China, Japan, Taiwan

Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C.Chr., 1905

Distribution: 

China, South Korea, Japan

Dryopteris chinensis (Baker) Koidz., 1930

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Japan

Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai, 1920

Distribution: 

Central East & Central North China to Russian Far East and Japan

Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C.Eaton) Kuntze, 1891

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy, 1977

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott, 1834

Distribution: 

North Finland to Russian Far East and Korea, North & Central Japan, Subarctic America to North U.S.A.

Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr., 1905

Distribution: 

China to Japan and North Thailand

Dryopteris lacera (Thunb.) Kuntze, 1891

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Dryopteris sacrosancta Koidz., 1924

Distribution: 

Central & South Japan

Dryopteris saxifraga H.Itô, 1936

Distribution: 

China (Jilin, Liaoning), South Korea, Japan

Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) Makino, 1909

Distribution: 

SouthEast China, South Korea, Japan

Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée, 1852

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Polystichum craspedosorum (Maxim.) Diels, 1899

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Japan and China

Polystichum ovato-paleaceum var. coraiense (Christ) Sa.Kurata, 1964

Distribution: 

Central Korea, North & Central Japan

Polystichum polyblepharum Nakai, 1925

Distribution: 

Zimbabwe to South Africa, West Indian Ocean, Himalaya to Japan and Vietnam

Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) C.Presl, 1851

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Davallia mariesii H.J.Veitch, 1880

Distribution: 

North & East China to Temperate East Asia

Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C.Presl, 1851

Distribution: 

Arunachal Pradesh to Temperate East Asia

Lepisorus onoei (Franch. & Sav.) Ching, 1933

Distribution: 

South Korea, Japan to North Nansei-shoto

Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching, 1933

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia, Philippines (North Luzon), Hawaiian Islands

Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel & Maack) Ching, 1933

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, Japan

Pleurosoriopsis makinoi (Maxim. ex Makino) Fomin, 1939

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Japan

Polypodium sibiricum Sipliv., 1974

Distribution: 

Siberia to North & Central Japan and North China, Subarctic America to West & Central Canada

Pyrrosia linearifolia (Hook.) Ching, 1935

Distribution: 

China (Jilin) to Temperate East Asia

Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching, 1935

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea and China

Ginkgo biloba L., 1771

Distribution: 

China (Zhejiang)

Abies holophylla Maxim., 1866

Distribution: 

Primorye to Korea

Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim., 1866

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière, 1856

Distribution: 

Central Japan

Picea abies (L.) H.Karst., 1881

Distribution: 

Europe

Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, 1855

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, North & Central Japan

Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., 1842

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea and Central & South Japan

Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., 1842

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Pinus rigida Mill., 1768

Distribution: 

SouthEast Canada to East U.S.A.

Pinus thunbergii Parl., 1868

Distribution: 

Korea, Central & South Japan

Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

NorthEast China, Korea, Japan

Thuja koraiensis Nakai, 1919

Distribution: 

China (Jilin) to Korea

Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex J.Forbes) K.Koch, 1873

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Central & S. Japan, Taiwan

Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Juglans mandshurica Maxim., 1856

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc., 1843

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Vietnam, Korea, Central & S. Japan

Populus tremula var. davidiana (Dode) C.K.Schneid., 1916

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Algeria

Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee, 1955

Distribution: 

Korea (artificial hybrid)

Salix caprea L., 1753

Distribution: 

Europe to North Asia, North China to Japan

Salix gracilistyla Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Korea, Japan

Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz, 1931

Distribution: 

Korea

Salix pierotii Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Salix rorida Laksch., 1911

Distribution: 

Central Asia to Russian Far East and Japan

Salix xerophila Flod., 1930

Distribution: 

Subarctic to U.S.A.

Alnus incana subsp. hirsuta (Spach) Á.Löve & D.Löve, 1976

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud., 1840

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan

Betula chinensis Maxim., 1879

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea

Betula costata Trautv., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Betula davurica Pall., 1784

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to North & Central Japan

Betula ermanii Cham., 1831

Distribution: 

Siberia to Japan

Betula pendula Roth, 1788

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, NorthWest Africa, Alaska to Canada

Betula schmidtii Regel, 1865

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan (North & Central Honshu)

Carpinus cordata Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

SouthWest Primorye, China, Korea, Japan

Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

Japan, Korea

Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim., 1882

Distribution: 

South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan

Carpinus turczaninovii Hance, 1869

Distribution: 

China, Korea, South Central & South Japan

Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv., 1844

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to China and Japan

Corylus sieboldiana Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

South Siberia to North China and Japan

Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., 1916

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to North China and North & Central Japan

Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan

Quercus acutissima Carruth., 1861

Distribution: 

Himalaya to China and Indo-China, Korea, Central & S. Japan

Quercus aliena Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Indo-China, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Quercus dentata Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Mongolia to South Russian Far East and China, Temperate East Asia

Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., 1850

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and North China

Quercus serrata Murray, 1784

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to China, Taiwan, Korea (including Chenju Do), Japan

Quercus variabilis Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

Central & South Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Central, East & South China, Tibet, Vietnam

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., 1890

Distribution: 

Central & S. China

Celtis aurantiaca Nakai, 1930

Distribution: 

East China to Korea

Celtis biondii Pamp., 1910

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Celtis bungeana Blume, 1856

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Celtis choseniana Nakai, 1930

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan

Celtis jessoensis Koidz., 1913

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan

Celtis koraiensis Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

East China to Korea

Celtis sinensis Pers., 1805

Distribution: 

Central & S. China to Indo-China and Temperate East Asia

Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch., 1872

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai, 1932

Distribution: 

South Siberia to North Myanmar and Japan

Ulmus laciniata (Herder) Mayr ex Schwapp., 1895

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, 1868

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Korea and East Qingai

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., 1798

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Vietnam, S. Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu) to Taiwan

Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino, 1903

Distribution: 

China to South Kuril Islands and Temperate East Asia

Broussonetia hanjiana M.Kim, 2009

Distribution: 

Korea and Japan

Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai, 1927

Distribution: 

Central & South Japan to Jawa and North Australia

Ficus erecta Thunb., 1786

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to South China and Vietnam, Temperate East Asia

Morus alba L., 1753

Distribution: 

Central China

Morus bombycis Koidz., 1915

Distribution: 

Sakhalin and Indo-China

Morus mongolica (Bureau) C.K.Schneid., 1916

Distribution: 

Mongolia to China and Japan

Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., 1935

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Boehmeria japonica (L.f.) Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

China, Kuril Islands to Temperate East Asia

Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich., 1830

Distribution: 

Indian Subcontinent to Temperate East Asia and Indo-China

Boehmeria paraspicata Nakai, 1930

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Japan, North Taiwan

Boehmeria platanifolia (Franch. & Sav.) C.H.Wright, 1899

Distribution: 

China, South Korea, Japan

Boehmeria spicata (Thunb.) Thunb., 1794

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Japan, North Taiwan

Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino, 1912

Distribution: 

Central & South China, Kuril Islands to Temperate East Asia

Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis, 1981

Distribution: 

SouthEast Tibet to Central & South China and Myanmar, South Korea, Japan

Nanocnide japonica Blume, 1856

Distribution: 

Central & South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Pilea japonica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., 1929

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Pilea peploides (Gaudich.) Hook. & Arn., 1832

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East and Malesia, Hawaiian Islands, Galápagos

Pilea pumila (L.) A.Gray, 1848

Distribution: 

East Canada to Central & East U.S.A.

Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem., 1819

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Urtica laetevirens Maxim., 1876

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & Central China, South Korea, Japan

Urtica thunbergiana Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & Central China, South Korea, Japan

Thesium chinense Turcz., 1837

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to China and Temperate East Asia

Viscum album var. lutescens (Makino) Kitag., 1979

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur, 1853

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, 1794

Distribution: 

East Tibet to China (Sichuan, Yunnan)

Fallopia dentatoalata (F.Schmidt) Holub, 1971

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & Central Japan and West Himalaya

Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, 1971

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

NortheEast Pakistan to Kuril Islands and Philippines

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, 1800

Distribution: 

NorthWest Africa, Temperate Eurasia to West & Central Malesia, Australia

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre, 1800

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere to West & Central Malesia, North Africa to Ethiopia

Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag., 1937

Distribution: 

Pakistan to Russian Far East and Philippines

Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H.Gross, 1913

Distribution: 

Eritrea to KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Russian Far East

Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross, 1919

Distribution: 

NorthEast Türkiye to Russian Far East and New Guinea

Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross, 1913

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Philippines

Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross, 1919

Distribution: 

Siberia to Himalaya and Temperate East Asia, Central & East Canada to Central & East U.S.A., Hispaniola

Persicaria senticosa (Meisn.) H.Gross, 1919

Distribution: 

China to Vietnam, Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross, 1913

Distribution: 

Northeast. Türkiye to West Caucasus, Himalaya to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Polygonum aviculare L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere, Macaronesia to Eritrea

Reynoutria ciliinervis (Nakai) Moldenke, 1941

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Reynoutria japonica Houtt., 1777

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023)

Rumex acetosa L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, NorthWest Africa The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023)

Rumex acetosella L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Rumex crispus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, North Africa, Temperate Eurasia

Rumex japonicus Houtt., 1777

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Rumex obtusifolius L., 1753

Distribution: 

Europe to Central Siberia and Iran, NorthWest Africa

Phytolacca americana L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Canada to Mexico

Mollugo pentaphylla L., 1753

Distribution: 

India, Sri Lanka, Korea

Portulaca oleracea L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Tropical Africa, Mediterranean to Pakistan and Arabian Peninsula

Arenaria serpyllifolia L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia to Philippines (Luzon), North Africa to Ethiopia

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., 1799

Distribution: 

Europe, Macaronesia to Assam

Cerastium holosteoides subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Buttler, 1997

Distribution: 

Temperate & Subarctic Eurasia to New Guinea (Mt. Kaindi)

Dianthus chinensis L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Europe to Temperate Asia and North India

Lychnis cognata Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea

Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi, 1935

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan (Honshu)

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax, 1934

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Pseudostellaria palibiniana (Takeda) Ohwi, 1935

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan (Honshu)

Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi, 1937

Distribution: 

Indian Subcontinent to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Silene baccifera (L.) Durande, 1782

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Silene firma Siebold & Zucc., 1845

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to China and Temperate East Asia

Silene seoulensis Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea, Japan (Shikoku)

Stellaria alsine Grimm, 1767

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to West Malaysia

Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop., 1771

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Stellaria media (L.) Vill., 1789

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, North & Northeast Tropical Africa

Chenopodium album L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate to Indian Subcontinent

Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino, 1910

Distribution: 

Temperate to Indian Subcontinent

Chenopodium bryoniifolium Bunge, 1876

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to North & Central Japan

Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., 1800

Distribution: 

Europe to Korea and North Indo-China

Achyranthes bidentata var. japonica Miq., 1865

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Northwest Pacific

Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus (L.) Costea, (2001)

Distribution: 

Paraguay to South Brazil and NorthEast Argentina

Amaranthus patulus Bertol., 1837

Distribution: 

South Ontario to West South America

Amaranthus retroflexus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Mexico

Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch, 1853

Distribution: 

Central China to Japan

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal, 1817

Distribution: 

South Korea, South Japan to Taiwan

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., 1868

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Central Japan

Illicium anisatum L., 1759

Distribution: 

South Korea, Japan to Taiwan

Actinodaphne lancifolia (Blume) Meisn., 1864

Distribution: 

South Korea, South Central & South Japan to Central Taiwan

Lindera erythrocarpa Makino, 1897

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Korea, South Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Lindera glauca (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Indo-China and Korea, South Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

Bhutan to China and Myanmar, Korea, South Central & S. Japan

Machilus japonica Siebold & Zucc, 1846

Distribution: 

South Korea, South Central Japan to Taiwan

Neolitsea aciculata (Blume) Koidz., 1918

Distribution: 

South Korea, South Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz., 1926

Distribution: 

China (Zhejiang), South Korea, Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Aconitum alboviolaceum Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & Central Korea

Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., 1934

Distribution: 

North Korea

Aconitum barbatum Patrin ex Pers., 1806

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea

Aconitum coreanum (H.Lév.) Rapaics, 1907

Distribution: 

Mongolia to South Russian Far East and North & Central Korea

Aconitum jaluense Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & Central Korea, Central & South Japan

Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

East China to Korea

Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, 1935

Distribution: 

Korea

Actaea asiatica H.Hara, 1939

Distribution: 

Tibet to Russian Far East and Japan

Actaea bifida (Nakai) J.Compton, 1998

Distribution: 

Korea

Actaea cimicifuga L., 1753

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea

Actaea dahurica (Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Franch., 1883

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Korea

Anemone reflexa Steph. ex Willd., 1799

Distribution: 

East European Russia to Korea

Caltha palustris L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate & Subarctic Northern Hemisphere

Clematis apiifolia DC., 1817

Distribution: 

Central & Southeast China, Korea, Central & South Japan

Clematis brachyura Maxim., 1876

Distribution: 

Korea

Clematis brevicaudata DC., 1817

Distribution: 

Mongolia to North Vietnam and East Korea, Japan

Clematis fusca Turcz., 1840

Distribution: 

East Siberia to Russian Far East and North & North Central Japan

Clematis fusca var. violacea Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Central Japan

Clematis patens C.Morren & Decne., 1836

Distribution: 

East China to Central & South Japan

Clematis serratifolia Rehder, 1911

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Clematis terniflora DC., 1817

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Clematis terniflora var. mandshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi, 1938

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Clematis trichotoma Nakai, 1912

Distribution: 

Korea

Clematis urticifolia Nakai ex Kitag., 1937

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Enemion raddeanum Regel, 1861

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & Central Korea, Central Japan

Eranthis stellata Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Hepatica asiatica Nakai, 1937

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Pulsatilla koreana (Y.Yabe ex Nakai) Nakai ex T.Mori, 1922

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Ranunculus chinensis Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

Siberia to Temperate East Asia and Peninsula Malaysia

Ranunculus japonicus Thunb., 1794

Distribution: 

Siberia to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Ranunculus sceleratus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, North Africa, Ethiopia to Rwanda, Central & East Canada to Central & East U.S.A.

Ranunculus tachiroei Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

East China, Korea & Japan

Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino, 1902

Distribution: 

China to West Central & S. Japan

Thalictrum actaeifolium var. brevistylum Nakai, 1937

Distribution: 

South Korea

Thalictrum aquilegiifolium var. sibiricum Regel & Tiling, 1858

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & Central China, South Korea, Japan

Thalictrum ichangense Lecoy. ex Oliv., 1888

Distribution: 

Central & S. China to Vietnam and Korea

Thalictrum kemense Fr., 1817

Distribution: 

Subarctic to the Caucasus, North & North Central Japan

Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucum (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, North West Africa

Thalictrum tuberiferum Maxim., 1876

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan, Temperate Asia & Europe

Berberis amurensis Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

Mongolia to North China and Japan

Berberis koreana Palib., 1899

Distribution: 

Korea

Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne., 1839

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Japan

Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne., 1839

Distribution: 

South Korea, Central & South Japan

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC., 1817

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Japan (Kerama Islands) and Central Pacific

Menispermum dauricum DC., 1817

Distribution: 

South Siberia to China and Japan

Chloranthus japonicus Siebold, 1828

Distribution: 

South China to Vietnam, South Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Aristolochia contorta Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Vietnam and Japan

Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., 1904

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea

Asarum chungbuensis (C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh, 2005

Distribution: 

Korea

Asarum maculatum Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

Korea

Asarum mandshuricum (Maxim.) M.Kim & S.So, 2008

Distribution: 

East China to South Russian Far East and North Central Japan

Asarum mandshuricum var. seoulense (Nakai) M.Kim & S.So, 2017

Distribution: 

East China to South Russian Far East and North Central Japan

Asarum misandrum B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim, 1997

Distribution: 

Korea

Asarum sieboldii Miq., 1865

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, 1910

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Paeonia lactiflora Pall., 1776

Distribution: 

SouthEast. Siberia to North & East China

Paeonia obovata Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East and Japan

Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Temperate East Asia

Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central China, North & Central Japan

Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China, Korea, Japan

Camellia japonica L., 1753

Distribution: 

China, Korea, Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Eurya japonica Thunb., 1783

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Stewartia koreana Nakai ex Rehder, 1926

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Hypericum ascyron L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia, East Canada to North Central & East U.S.A.

Hypericum erectum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

South China, South Sakhalin to Temperate East Asia

Chelidonium majus subsp. asiaticum H.Hara, 1949

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Corydalis alata B.U.Oh & W.R.Lee, 2010

Distribution: 

NorthEast. China, Central Korea

Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers., 1806

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Temperate East Asia

Corydalis maculata B.U.Oh & Y.S.Kim, 1987

Distribution: 

Korea

Corydalis namdoensis B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim, 2004

Distribution: 

NorthEast. China, South Korea

Corydalis ochotensis Turcz., 1840

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China

Corydalis pauciovulata Ohwi, 1942

Distribution: 

Central & South Korea, Central Japan

Corydalis raddeana Regel, 1862

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China and Temperate East Asia

Corydalis remota Fisch. ex Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to North China

Corydalis speciosa Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Korea, North & North Central Japan

Corydalis turtschaninovii Besser, 1834

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to North China

Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem., 1847

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to North Korea

Hylomecon vernalis Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Central & South Korea

Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera (Matsum.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, 1997

Distribution: 

East Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop., 1771

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Algeria

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb., 1824

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia, Subarctic America to North, West & Central U.S.A.

Barbarea vulgaris W.T.Aiton, 1812

Distribution: 

Europe, Mediterranean to Japan

Berteroella maximowiczii (Palib.) O.E.Schulz, 1919

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea & Japan

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., 1792

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, North Africa

Cardamine fallax (O.E.Schulz) Nakai, 1919

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Subarctic America to North, Central & East U.S.A.

Cardamine flexuosa With., 1796

Distribution: 

Europe to Iran, NorthWest Africa

Cardamine impatiens L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Cardamine komarovii Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea

Cardamine leucantha (Tausch) O.E.Schulz, 1903

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and China

Catolobus pendulus (L.) Al-Shehbaz, 2005

Distribution: 

East Europe to Japan

Draba nemorosa L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic and Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Erysimum amurense Kitag., 1937

Distribution: 

South Siberia to North China

Lepidium apetalum Willd., 1800

Distribution: 

East Europe to Temperate Asia

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, 1821

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains

Thlaspi arvense L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Turritis glabra L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains

Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H.Ohba, 1977

Distribution: 

China to Korea, South Sakhalin to Japan

Hylotelephium viviparum (Maxim.) H.Ohba, 1977

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Orostachys japonica (Maxim.) A.Berger, 1930

Distribution: 

East China to Korea, South Central & South Japan

Orostachys minuta (Kom.) A.Berger, 1930

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea

Phedimus aizoon (L.) 't Hart, 1995

Distribution: 

Siberia to China and North & Central Japan

Phedimus kamtschaticus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) 't Hart, 1995

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and North Japan

Phedimus middendorffianus (Maxim.) 't Hart, 1995

Distribution: 

East Siberia to Korea, Japan

Sedum bulbiferum Makino, 1891

Distribution: 

Central China to Korea, Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Sedum polytrichoides Hemsl., 1887

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea, Japan

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, 1835

Distribution: 

Thailand to Japan

Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav., 1873

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and South Japan

Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., 1919

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to North Korea

Chrysosplenium flagelliferum F.Schmidt, 1868

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Chrysosplenium grayanum Maxim., 1877

Distribution: 

East Central Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Chrysosplenium japonicum (Maxim.) Makino, 1909

Distribution: 

East China to Korea, Japan, NorthEast Taiwan

Micranthes octopetala (Nakai) Y.I.Kim & Y.D.Kim, 2015

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Mukdenia rossii (Oliv.) Koidz., 1935

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea

Rodgersia podophylla A.Gray, 1859

Distribution: 

NorthEast. China to Korea, Japan

Saxifraga fortunei Hook., 1863

Distribution: 

South Central China, South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis, 1774

Distribution: 

Central & South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Deutzia glabrata Kom., 1903

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China

Deutzia grandiflora var. baroniana (Diels) Rehder, 1911

Distribution: 

North Central & East China

Deutzia paniculata Nakai, 1913

Distribution: 

Korea

Deutzia parviflora Bunge, 1835

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Korea

Deutzia uniflora Shirai, 1898

Distribution: 

Central & South Korea, Central Japan

Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. serrata (Thunb.) Makino, 1929

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc., 1840

Distribution: 

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Philadelphus tenuifolius Maxim. & Rupr., 1856

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc., 1837

Distribution: 

Korea to Japan

Parnassia palustris L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense Maxim., 1874

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Ribes komarovii Pojark., 1926

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and North Korea

Ribes mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kom., 1904

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea

Ribes maximowiczianum Kom., 1904

Distribution: 

Siberia to China, Korea & Japan

Agrimonia coreana Nakai, 1918

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China, Japan

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., 1823

Distribution: 

North & East Central Europe to Japan and North Indo-China

Aria alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Decne., 1874

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald, 1939

Distribution: 

Europe to the Caucasus, East Siberia to Russian Far East, North Central & East U.S.A.

Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, 1835

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China

Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll. & Moritzi) Miq., 1855

Distribution: 

SouthEast China to Temperate East Asia and Central & South Malaysia

Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem., 1835

Distribution: 

Afghanistan to Russian Far East and Malaysia

Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore, 1877

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Filipendula glaberrima Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

Primorye to North China and Korea, Sakhalin to North Japan

Geum aleppicum Jacq., 1781

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico

Geum japonicum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Korea & Japan

Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., 1803

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea and Himalaya

Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov, 1925

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China, North & Central Japan

Potentilla chinensis Ser., 1825

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Potentilla cryptotaeniae Maxim., 1873

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central China and Japan

Potentilla dickinsii Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

North & East China to Sakhalin and Japan

Potentilla discolor Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Potentilla fragarioides var. major Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Potentilla freyniana Bornm., 1905

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Potentilla nivea L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Subalpine

Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne., 1874

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Korea, Japan, North Taiwan

Prunus armeniaca L., 1753

Distribution: 

Central Asia to North & Central China

Prunus buergeriana Miq., 1865

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Korea & Central & South Japan

Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T.Im, 2006

Distribution: 

Korea

Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch., 1884

Distribution: 

North Central China to Korea

Prunus japonica var. nakaii (H.Lév.) Rehder, 1922

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea

Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne, 1893

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Prunus padus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Morocco

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, 1801

Distribution: 

North Central China

Prunus sargentii Rehder, 1908

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan, Korea

Prunus sargentii var. verecunda (Koidz.) Chin S.Chang, 2004

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea, Japan

Prunus serrulata var. pubescens (Makino) Nakai, 1915

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea, Japan

Prunus serrulata f. spontanea (E.H.Wilson) Chin S.Chang, 2007

Distribution: 

Central & South Japan

Prunus sibirica L., 1753

Distribution: 

South Siberia to North China and Korea

Prunus tomentosa Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Tibet to China, Sakhalin

Prunus yedoensis Matsum., 1901

Distribution: 

Japan, Korea

Pyrus calleryana var. fauriei (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder, 1920

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan & Taiwan

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. ex Rupr., 1856

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea, Russian Far East to North Japan

Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata (Thunb. ex Murray) H.Ohashi, 1988

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Rosa acicularis Lindl., 1820

Distribution: 

North Europe to North & Central Japan, Central Alaska

Rosa davurica Pall., 1788

Distribution: 

Siberia to Russian Far East and Korea

Rosa koreana Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Rosa lucieae Franch. & Rochebr. ex Crép., 1871

Distribution: 

SouthEast China, South Korea, Central & South Japan to Philippines

Rosa multiflora Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

East China to Korea, Japan

Rubus corchorifolius L.f., 1782

Distribution: 

China to North Indo-China, Korea, Japan

Rubus coreanus Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea

Rubus crataegifolius Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Rubus idaeus var. microphyllus Turcz., 1843

Distribution: 

Subarctic to North & Central China and Mexico

Rubus parvifolius L., 1753

Distribution: 

China to Vietnam, Sakhalin to Temperate East Asia, East & South East Australia

Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim., 1872

Distribution: 

China (Qinghai) to Korea, Japan

Rubus pungens Cambess., 1844

Distribution: 

North Pakistan to Primorye and Temperate East Asia

Sanguisorba hakusanensis Makino, 1907

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Sanguisorba officinalis L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila Maxim., 1879

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea, Japan

Sorbus commixta Hedl., 1901

Distribution: 

Central China to Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Spiraea blumei G.Don, 1832

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Spiraea chamaedryfolia L., 1753

Distribution: 

SouthEast Europe to Korea, Japan

Spiraea chamaedryfolia var. pilosa (Nakai) H.Hara, 1952

Distribution: 

SouthEast Europe to Korea, Japan

Spiraea chartacea Nakai, 1928

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Spiraea chinensis Maxim., 1879

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Spiraea fritschiana C.K.Schneid., 1905

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

South China

Spiraea salicifolia L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Central Europe to North & Central Japan

Spiraea trichocarpa Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

North China to Korea

Stephanandra incisa (Thunb.) Zabel, 1885

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Albizia julibrissin Durazz., 1772

Distribution: 

East Transcaucasus to Japan

Amorpha fruticosa L., 1753

Distribution: 

U.S.A. to North Mexico

Amphicarpaea bracteata subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) H.Ohashi, 1966

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Astragalus penduliflorus var. dahuricus (DC.) X.Y. Zhu, 2005

Distribution: 

Siberia to Russian Far East and West & North China

Caragana fruticosa (Pall.) Besser, 1816

Distribution: 

Central Asia to Siberia and NorthEast China

Chamaecrista nomame (Makino) H.Ohashi, 1989

Distribution: 

Eritrea to Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to North & East Australia

Glycine max subsp. soja (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Ohashi, 1982

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Hylodesmum oldhamii (Oliv.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Hylodesmum podocarpum (DC.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia and Philippines

Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. fallax (Schindl.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Central & South Japan

Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

Distribution: 

Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Hylodesmum podocarpum var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

Distribution: 

Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Indigofera grandiflora B.H.Choi & S.K.Cho, 1996

Distribution: 

Korea

Indigofera kirilowii Maxim. ex Palib., 1899

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan

Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum., 1902

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino, 1914

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl., 1912

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North Indo-China

Lathyrus davidii Hance, 1871

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Korea, Japan

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., 1840

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Korea, Japan

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don, 1832

Distribution: 

Afghanistan to Japan and Tropical Asia, East & South East Australia

Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Central & South Japan

Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers., 1807

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia to North India

Lespedeza maritima Nakai, 1923

Distribution: 

Korea

Lespedeza maximowiczii C.K.Schneid., 1907

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella (Nakai) Nakai, 1927

Distribution: 

Korea

Lespedeza virgata (Thunb.) DC., 182

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Lotus corniculatus var. japonica Regel, 1865

Distribution: 

Temperate East Asia

Maackia amurensis Rupr., 1856

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Medicago lupulina L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Europe to the Caucasus, North & Northeast Tropical Africa to Arabian Peninsula Indian Subcontinent to China

Medicago sativa L., 1753

Distribution: 

Mediterranean to West Siberia and Iran

Melilotus albus Medik., 1787

Distribution: 

Europe to China, North Africa to Myanmar, Ethiopia to South Africa

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, 1947

Distribution: 

China to North Australia

Robinia pseudoacacia L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Central & East U.S.A

Sophora flavescens Aiton, 1789

Distribution: 

Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Sophora koreensis Nakai, 1919

Distribution: 

Korea

Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott, 1829

Distribution: 

Central & South China

Trifolium dubium Sibth., 1794

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Europe to Mediterranean and Caucasus

Trifolium pratense L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, NorthWest Africa, Europe to Mongolia and Himalaya

Trifolium repens L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, NorthWest. Africa, Egypt to Zimbabwe, Europe to Mongolia and Himalaya

Vicia amoena Fisch. ex Ser., 1825

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia

Vicia amurensis Oett., 1906

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Vicia chosenensis Ohwi, 1936

Distribution: 

Korea

Vicia cracca L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray, 1822

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Tanzania

Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Ehrh., 1780

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Kenya

Vicia unijuga A.Braun, 1853

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia

Vicia venosa (Willd. ex Link) Maxim., 1872

Distribution: 

Siberia to China and Japan

Vicia venosa var. cuspidata Maxim., 1886

Distribution: 

South China to Korea, Central Japan

Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi & H.Ohashi, 1969

Distribution: 

Nepal to South China and North Indo-China, Taiwan, Central & South Japan

Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC., 1825

Distribution: 

South Central & South Japan

Oxalis acetosella L., 1753

Distribution: 

Europe to Japan, Algeria

Oxalis corniculata L., 1753

Distribution: 

Mexico to Venezuela and Peru, Caribbean

Oxalis obtriangulata Maxim., 1868

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Oxalis stricta L., 1753

Distribution: 

Central & East China to North & Central Japan, North America

Geranium koreanum Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

East China to Korea

Geranium krameri Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan

Geranium sibiricum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Romania to Temperate Asia

Geranium thunbergii Siebold & Zucc., 1845

Distribution: 

China, Kuril Islands to Temperate East Asia

Acalypha australis L., 1753

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North Philippines

Euphorbia humifusa Willd. ex Schltdl., 1814

Distribution: 

Moldova to Temperate Asia

Euphorbia hypericifolia L., 1753

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical America

Euphorbia maculata L., 1753

Distribution: 

SouthEast Canada to Belize, Cuba, Bahamas

Euphorbia sieboldiana Morren & Decne., 1836

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Mallotus japonicus (L.f.) Müll.Arg., 1865

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Mercurialis leiocarpa Siebold & Zucc., 1845

Distribution: 

Nepal to Temperate East Asia

Neoshirakia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Esser, 1998

Distribution: 

South & East China, Korea (including Jeju-do), Central & South Japan to Nansei-shoto

Phyllanthus ussuriensis Rupr. & Maxim., 1857

Distribution: 

Mongolia to China and Temperate East Asia

Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehder, 1932

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia

Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., 1842

Distribution: 

South East Siberia to China and Korea

Orixa japonica Thunb., 1783

Distribution: 

Central & South China to South Korea, Central & South Japan

Phellodendron amurense Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China, Temperate East Asia

Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) T.G.Hartley, 1981

Distribution: 

SouthEast Tibet to China

Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC., 1824

Distribution: 

China to South Korea, Japan

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc., 1845

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Temperate East Asia

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, 1916

Distribution: 

China

Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn., 1844

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Rhus chinensis Mill., 1768

Distribution: 

North Pakistan to Japan, Sumatra

Toxicodendron sylvestre (Siebold & Zucc.) Kuntze, 1891

Distribution: 

South China, South Korea, South Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Toxicodendron trichocarpum (Miq.) Kuntze, 1891

Distribution: 

South China to Korea, Kuril Islands to Japan

Acer barbinerve Maxim., 1867

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North Korea

Acer komarovii Pojark., 1949

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Acer palmatum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

SouthWest Korea, Central & S. Japan

Acer pictum var. mono (Maxim.) Maxim., 1880

Distribution: 

China to Mongolia and Russian Far East, North & Central Japan

Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom., 1903

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Acer negundo L., 1753

Distribution: 

Canada to Honduras

Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm., 1890

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea

Acer tegmentosum Maxim., 1856

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Acer triflorum Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea

Acer truncatum Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China, Korea, Japan

Acer ukurunduense Trautv. & C.A.Mey., 1856

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea and Japan

Meliosma pinnata var. oldhamii (Miq. ex Maxim.) Beusekom, 1971

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Korea, Japan

Impatiens noli-tangere L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Alaska to Central Canada and West Central California

Impatiens textorii Miq., 1865

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Impatiens textorii var. koreana (Nakai) Nakai, 1917

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Ilex macropoda Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

SouthEast China (to Hubei), Korea, Japan

Celastrus flagellaris Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea, Central & South Japan

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Celastrus stephanotiifolius (Makino) Makino, 1926

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, 1830

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and China

Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-dentatus (Franch. & Sav.) Hiyama, 1956

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and China

Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz., 1933

Distribution: 

Assam to Temperate East Asia and West & Central Malaysia

Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall., 1824

Distribution: 

East Afghanistan to Central & South Japan

Euonymus macropterus Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea and Japan

Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq., 1865

Distribution: 

Kuril Islands to China and Temperate East Asia

Euonymus pauciflorus Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Central Europe to Korea, Central Japan

Euonymus sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Maxim., 1882

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North East China and North & Central Japan

Tripterygium regelii Sprague & Takeda, 1912

Distribution: 

North East China to Korea, Japan

Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz, 1878

Distribution: 

Central & South China to North Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Staphylea bumalda DC., 1825

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan

Buxus sinica var. insularis (Nakai) M.Cheng, 1980

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Berchemia berchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz., 1925

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Hovenia dulcis Thunb., 1781

Distribution: 

Indian Subcontinent to Korea, Japan

Rhamnus davurica Pall., 1776

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Russian Far East and Korea

Rhamnus koraiensis C.K.Schneid., 1908

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Korea and Japan

Rhamnus ussuriensis J.J.Vassil., 1940

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North Vietnam and Korea

Rhamnus yoshinoi Makino, 1904

Distribution: 

China to Korea, South Central & South Japan

Ziziphus jujuba Mill., 1768

Distribution: 

North & East China to South Korea

Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder, 1922

Distribution: 

North & East China to South Korea

Ampelopsis glandulosa var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Momiy., 1977

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China, South Sakhalin to Japan

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch., 1887

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East China and Temperate East Asia

Vitis amurensis Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China and Korea, Japan

Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planch., 1883

Distribution: 

South Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Vitis flexuosa Thunb., 1794

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan and Tropical Asia

Vitis heyneana subsp. ficifolia (Bunge) C.L.Li, 1996

Distribution: 

North Central & East Central China to South Korea, Japan

Corchoropsis tomentosa (Thunb.) Makino, 1903

Distribution: 

Caribbean to North Venezuela

Corchoropsis tomentosa var. psilocarpa (Harms & Loes. ex Gilg & Loes.) C.Y.Wu & Y.Tang, 1994

Distribution: 

North & East China to Korea

Grewia biloba G.Don, 1831

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Korea, Taiwan

Tilia amurensis Rupr., 1869

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim., 1856

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Central Japan

Tilia taquetii C.K.Schneid., 1909

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Triumfetta japonica Makino, 1913

Distribution: 

Korea, South Central & South Japan to Philippines

Citrus trifoliata L., 1763

Distribution: 

China

Viola acuminata Ledeb., 1842

Distribution: 

Siberia to China and North & Central Japan

Viola albida Palib., 1900

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Viola albida var. chaerophylloides (Regel) F.Maek. ex H.Hara, 1954

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Korea, South Japan

Viola collina Besser, 1816

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Viola hirtipes S.Moore, 1879

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Viola japonica Langsd. ex Ging., 1824

Distribution: 

Korea, Japan & Taiwan

Viola keiskei Miq., 1866

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Viola lactiflora Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

East China to Korea

Viola mandshurica W.Becker, 1917

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China and Japan

Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker, 1915

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East China and Korea, Central & South Japan

Viola ovato-oblonga (Miq.) Makino, 1907

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim., 187

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Viola philippica Cav., 1800

Distribution: 

Asia

Viola rossii Hemsl., 1886

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East Central & East China and Korea, Japan

Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie, 1822

Distribution: 

North Europe to Japan, Subarctic America to North & West Central U.S.A.

Viola sororia Willd., 1806

Distribution: 

Canada to U.S.A. and East Mexico

Viola tenuicornis W.Becker, 1920

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea

Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana (Makino) F.Maek., 1954

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to South Korea, Japan

Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link, 1821

Distribution: 

SouthEast. Siberia to North China and Japan

Viola verecunda A.Gray, 1858

Distribution: 

Asia

Viola violacea Makino, 1891

Distribution: 

SouthEast China, South Korea, Central & South Japan

Sicyos angulatus L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Canada to Central & East U.S.A.

Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

East China, South Korea (including Jeju-do), South Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Afghanistan to Temperate East Asia

Lythrum salicaria L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, North West Africa, Ethiopia, Australia

Circaea alpina L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Circaea cordata Royle, 1835

Distribution: 

NorthEast Pakistan to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Circaea lutetiana subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Asch. & Magnus, 1870

Distribution: 

European Russia to North & North Central Japan

Circaea mollis Siebold & Zucc., 1845

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Indo-China

Ludwigia prostrata Roxb., 1820

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Oenothera biennis L., 1753

Distribution: 

Canada to Central Mexico

Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum (Miq.) Ohwi, 1965

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China, Temperate East Asia

Aucuba japonica Thunb., 1783

Distribution: 

SouthEast. China to Temperate East Asia

Cornus controversa Hemsl., 1909

Distribution: 

Central Himalaya to South Kuril Islands and North Indo-China

Cornus kousa Bürger ex Hance, 1873

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Cornus macrophylla Wall., 1820

Distribution: 

Afghanistan to Sakhalin, Korea

Cornus walteri Wangerin, 1908

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Aralia cordata Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

SouthEast China (to Hubei), Sakhalin to Temperate East Asia

Aralia cordata var. continentalis (Kitag.) Y.C.Chu, 1989

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Korea

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem., 1868

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Eleutherococcus divaricatus (Siebold & Zucc.) S.Y.Hu, 1980

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis (Nakai) C.H.Kim & B.-Y.Sun, 2000

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu, 1980

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Paul, 1867

Distribution: 

Temperate East Asia

Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz., 1925

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, 1927

Distribution: 

South Primorye, China (E. Jilin), Korea

Angelica amurensis Schischk., 1951

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central China and Korea, Japan

Angelica cartilaginomarginata (Makino ex Y.Yabe) Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

Northeast China to Central & South Japan

Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., 1873

Distribution: 

South Siberia to North China and Japan

Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. & Sav., 1873

Distribution: 

Vietnam to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Angelica gigas Nakai, 1917

Distribution: 

Northeast China to Korea

Angelica polymorpha Maxim., 1873

Distribution: 

North & East China to Central & South Japan

Angelica reflexa B.Y.Lee, 2013

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea and North & Central Japan, Aleutian Islands to West U.S.A.

Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb., 1808

Distribution: 

Macaronesia to Northwest Africa, Europe to Caucasus

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., 1814

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia to Tropical African Mountains

Bupleurum longeradiatum Turcz., 1844

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to Japan and South-Central China

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, 1782

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia to Indo-China

Ligusticum officinale (Makino) Kitag., 1963

Distribution: 

Japan, Korea

Oenanthe javanica DC., 1830

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Rydb., 1894

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia

Ostericum grosseserratum (Maxim.) Kitag., 1936

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea and China

Ostericum sieboldii (Miq.) Nakai, 1942

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Korea, Central & South Japan

Peucedanum terebinthaceum (Fisch. ex Trevir.) Turcz., 1838

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and North China

Pimpinella brachycarpa (Kom.) Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Central & East China and Korea, South Central & South Japan

Sanicula chinensis Bunge, 1835

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Korea and Japan

Sillaphyton podagraria (H.Boissieu) Pimenov, 2016

Distribution: 

Korea

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC., 1830

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia to North Indo-China

Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC., 1830

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Chimaphila japonica Miq., 1866

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Bhutan, Japan to Taiwan

Pyrola japonica Klenze ex Alef., 1856

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea, Japan, Taiwan

Rhododendron brachycarpum D.Don ex G.Don, 1834

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz., 1837

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, West Central & South Japan

Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum Nakai, 1917

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, West Central & South Japan

Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim., 1870

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense (H.Lév.) Sugim. ex T.Yamaz., 1996

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

South China to South Central & South Japan and West Malaysia

Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., 1972

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Vaccinium oldhamii Miq., 1866

Distribution: 

East China, South Korea, Japan

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume, 1826

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr., 1919

Distribution: 

North Pakistan to Russian Far East and Philippines (N. Luzon), NorthEast New Guinea

Lysimachia clethroides Duby, 1844

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Indo-China and Temperate East Asia

Primula jesoana Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

Primorye to East China and Korea, North & Central Japan

Diospyros lotus L., 1753

Distribution: 

NorthEast & South Central Türkiye to Korea

Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zucc., 1837

Distribution: 

Nepal to Japan and North Philippines

Styrax obassia Siebold & Zucc., 1839

Distribution: 

East & SouthEast China to Korea, Japan

Symplocos sawafutagi Nagam., 1993

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Symplocos tanakana Nakai, 1918

Distribution: 

East China, South Korea, Japan

Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai, 1921

Distribution: 

Korea

Fraxinus chiisanensis Nakai, 1929

Distribution: 

Korea

Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., 1857

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central China, North & Central Japan

Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, 1869

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Fraxinus sieboldiana Blume, 1851

Distribution: 

SouthEast China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

East China to Korea, Japan

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk., 1844

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Syringa fauriei H.Lév., 1910

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Syringa pubescens subsp. Patula (Palib.) M.C.Chang & X.L.Chen, 1990

Distribution: 

North East China to Korea

Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara, 1941

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Syringa villosa subsp. wolfii (C.K.Schneid.) Y.Chen & D.Y.Hong, 2007

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Mitrasacme pygmaea R.Br., 1810

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to West Pacific

Gentiana scabra Bunge, 1836

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan, Korea and East China

Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., 1812

Distribution: 

Siberia to North Pakistan and Japan

Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H.Hara, 1949

Distribution: 

Sakhalin to North & Central Japan, Korea

Gentiana zollingeri Fawc., 1883

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central China and Japan

Cynanchum ascyrifolium (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum., 1912

Distribution: 

North & East China to Russian Far East and Japan

Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. ex H.Hara, 1948

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia and China

Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Maxim. ex Hook.f., 1883

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Central & South Japan

Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, 1903

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East Korea and Japan

Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, 1922

Distribution: 

North India to Central & South Japan and Borneo

Tylophora floribunda Miq., 1866

Distribution: 

East Central & SouthEast China to Central & South Japan

Asperula lasiantha Nakai, 1938

Distribution: 

Korea

Galium bungei var. trachyspermum (A.Gray) Cufod., 1940

Distribution: 

Central & South China, Korea, Japan

Galium dahuricum Turcz. ex Ledeb., 1844

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Russian Far East and China

Galium gracilens (A.Gray) Makino, 1903

Distribution: 

Central & South China, Korea, Japan

Galium maximowiczii (Kom.) Pobed., 1970

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East Korea and Japan

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., 1771

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Algeria

Galium pogonanthum Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Galium spurium var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Klett & Richt., 1830

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Galium tricornutum Dandy, 1957

Distribution: 

Europe to West Himalaya and Arabian Peninsula

Galium trifidum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico, Hispaniola

Galium trifloriforme Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

China (Qinghai) to Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Galium verum subsp. asiaticum (Nakai) T.Yamaz., 1993

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Paederia foetida L., 1767

Distribution: 

East Nepal to Korea, Japan and Malesia

Rubia argyi (H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Hara, 1972

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Rubia chinensis Regel & Maack, 1861

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Rubia cordifolia L., 1767

Distribution: 

Greece, Sudan to South Africa, Asia

Calystegia hederacea Wall., 1824

Distribution: 

Ethiopia, Afghanistan to Korea, Japan

Calystegia pubescens Lindl., 1846

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Korea, Kuril Islands to Japan

Cuscuta australis R.Br., 1810

Distribution: 

Old World

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, 1797

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical America

Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench, 1794

Distribution: 

Central & East U.S.A

Bothriospermum zeylanicum (J.Jacq.) Druce, 1917

Distribution: 

Central Asia to Japan and Philippines

Brachybotrys paridiformis Maxim. ex Oliv., 1878

Distribution: 

Primorye to Korea

Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

East Siberia to Korea, Japan

Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevis.) Benth. ex Hemsl., 1890

Distribution: 

South European Russia to Temperate Asia

Callitriche palustris L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to West Malesia

Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K.Koch, 1872

Distribution: 

Central & South Japan, Korea to Vietnam

Callicarpa japonica Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China, Temperate East Asia to North Philippines

Tripora divaricata (Maxim.) P.D.Cantino, 1999

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan

Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze, 1891

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum (Kudô) H.Hara, 1936

Distribution: 

Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Clinopodium micranthum (Regel) H.Hara, 1940

Distribution: 

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Clinopodium multicaule (Maxim.) Kuntze, 1891

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Clinopodium multicaule var. shibetchense (H.Lév.) Melnikov, 2016

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Dracocephalum argunense Fisch. ex Rchb., 1821

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Korea, North & Central Japan

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl., 1941

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia to Peninsula Malaysia

Elsholtzia splendens Nakai ex F.Maek., 1934

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Isodon excisus (Maxim.) Kudô, 1929

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Isodon inflexus (Thunb.) Kudô, 1929

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan

Isodon japonicus (Burm.f.) H.Hara, 1948

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Central China and Japan

Isodon serra (Maxim.) Kudô, 1929

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Taiwan

Lamium album subsp. Barbatum (Siebold & Zucc.) Mennema, 1989

Distribution: 

Siberia to Japan and China

Lamium amplexicaule L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Macaronesia to Ethiopia

Lamium purpureum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Mediterranean, Europe to West Siberia

Leonurus japonicus Houtt., 1778

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East and North Australia

Leonurus macranthus Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth., 1848

Distribution: 

South & East Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Meehania urticifolia (Miq.) Makino, 1899

Distribution: 

South Primorye to Korea, Central & South Japan

Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li, 1974

Distribution: 

China to Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Phlomis umbrosa Turcz., 1840

Distribution: 

Central & East China to Korea

Prunella vulgaris subsp. Asiatica (Nakai) H.Hara, 1948

Distribution: 

East China to far East Asia and Alaska (Aleutian Islands)

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, 1775

Distribution: 

South Siberia to North Korea and Vietnam The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023)

Scutellaria indica L., 1753

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra (Makino) H.Hara, 1948

Distribution: 

SouthEast China to Korea, Japan

Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Hand.-Mazz., 1939

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea, North & Central Japan

Teucrium viscidum var. miquelianum (Maxim.) H.Hara, 1937

Distribution: 

South Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Physalis alkekengi L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Solanum japonense Nakai, 1923

Distribution: 

Himalaya to China and North Indo-China, Temperate East Asia, Central Sumatra

Solanum lyratum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia and Indo-China

Solanum nigrum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Macaronesia, North & Northeast Tropical Africa

Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis, 1958

Distribution: 

Asia

Mazus stachydifolius (Turcz.) Maxim., 1875

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to China and Temperate East Asia

Melampyrum roseum Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Japan to North Taiwan

Melampyrum roseum var. japonicum Franch. & Sav., 1873

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Japan to North Taiwan

Melampyrum roseum var. ovalifolium (Nakai) Nakai ex Beauverd, 1916

Distribution: 

China (Zhejiang), Korea, West Japan

Melampyrum setaceum var. nakaianum (Tuyama) T.Yamaz., 1954

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Paulownia coreana Uyeki, 1925

Distribution: 

Central & East China, South Korea

Pedicularis resupinata L., 1753

Distribution: 

E. European Russia to Korea, Japan

Phtheirospermum japonicum (Thunb.) Kanitz, 1878

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Pseudolysimachion dauricum (Steven) Holub, 1967

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Russian Far East and North & East Central China

Pseudolysimachion pyrethrinum (Nakai) T.Yamaz., 1968

Distribution: 

Korea

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia to Tropical Mountains

Veronica arvensis L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, NorthWest Africa, Europe to SouthWest Siberia and West Himalaya

Veronica persica Poir., 1808

Distribution: 

Caucasus to North Iran

Justicia procumbens L., 1753

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Central China

Strobilanthes oliganthus Miq., 1865

Distribution: 

South Korea (Jeju island) & Japan

Phryma leptostachya var. oblongifolia (Koidz.) Honda, 1936

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Plantago asiatica L., 1753

Distribution: 

Asia

Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb., 1844

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to China and North Japan

Lonicera harae Makino, 1914

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Lonicera japonica Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Central Japan

Lonicera praeflorens Batalin, 1892

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central Japan

Lonicera subhispida Nakai, 1921

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North Korea

Lonicera subsessilis Rehder, 1920

Distribution: 

Korea

Lonicera vidalii Franch. & Sav., 1877

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Sambucus racemosa subsp. Kamtschatica (E.Wolf) Hultén, 1930

Distribution: 

Korea, Kamchatka to Japan

Sambucus williamsii Hance, 1866

Distribution: 

South Siberia to China and South Korea, Japan

Viburnum carlesii Hemsl., 1888

Distribution: 

SouthEast China, Korea, West & South Japan

Viburnum dilatatum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Viburnum erosum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Korea, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Viburnum opulus var. calvescens (Rehder) H.Hara, 1956

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to China and North & Central Japan

Weigela florida (Bunge) A.DC., 1839

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, Japan

Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey, 1929

Distribution: 

Korea

Zabelia biflora (Turcz.) Makino ex Hisauti & H.Hara, 1954

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East Central China and South Korea

Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H.Hara, 1954

Distribution: 

Northeast China to Korea, Sakhalin

Patrinia rupestris (Pall.) Dufr., 1811

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea and China

Patrinia scabiosifolia Fisch. ex Trevir., 1820

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to Russian Far East and Vietnam, Japan

Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Dufr., 1811

Distribution: 

South China to Vietnam, Temperate East Asia

Valeriana fauriei Briq., 1914

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Adenophora remotiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq., 1866

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC., 1830

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Sakhalin and North Indo-China

Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H.Hara, 1951

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Sakhalin and North Indo-China

Asyneuma japonicum (Miq.) Briq., 1931

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Campanula punctata Lam., 1785

Distribution: 

East Siberia to China and Japan

Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Trautv., 1879

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China, Korea, Japan

Peracarpa carnosa (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson, 1857

Distribution: 

Kamchatka to Tropical Asia

Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC., 1830

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and China

Achillea alpina L., 1753

Distribution: 

Siberia to Japan and China

Adenocaulon himalaicum Edgew., 1846

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Japan

Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., 1970

Distribution: 

East Canada to U.S.A.

Ainsliaea acerifolia Sch.Bip., 1855

Distribution: 

NorthEast China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic America to U.S.A.

Ambrosia trifida L., 1753

Distribution: 

North America

Artemisia angustissima Nakai, 1915

Distribution: 

China, Korea & Japan

Artemisia capillaris Thunb., 1780

Distribution: 

Pakistan to Japan

Artemisia codonocephala Diels, 1912

Distribution: 

East Europe to Russian Far East & China

Artemisia indica Willd., 1803

Distribution: 

Indian Subcontinent to Japan & Philippines

Artemisia japonica Thunb., 1780

Distribution: 

Afghanistan to Russian Far East & Philippines

Artemisia keiskeana Miq., 1866

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Japan & North China

Artemisia lancea Vaniot, 1903

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea, Japan & China

Artemisia rubripes Nakai, 1917

Distribution: 

East Europe, Mongolia to Japan & China

Artemisia sacrorum var. iwayomogi (Kitam.) M.S.Park & G.Y.Chung, 2016

Distribution: 

Central Asia to Russian Far East and Himalaya, Japan

Artemisia selengensis Turcz. ex Besser, 1832

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and Thailand

Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Kom., 1907

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China

Aster ageratoides Turcz., 1837

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Aster hispidus Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea, Japan and Vietnam

Aster incisus Fisch., 1812

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to Northeast China, Central & South Japan

Aster koraiensis Nakai, 1909

Distribution: 

Korea

Aster maackii Regel, 1861

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea & Japan

Aster meyendorffii (Regel & Maack) Voss, 1894

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Aster scaber Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East and Japan

Aster tataricus L.f., 1782

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda, 1938

Distribution: 

South Korea, Central & South Japan

Atractylodes ovata (Thunb.) DC., 1838

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Bidens bipinnata L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Canada to Central & East U.S.A. and Arizona

Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff ex Sherff, 1929

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Bidens frondosa L., 1753

Distribution: 

Canada to U.S.A

Bidens parviflora Willd., 1809

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and China

Bidens tripartita L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Carduus crispus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Europe to Siberia and Caucasus

Carpesium abrotanoides L., 1753

Distribution: 

South & Central Europe to Japan and Himalaya

Carpesium cernuum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Eurasia

Carpesium divaricatum Siebold & Zucc., 1846

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Carpesium macrocephalum Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Japan

Chrysanthemum boreale Makino, 1909

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan

Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum., 1912

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan and Taiwan

Cirsium pendulum Fisch. ex DC., 1838

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and China

Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai, 1920

Distribution: 

Korea

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, 1943

Distribution: 

New World

Crepidiastrum chelidoniifolium (Makino) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan

Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

Distribution: 

Vietnam to Russian Far East and Japan

Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Maxim.) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Russian Far East and North Indo-China

Dendranthema oreastrum (Hance) Y.Ling, 1980

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & Central China and Korea

Dendranthema zawadskii (Herbich) Tzvelev, 1961

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea, Japan & China

Dendranthema zawadskii var. latiloba (Maxim.) Kitam., 1978

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan & China

Eclipta thermalis Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

Temperate & Subtropical America

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC., 1838

Distribution: 

East Canada to Tropical & Subtropical America

Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf., 1804

Distribution: 

Canada to U.S.A., Nicaragua to Panama

Erigeron philadelphicus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic America to U.S.A.

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd., 1803

Distribution: 

Canada to U.S.A.

Eupatorium japonicum Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Japan and Vietnam

Eupatorium lindleyanum DC., 1836

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan and Indo-China, Philippines

Eupatorium makinoi var. oppositifolium (Koidz.) Kawah. & Yahara, 1995

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Vietnam & Temperate East Asia

Eupatorium tripartitum (Makino) Murata & H.Koyama, 1982

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Vietnam & Temperate East Asia

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., 1798

Distribution: 

Mexico to South Tropical America

Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Fisch. & C.A.Mey, 1836

Distribution: 

Northeast India to Japan & Indo-China, East Australia

Hieracium umbellatum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb.) Tzvelev, 1964

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Kuril Islands & Japan

Ixeris stolonifera A.Gray, 1858

Distribution: 

Temperate East Asia

Ixeris strigosa (H.Lév. & Vaniot) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

Distribution: 

South China to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Lactuca indica L., 1771

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and Malesia

Lactuca indica var. laciniata (Houtt.) H.Hara, 1952

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to Japan and Malaysia

Lactuca raddeana Maxim., 1874

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan and Vietnam

Lactuca triangulata Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China and Japan, Vietnam

Leibnitzia anandria (L.) Nakai, 1937

Distribution: 

Temperate Asia

Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz., 1847

Distribution: 

NorthEast Pakistan to South Siberia, Korea and Japan

Parasenecio auriculatus var. matsumurana (Nakai) M.Kim, 2 017

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China, Korea and North Japan, Aleutian Islands (Alaska)

Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., 1866

Distribution: 

China to South Russian Far East and Central & South Japan

Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) Anderb., 1991

Distribution: 

Caucasus to Temperate East Asia and Indo-China

Rhynchospermum verticillatum Reinw., 1828

Distribution: 

Nepal to Korea, Japan and Indo-China, Java

Saussurea gracilis Maxim., 1874

Distribution: 

Korea, Central & South Japan

Saussurea macrolepis (Nakai) Kitam., 1933

Distribution: 

Korea

Saussurea odontolepis (Herder) Sch.Bip. ex Maxim., 1883

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Russian Far East and North China

Saussurea pulchella (Fisch.) Fisch. ex Colla, 1834

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and North China

Saussurea seoulensis Nakai, 1911

Distribution: 

Korea

Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Russian Far East and China

Senecio vulgaris L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Europe to China and Arabian Peninsula

Sigesbeckia glabrescens (Makino) Makino, 1917

Distribution: 

South China to Japan

Sigesbeckia orientalis subsp. pubescens (Makino) H.Koyama, 1995

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Japan

Solidago altissima L., 1753

Distribution: 

Canada to Mexico

Solidago gigantea Aiton, 1789

Distribution: 

Canada to North East Mexico

Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica (Nakai ex H.Hara) Kitam. ex H.Hara, 1952

Distribution: 

North Pakistan to Russian Far East and Philippines, Alaska (Aleutian Islands)

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, 1769

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Sahel and Somalia

Sonchus oleraceus L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Europe to Mediterranean, Sahara to Arabian Peninsula

Stemmacantha uniflora (L.) Dittrich, 1984

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Korea & Japan

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom, 1995

Distribution: 

East Canada to North Central & East U.S.A.

Syneilesis palmata (Lam.) Maxim., 1874

Distribution: 

Korea, Central & South Japan

Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai, 1932

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Central & South Japan and China

Tagetes minuta L., 1753

Distribution: 

Brazil to South America

Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg., 1780

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Europe to Siberia, North West Africa

Tephroseris flammea (DC.) Holub, 1973

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Japan and North China

Tephroseris kirilowii (Turcz. ex DC.) Holub, 1977

Distribution: 

Siberia to Japan and China

Youngia japonica (L.) DC., 1838

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Potamogeton oxyphyllus Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North Sumatra

Allium macrostemon Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng., 1825

Distribution: 

Himalaya to China

Allium thunbergii G.Don, 1827

Distribution: 

East Central China to Temperate East Asia

Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., 1919

Distribution: 

Japan to Indo-China and Philippines

Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Mongolia to Korea & Japan

Asparagus schoberioides Kunth, 1850

Distribution: 

Southeast Siberia to Korea & Japan

Barnardia japonica (Thunb.) Schult.f., 1829

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Convallaria keiskei Miq., 1867

Distribution: 

SouthEast Siberia to Korea & Japan

Disporum smilacinum A.Gray, 1857

Distribution: 

Sakhalin to China, Korea and Japan

Disporum uniflorum Baker, 1875

Distribution: 

China to Korea

Disporum viridescens (Maxim.) Nakai, 1911

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, North & Central Japan

Erythronium japonicum Decne., 1854

Distribution: 

Northeast China to Korea, South Sakhalin to Japan

Heloniopsis koreana Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura, 2004

Distribution: 

Korea

Hemerocallis dumortieri C.Morren, 1834

Distribution: 

China (Jilin) & Korea

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., 1762

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai, 1943

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Hosta capitata (Koidz.) Nakai, 1930

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Hosta clausa Nakai, 1930

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Hosta longipes (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum., 1894

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai, 1911

Distribution: 

Korea

Lilium amabile Palib., 1901

Distribution: 

China (SouthEast Liaoning) to Korea

Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc., 1835

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China and Temperate East Asia

Lilium distichum Nakai ex Kamib., 1915

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Lilium lancifolium Thunb., 1794

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Japan and Tibet

Lilium tsingtauense Gilg, 1904

Distribution: 

China (Anhui, Shandong) to Korea

Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey, 1929

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour., 1790

Distribution: 

Korea, Central & South Japan to Cambodia

Maianthemum japonicum (A.Gray) LaFrankie, 1986

Distribution: 

Russia Far East to Central China, Korea & Japan

Ophiopogon japonicus (A.Gray) LaFrankie, 1986

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Vietnam, Temperate East Asia to Philippines

Paris verticillata M.Bieb., 1819

Distribution: 

North Kazakhstan to Siberia, Korea and Japan

Polygonatum inflatum Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

Primorye to Korea, South Central & South Japan

Polygonatum involucratum (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim., 1883

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Polygonatum lasianthum Maxim., 1883

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi, 1949

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Polygonatum thunbergii C.Morren & Decne., 1834

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Smilax china L., 1753

Distribution: 

China to Japan and Philippines

Smilax nipponica Miq., 1868

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Smilax riparia A.DC., 1878

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Philippines

Smilax sieboldii Miq., 1868

Distribution: 

East China to Temperate East Asia

Smilax sieboldii f. inermis (Nakai) H.Hara, 1958

Distribution: 

East China to Temperate East Asia

Trillium camschatcense Ker Gawl., 1805

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea and North & North Central Japan

Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker, 1874

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Veratrum maackii var. japonicum (Baker) Shimizu, 1960

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Veratrum oxysepalum Turcz., 1840

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea, West Alaska and Japan

Dioscorea japonica Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Assam to Korea & Japan

Dioscorea nipponica Makino, 1891

Distribution: 

Central China to North & Central Japan

Dioscorea polystachya Turcz., 1837

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Central & South China, Korea and Kuril Islands, Taiwan

Dioscorea quinquelobata Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

SouthEast China to Temperate East Asia

Dioscorea septemloba Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Dioscorea tokoro Makino ex Miyabe, 1889

Distribution: 

China to Korea & Japan

Iris rossii Baker, 1877

Distribution: 

NorthEast China (Liaoning) to Korea, SouthWest & South Japan

Iris sanguinea Hornem., 1813

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Korea & Japan

Juncus decipiens (Buchenau) Nakai, 1928

Distribution: 

Assam to Russian Far East and New Guinea

Juncus papillosus Franch. & Sav., 1876

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Juncus tenuis Willd., 1799

Distribution: 

East Canada to Mexico

Luzula capitata (Miq. ex Franch. & Sav.) Kom., 1927

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea & Japan

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej., 1811

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere, Costa Rica, Argentina to Falkland Islands

Luzula rufescens var. macrocarpa Buchenau, 1906

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Commelina communis L., 1753

Distribution: 

East Europe to Korea, Japan and Indo-China

Streptolirion volubile Edgew., 1845

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Primorye and Indo-China

Achnatherum pekinense (Hance) Ohwi, 1953

Distribution: 

North & Central China to Russian Far East and Japan

Agrostis clavata Trin., 1821

Distribution: 

North Europe to Temperate East Asia, New Guinea, Alaska to Yukon

Agrostis clavata var. nukabo Ohwi, 1941

Distribution: 

North Europe to Temperate East Asia, New Guinea, Alaska to Yukon

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., 1799

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Andes

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, 1912

Distribution: 

Tropical Africa, West Indian Ocean, Asia to East Australia

Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, 1925

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia and North Indo-China

Arundinella hirta var. ciliata (Thunb.) Koidz., 1925

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia and North Indo-China

Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald, 1928

Distribution: 

European Russia to Russian Far East, Subarctic America to North & West U.S.A.

Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng, 1936

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, NorthWest Africa

Brachyelytrum japonicum (Hack.) Matsum. ex Honda, 1930

Distribution: 

Central & East China, South Korea (including Jeju-do), Central & South Japan

Bromus japonicus Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

Mediterranean to Temperate Eurasia

Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth, 1788

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, New Guinea

Calamagrostis purpurea (Trin.) Trin., 1824

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Subalpine

Cleistogenes hackelii (Honda) Honda, 1936

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China, Korea and Japan

Cymbopogon goeringii (Steud.) A.Camus, 1921

Distribution: 

Central & South China to Vietnam, Temperate East Asia

Dactylis glomerata L., 1753

Distribution: 

Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Temperate Eurasia

Diarrhena fauriei (Hack.) Ohwi, 1941

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East China and Central Japan

Diarrhena japonica Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

Northeast China, Korea (Jeju-do), Kuril Islands to Japan

Diarrhena mandshurica Maxim., 1888

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North & East China

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, 1802

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., 1812

Distribution: 

South & East Europe to Asia, West, East & South Tropical Africa to South Africa, Madagascar

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., 1788

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Elymus ciliaris (Trin. ex Bunge) Tzvelev, 1972

Distribution: 

Assam to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Elymus tsukushiensis var. transiens (Hack.) K.Osada, 1990

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Eragrostis ferruginea (Thunb.) P.Beauv., 1812

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth, 1829

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Festuca arundinacea Schreb., 1771

Distribution: 

Europe to Xinjiang and Himalaya, Macaronesia to North Africa

Festuca ovina L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia, Alaska to West U.S.A.

Festuca parvigluma Steud., 1854

Distribution: 

Nepal to Temperate East Asia

Festuca rubra L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico

Hierochloe odorata (L.) P.Beauv., 1812

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Hystrix longe-aristata (Hack.) Honda, 1930

Distribution: 

West & Central Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult., 1824

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico

Melica nutans L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Eurasia

Melica onoei Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

Pakistan to China, Temperate East Asi

Melica scabrosa Trin., 1833

Distribution: 

Tibet to Mongolia and Korea

Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A.Camus, 1922

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Japan and Jawa

Milium effusum L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (Andersson) Matsum., 1895

Distribution: 

China to Malesia, Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Muhlenbergia hakonensis (Hack. ex Matsum.) Makino, 1917

Distribution: 

China (Sichuan, Anhui), Korea, South Central & South Japan

Muhlenbergia japonica Steud., 1854

Distribution: 

China to Russian Far East and Japan

Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P.Beauv., 1812

Distribution: 

South Central & South Europe to Iran, Cameroon, Ethiopia to South Africa, West Indian Ocean, Central & South China to Japan and Tropical Asia, East Australia

Panicum bisulcatum Thunb., 1815

Distribution: 

Assam to Russian Far East and Central Malesia

Paspalum thunbergii Kunth, 1829

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng., 1824

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia and West & Central Malesia, North West & East Australia

Phaenosperma globosum Munro ex Benth., 1881

Distribution: 

China to Assam, Temperate East Asia

Phalaris arundinacea L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate & Subtropical Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1841

Distribution: 

Temperate & Subtropical to Tropical Mountains

Phragmites japonicus Steud., 1854

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea & Japan

Poa acroleuca Steud., 1854

Distribution: 

Tibet to Sakhalin and Temperate East Asia

Poa annua L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Old World to Tropical Mountains

Poa hisauchii Honda, 1928

Distribution: 

Primorye, China (Hebei, Zhejiang), South Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Poa matsumurae Hack., 1899

Distribution: 

North Korea & Japan

Poa nemoralis L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere, NorthWest Africa

Poa pratensis L., 1753

Distribution: 

Subarctic to Temperate Northern Hemisphere and North Mexico

Poa sphondylodes Trin., 1833

Distribution: 

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Poa viridula Palib., 1902

Distribution: 

Azores, Morocco, Temperate Eurasia

Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino & Shibata, 1901

Distribution: 

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai, 1933

Distribution: 

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Büse, 1854

Distribution: 

Tropics & Subtropics

Setaria faberi R.A.W.Herrm., 1910

Distribution: 

West Siberia, Russian Far East to China, Temperate East Asia

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., 1817

Distribution: 

Old World

Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv., 1812

Distribution: 

Old World to Central & SouthEast Australia

Sibirotrisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Barberá, 2019

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia, New Guinea

Spodiopogon cotulifer (Thunb.) Hack., 1889

Distribution: 

West Himalaya, Assam to Central & South China, Temperate East Asia

Spodiopogon sibiricus Trin., 1820

Distribution: 

Siberia to Japan and China

Sporobolus piliferus (Trin.) Kunth, 1833

Distribution: 

Tropics & Subtropics

Themeda triandra Forssk., 1775

Distribution: 

Africa, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Australia

Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel., 1805

Distribution: 

Europe to Korea, Taiwan and Sri Lanka, Macaronesia to Arabian Peninsula and North Tanzania

Zoysia japonica Steud., 1854

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to East China and Temperate East Asia

Arisaema amurense Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Arisaema amurense f. serratum (Nakai) Kitag., 1939

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea

Arisaema heterophyllum Blume, 1836

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott, 1832

Distribution: 

East China (Zhoushan Islands), South Korea, Central Japan to Taiwan

Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott, 1832

Distribution: 

Primorye to Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Arisaema thunbergii Blume, 1836

Distribution: 

Temperate East Asia

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, 1901

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Typha angustifolia L., 1753

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Carex accrescens Ohwi, 1931

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea, North & North Central Japan

Carex aphanolepis Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China, Japan, Vietnam

Carex bostrychostigma Maxim., 1886

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China, Central & South Japan

Carex breviculmis R.Br., 1810

Distribution: 

India to South China and New Zealand

Carex brevispicula G.H.Nam & G.Y.Chung, 2020

Distribution: 

Korea

Carex ciliato-marginata Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

East China to Central & South Japan

Carex fernaldiana H.Lév. & Vaniot, 1901

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Carex filipes Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

South China to Korea & Japan

Carex filipes var. oligostachys Kük., 1909

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North China, Korea & Japan

Carex forficula Franch. & Sav., 1878

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China, Korea & Japan

Carex fusanensis Ohwi, 1932

Distribution: 

Korea

Carex gibba Wahlenb., 1803

Distribution: 

Korea to Vietnam, Central & South Japan

Carex heterolepis Bunge, 1833

Distribution: 

South Siberia to China, Korea & Japan

Carex humilis var. nana (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Ohwi, 1936

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea & Japan

Carex japonica Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

China to Korea, Sakhalin and Japan

Carex laevissima Nakai, 1914

Distribution: 

South Siberia, South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Carex lanceolata Boott, 1857

Distribution: 

Siberia to Korea & Japan

Carex leiorhyncha C.A.Mey., 1831

Distribution: 

Siberia to North China & Korea

Carex lenta D.Don, 1824

Distribution: 

Central & South Japan to Korea & Tropical Asia

Carex mira Kük., 1905

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Carex neurocarpa Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Central Japan

Carex okamotoi Ohwi, 1936

Distribution: 

Korea

Carex onoei Franch. & Sav., 1875

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to North & East China, North & Central Japan

Carex pediformis C.A.Mey., 1831

Distribution: 

East Europe to Korea

Carex pediformis var. pedunculata Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea

Carex polyschoena H.Lév. & Vaniot, 1903

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Carex siderosticta Hance, 1873

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to East China, Korea & Japan

Carex tristachya Thunb., 1784

Distribution: 

South China to Temperate East Asia, Malesia to New Guinea

Carex ussuriensis Kom., 1901

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to North China

Cyperus amuricus Maxim., 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Cyperus difformis L., 1756

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Cyperus iria L., 1753

Distribution: 

Tropical & Subtropical Old World to Central Asia

Cyperus microiria Steud., 1854

Distribution: 

Japan to Himalaya

Kyllinga brevifolia var. leiolepis (Franch. & Sav.) H.Hara, 1938

Distribution: 

Central Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Scirpus wichurae Boeck., 1870

Distribution: 

East Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Trichophorum polygamum D.C.Son & K.S.Chang, 2019

Distribution: 

Korea

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe, 1807

Distribution: 

South China to South Central & South Japan

Calanthe discolor Lindl., 1838

Distribution: 

South China to South Korea & Japan

Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb.) Blume, 1859

Distribution: 

Nepal to Temperate East Asia

Cephalanthera falcata (Thunb.) Blume, 1859

Distribution: 

South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan

Cephalanthera longibracteata Blume, 1859

Distribution: 

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan, Laos

Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., 1852

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay, 1986

Distribution: 

SouthEast China, South Korea, Japan to Taiwan

Gastrodia elata Blume, 1856

Distribution: 

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Goodyera henryi Rolfe, 1896

Distribution: 

Central Nepal, Central & South China to South Kuril Islands and Taiwan

Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., 1813

Distribution: 

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb.f., 1850

Distribution: 

Tibet to Korea, Japan and Sumatra

Hemipilia gracilis (Blume) Y.Tang, H.Peng & T.Yukawa, 2015

Distribution: 

China to Temperate East Asia

Liparis kumokiri F.Maek., 1936

Distribution: 

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan

Liparis suzumushi Tsusumi, T.Yukawa & M.Kato, 2019

Distribution: 

Korea & Japan

Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, 1908

Distribution: 

Assam to South Central Japan and New Caledonia

Analysis

Vascular flora of algific talus slopes in South Korea

Vascular plants of the 25 algific talus slopes distributed in South Korea included 1,052 taxa of 125 families, 486 genera, 947 species, 23 subsp., 75 var. and 7 f. (Suppl. materials 2, 3). Pteridophytes included a total of 77 taxa (7.3%) of 16 families, 35 genera, 74 species, 1 subsp., 2 var. and 2 f.; gymnosperms included a total of 14 taxa (1.3%) of 5 families, 9 genera, 14 species; angiosperms included a total of 771 taxa (73.3%) of 92 families, 352 genera, 682 species, 22 subsp., 62 var. and 5 f. for dicotyledons and a total of 190 taxa (18.1%) of 12 families, 90 genera, 177 species, 11 var. and 2 f. for monocotyledons. These accounted for approximately 22.27% of all vascular plants in South Korea (4,724 species) (Korea National Arboretum 2023). The plant family that showed the largest number of detected species was Asteraceae (96 taxa, 9.1%), followed by Poaceae (70 taxa, 6.7%), Rosaceae (65 taxa, 6.2%), Fabaceae (49 taxa, 4.7%), Liliaceae (44 taxa, 4.2%), Ranunculaceae (39 taxa, 3.7%) and Cyperaceae (36 taxa, 3.4%).

The most frequently detected species across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea was P. tricuspidata (n = 23), followed by F. rhynchophylla, L. obtusiloba and R. mucronulatum (n = 21); A. glandulosa var. brevipedunculata and P. tenuifolius (n = 20); U. davidiana var. japonica, A. arguta, C. japonica, L. maximowiczii, V. acuminata and O. undulatifolius. Magnoliophyta (n = 19); A. platanifolium var. trilobum, A. yokoscense, E. alatus, and D. crassirhizoma (n = 18); T. trichocarpum, S. suffruticosa, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum, Z. schinifolium, Q. mongolica, A. pseudosieboldianum and R. crataegifolius (n = 17); 9 taxa, including C. lanceolata and A. ageratoides (n = 16); 11 taxa, including A. pictum var. mono and A. scaber (n = 15); 11 taxa, including D. chinensis and C. heterophylla (n = 14); 15 taxa, including M. amurensis and V. collina (n = 13); 11 taxa, including Q. aliena, S. incisa and S. sawafutagi. (n = 12); 24 taxa, including A. reflexipinnum. and A. incisum (n = 11). In contrast, plants of 783 taxa were detected five or less times: 321 taxa, including C. ochotensis var. raddeana and A. longecassidatum were detected once; 209 taxa, including P. aizoon and S. trichocarpa were detected twice; 112 taxa, inluding R. davurica and U. laciniata were detected three times; 75 taxa, including L. glauca and D. mandshurica were detected four times; B. chinensis and V. orientalis were detected five times.

Rare plants and Red list species

A total of 55 taxa (Suppl. material 4, Fig. 2) detected across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea were found to be rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service. Seven taxa were Critically Endangered (CR) species, including Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey., Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, Paeonia obovata Maxim., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br. Ten taxa were Endangered (EN) species, including Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., Micranthes octopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim, Deutzia paniculata Nakai, Rosa koreana Kom. and Sophora koreensis Nakai. Fifteen taxa were Vulnerable (VU) species, including Adiantum pedatum L., Athyrium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Illicium anisatum L. and Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. Twenty taxa were Least Concern (LC) species, including Lycopodium annotinum L., Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring, Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., Gentiana triflora Pall. var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara and Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb.f. Three taxa were Data Deficient (DD) species, including Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, Eleutherococcus divaricatus (Siebold & Zucc.) S.Y. Hu var. chiisanensis (Nakai) C.H. Kim & B.-Y. Sun and Pseudolysimachion pyrethrinum (Nakai) T. Yamaz.

A total of 52 taxa (Suppl. material 4) detected across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea were found to be Red List species of vascular plants on the Korean Peninsula, accounting for 9.58% of the 543 taxa of Red List species in total. While there were no CR species, four taxa were EN species, including Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Paeonia obovata Maxim., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Prunus × yedoensis Matsum., accounting for 4.7% of the total EN species; seven taxa were VU species, including Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, Athyrium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics and Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., accounting for 7.3% of the total VU species; 14 taxa were Near Threatened (NT) species, including Lycopodium annotinum L., Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. and Rosa koreana Kom., accounting for 25% of the total NT species; 26 taxa were LC species, including Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Mey., Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda and Tylophora floribunda Miq., accounting for 27% of the total LC species; one taxon, Celtis choseniana Nakai, was a DD species, accounting for 2.5% of the total DD species.

The detection frequency of the 67 taxa of rare plants and Red List species was n = 9 for two taxa (2.94%): Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda and Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara, n = 5 for two taxa (2.94%): Spiraea chartacea Nakai and Rodgersia podophylla A.Gray, n = 4 for two taxa (2.94%): Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. and Arisaema heterophyllum Blume, n = 3 for six taxa (8.82%): Rosa koreana Kom., Actaea bifida (Nakai) J. Compton, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Viola albida Palib., Syringa villosa Vahl subsp. wolfii (C.K. Schneid) Y. Chen & D.Y. Hong, and Polypodium sibiricum Sipliv., n = 2 for 13 taxa (19.12%), including Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai and Berchemia berchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz. and n = 1 for 42 taxa (63.24%), including Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., Calanthe discolor Lindl. and Aconitum barbatum Patrin ex Pers.

Endangered wildlife

Endangered wildlife refers to those animal species designated for protection by the Ministry of Environment, based on the Wildlife Protection and Management Act for effective conservation (Korea Ministry of Envrionment 2023). The Act states that all prohibited provisions and responsibilities regarding endangered species and violation of the Act could result in a fine up to 50 million KRW or a prison sentence up to 7 years. The Act does not simply stipulate the prohibited provisions and respomsibilities, but also states the regulations regarding the duty of the government to ensure the protection and survival of endangered species. This encompasses the conservation of wildlife habitats, development of protection measures on endangered species, relevant feild study and research, designation of an institution for protection outside habitats and promotion of projects on the restoration of endangered species. Endangered wildlife is at risk of extinction in the near future, based on the markedly reduced population or a very low number of entities due to natural or artificial threats. Thus, these species are legally protected and managed through designation by the law. Currently, 60 taxa of Class I EN species and 207 taxa of Class II EN species have been designated for independent management. The proportion of vascular plants amongst them is 11 taxa of Class I species and 77 taxa of Class II species.

The endangered wildlife species detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of five taxa (Suppl. material 4): Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, Paeonia obovata Maxim., Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay, all of which correspond to Class II EN species (Table 4). The location in which each of these species was detected was as follows: Gwangjeom-dong, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do (A-E-2) for Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz.; Unchi-ri, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do (A-C-2) for Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics; Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do (A-T-4) for Paeonia obovata Maxim.; Jangyeol-ri, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do (A-T-5) and Binggye-ri, Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do (A-C-4) for Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl.; Seonheul-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do (A-V-1) for Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay.

Endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula

Among the vascular plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea, the endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula comprised 54 taxa (Suppl. material 5, Fig. 3), including Populus × tomentiglandulosa T.B. Lee, Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz, Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Corydalis maculata B.U.Oh & Y.S.Kim, Micranthes octopetala (Nakai) Y.I.Kim & Y.D.Kim, Sillaphyton podagraria (H.Boissieu) Pimenov, Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey, Heloniopsis koreana Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai, accounting for 12.53% of the 431 taxa of all the endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, the endemic species detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea comprised 44 taxa (Suppl. material 5), including Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Clematis brachyura Maxim. and Thalictrum actaeifolium Siebold & Zucc. var. brevistylum Nakai, accounting for 11.70% of the 376 taxa of endemic species in total.

The detection frequency for the 58 taxa of endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula and endemic species across the 25 sites was the highest at n = 11 for Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey., followed by n = 9 for two taxa: Clematis trichotoma Nakai and Clematis urticifolia Nakai ex Kitag.; n = 7 for two taxa: Vaccinium hirtum Thunb. var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam. and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai; n = 6 for two taxa: Asarum mandshuricum (Maxim.) M.Kim & S. So var. seoulense (Nakai) M. Kim & S. and Lonicera subsessilis Rehder; n = 5 for three taxa: Asperula lasiantha Nakai, Lilium amabile Palib. and Carex okamotoi Ohwi; n = 4 for three taxa: Thalictrum actaeifolium Siebold & Zucc. var. brevistylum Nakai, Angelica reflexa B.Y. Lee and Rhododendron yedoense Maxim. f. poukhanense (H. Lév.) Sugim. ex T. Yamaz.; n = 3 for eight taxa, including Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz and Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai; n = 2 for 14 taxa, including Populus × tomentiglandulosa T.B. Lee and Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim; n = 1 for 24 taxa, including Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi and Indigofera grandiflora B.H. Choi & S.K. Cho.

Floristic target species

The floristic target species detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of 317 taxa (Suppl. material 6, Fig. 4), accounting for 21.48% of the 1,476 taxa of all floristic target species. For Degree V, 12 taxa were detected, including Thuja koraiensis Nakai and Tephroseris flammea (Turcz. ex DC.) Holub, accounting for 4.65% of the 258 taxa of all Degree V species. For Degree IV, 48 taxa were detected, including Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl, Morus mongolica (Bureau) C.K. Schneid. and Caragana fruticosa (Pall.) Besser, accounting for 10.90% of the 440 taxa of all Degree IV species. For Degree III, 103 taxa were detected, including Lycopodium obscurum L., Acer ukurunduense Trautv. & C.A. Mey. and Hosta clausa Nakai, accounting for 27.76% of the 371 taxa of all Degree III species. For Degree II, 58 taxa were detected, including Huperzia miyoshiana (Makino) Ching, Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching and Hylotelephium viviparum (Maxim.) H. Ohba, accounting for 28.02% of the 207 taxa of all Degree II species. For Degree I, 96 taxa were detected, including Polystichum ovato-paleaceum (Kodama) Sa. Kurata var. coraiense (Christ) Sa. Kurata, Clematis patens C.Morren & Decne. and Vaccinium oldhamii Miq., accounting for 48% of the 200 taxa of all Degree I species.

The detection frequency for the 317 taxa of floristic target species according to the respective degree was as follows. For the 12 taxa of Degree V species, the detection frequency was n = 5 for Asperula lasiantha Nakai; n = 2 for two taxa: Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai; n = 1 for nine taxa, including Thuja koraiensis Nakai and Sophora koreensis Nakai. For the 48 taxa of Degree IV species, the detection frequency was n = 5 for Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray; n = 4 for Deutzia grandiflora Bunge var. baroniana (Diels) Rehder; n = 3 for seven taxa, including Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn and Anemone reflexa Steph. ex Willd.; n = 2 for 11 taxa, including Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis and Berberis koreana Palib.; n = 1 for 27 taxa, including Athyrium iseanum Rosenst. and Phedimus middendorffianus (Maxim.) 't Hart. For the 103 taxa of Degree III species, the detection frequency was n = 11 for Betula schmidtii Regel and Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr.; n = 10 for Betula davurica Pall.; n = 9 for four taxa, including Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott and Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun var. stellipila Maxim.; n = 8 for Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim.; n = 7 for four taxa, including Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. and Spiraea chamaedryfolia L.; n = 6 for four taxa, including Actaea asiatica H. Hara and Ribes mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kom.; n = 5 for two taxa: Betula chinensis Maxim. and Celtis koraiensis Nakai; n = 4 for two taxa: Acer palmatum Thunb. and Brachybotrys paridiformis Maxim. ex Oliv.; n = 3 for ten taxa, including Selaginella tamariscina (P. Beauv.) Spring and Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr; n = 2 for 18 taxa, including Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim. and Zabelia biflora (Turcz.) Makino; n = 1 for 55 taxa, including Dracocephalum argunense Fisch. ex Rchb. and Lycopodium obscurum L. For the 58 taxa of Degree II species, the detection frequency was the highest at n = 16 for Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., followed by n = 14 for Tilia amurensis Rupr., n = 13 for Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch and Weigela florida (Bunge) A.DC., n = 9 for four taxa, including Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Tripterygium regelii Sprague & Takeda, n = 8 for Euonymus pauciflorus Maxim., n = 7 for Euonymus macropterus Rupr., n = 6 for three taxa: Potentilla dickinsii Franch. & Sav., Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim. and Lonicera subsessilis Rehder, n = 5 for six taxa, including Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée and Phellodendron amurense Rupr., n = 4 for Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. and Rubia chinensis Regel & Maack, n = 3 for five taxa, including Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwats. and Spiraea salicifolia L., n = 2 for 16 taxa, including Osmunda cinnamomea L. and Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. and n = 1 for 16 taxa, including Coniogramme intermedia Hieron. and Viola tokubuchiana Makino var. takedana (Makino) F. Maek. For the 96 taxa of Degree I species, the detection frequency was the highest across the 25 sites at n = 19 for Ulmus davidiana Planch. ex DC. var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai; followed by n = 16 for Deutzia parviflora Bunge; n = 12 for Deutzia glabrata Kom.; n = 9 for Deutzia uniflora Shirai and Syringa pubescens Turcz. subsp. patula (Palib.) M.C. Chang & X.L. Chen; n = 8 for four taxa, including Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and Lindera erythrocarpa Makino; n = 7 for three taxa, including Pilea japonica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., Clematis patens C.Morren & Decne. and Spiraea blumei G.Don; n = 6 for five taxa, including Hepatica asiatica Nakai and Impatiens noli-tangere L.; n = 5 for four taxa, including Ilex macropoda Miq. and Carex okamotoi Ohwi; and n = 4 for nine taxa, including Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch. and Lindera glauca (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume.

Northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and 300 species threatened by climate change

From the 1,342 taxa of shared species between South Korea and Russia, Gantsetseg et al. (2020) compiled a list of northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula that includes 615 taxa after excluding 727 taxa that were distributed worldwide, inhabit marine ecosystems, are distributed mainly in temperate regions of East Asia or are cultivated or invasive alien plants. The northern lineage plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of 181 taxa (Suppl. material 7, Fig. 5), which accounted for 29.43% of all northern lineage plants. The 181 taxa included Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy and Eranthis stellata Maxim. In addition, among the 300 species of plants adaptable to climate change as reported in Korea National Arboretum (2010), 100 species of northern lineage plants comprised 39 taxa, including Clematis fusca Turcz., Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. and Spiraea trichocarpa Nakai, whereas southern lineage plants comprised 21 taxa, including Ficus erecta Thunb. and Toxicodendron sylvestre (Siebold & Zucc.) Kuntze.

The detection frequency for the 218 taxa of northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and of northern and southern lineage plants among the 300 plants adaptable to climate change on the Korean Peninsula was the highest across the 25 sites at n = 21 for Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz., followed by n = 20 for Philadelphus tenuifolius Rupr. & Maxim.; n = 19 for Viola acuminata Ledeb.; n = 18 for Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai; n = 17 for Rubus crataegifolius Bunge; n = 16 for five taxa, including Sambucus williamsii Hance and Deutzia parviflora Bunge; n = 15 for two taxa, including Corydalis speciosa Maxim. and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.; n = 14 for Tilia amurensis Rupr.; n = 13 for Melampyrum roseum Maxim., Maackia amurensis Rupr.; and Vitis amurensis Rupr.; n = 12 for Pyrola japonica Klenze ex Alef. and Deutzia glabrata Kom.; n = 11 for four taxa, including Betula schmidtii Regel and Disporum smilacinum A. Gray; and n = 10 for Asplenium ruprechtii Sa. Kurata and Betula davurica Pall. Meanwhile, 73 taxa, including Asarum mandshuricum (Maxim.) M. Kim & S. So were detected once and 41 taxa, including Ribes maximowiczianum Kom. were detected twice.

Limestone area plants

According to Kim et al. (2021), the floristic inventory for vascular plants in limestone areas on the Korean Peninsula included 1,290 taxa and the distribution characteristics were analyzed for 102 taxa (Suppl. material 8, Fig. 6) of limestone area plants to categorize the Calciphilous Indicator Plant (CIP; 14 taxa), Superative Calciphilous Plant (SCP; 30 taxa) and Comparative Calciphilous plant (CCP; 58 taxa). The limestone area plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of 32 taxa, among which three taxa: Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T.Im, Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H.Hara and Trichophorum polygamum D.C.Son & K.S.Chang were CIP; six taxa, including Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz., Morus mongolica (Bureau) C.K. Schneid., Astragalus penduliflorus Lam. var. dahuricus (DC.) X.Y. Zhu, Caragana fruticosa (Pall.) Besser and Carex ussuriensis Kom. were SCP; 23 taxa, including Asplenium tenuicaule Hayata, Polystichum craspedosorum (Maxim.) Diels and Saussurea odontolepis (Herder) Sch.Bip. ex Maxim. were CCP.

The detection frequency for the 32 taxa of limestone area plants was n = 6 for Spiraea chinensis Maxim.; n = 5 for Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and Celtis koraiensis Nakai; n = 3 for Actaea bifida (Nakai) J. Compton and Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) M.Cheng var. insularis (Nakai) M. Cheng; n = 2 for 13 taxa, including Spiraea trichocarpa Nakai, Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. and Zabelia biflora (Turcz.) Makino; n = 1 for 14 taxa, including Exochorda serratifolia S. Moore and Aster maackii Regel.

Alien plants, invasive alien plants and introduced disturbing plants

Alien plants that were intentionally or unintentionally, such as airports, introduced into South Korea and have grown wild (Korea National Arboretum 2019a). Seventy-five taxa (Suppl. material 9) of alien plants, including Rumex crispus L., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Bidens frondosa L., were detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea. Categorization of the alien plants by life form showed 10 taxa of woody plants, including Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L., 26 taxa of annual plants, including Chenopodium album L., Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. and Tagetes minuta L., 12 taxa of biennial plants, including Lepidium apetalum Willd. and Carduus crispus L. and 27 taxa of perennial plants, including Barbarea vulgaris W.T.Aiton, Trifolium repens L., Oxalis corniculata L. and Erigeron philadelphicus L.

Categorization of the alien plants by native habitat indicated one taxon, Trifolium repens L., from Africa; 10 taxa, including Rumex crispus L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. from Europe, Africa and Asia; three taxa: Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. and Solanum nigrum L., from Europe and Africa; four taxa, including Amaranthus blitum L. subsp. oleraceus (L.) Costea and Medicago sativa L. from Europe; 14 taxa, including Rumex acetosella L. and Dactylis glomerata L. from Europe and Asia; 13 taxa, including Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe from Asia; 17 taxa, including Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. from North America; two taxa: Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth and Tagetes minuta L., from South America; nine taxa, including Phytolacca americana L. and Eclipta thermalis Bunge from America; one taxon, Poa pratensis L., from North America, Europe and Asia; and one taxon, Sicyos angulatus L. Magnoliophyta, from Noth America and Oceania (Suppl. material 9, Fig. 7).

The alien plants were categorized into archaeophytes, potentially invasive plants and invasive alien plants according to time of invasion and settlement, whereas potentially invasive plants were divided into concerned alien plants and uncertain plants. Invasive alien plants were divided into casual alien plants and naturalized plants (Korea National Arboretum 2019a). Eleven taxa of archaeophytes were considered potentially invasive plants, including Thlaspi arvense L., Oxalis corniculata L. and Amaranthus blitum L. subsp. oleraceus (L.) Costea; concerned alien plants were six taxa, including Pinus rigida Mill. and Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott; uncertain plants were four taxa, including Lepidium apetalum Willd. and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. For invasive alien plants, one taxon, Veronica anagallis-aquatica L., was a casual alien plant and 53 taxa, including Euphorbia maculata L., Veronica persica Poir. and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, were naturalized plants.

According to Kang et al. (2020), distribution data on invasive alien plants were used to categorisze the distribution into five levels: widespread (WS) species, serious spread (SS) species, concerned spread (CS) species, minor spread (MS) species and potential spread (PS) species. Among the 53 taxa of invasive alien plants detected at 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea, the WS species were 19 taxa, including Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.; SS species were nine taxa, including Trifolium pratense L. and Senecio vulgaris L.; CS species were seven taxa, including Euphorbia hypericifolia L. and Solidago gigantea Aiton; MS species were 11 taxa, including Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. and Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.; PS species were eight taxa, including Viola sororia Willd. and Lamium purpureum L.

In this study, the NI, calculated as = (number of alien plants / total number of detected plants) × 100, was 7.13% and the UI, calculated as = (number of alien plants detected in the study site / number of alien plants inhabiting the Korean Peninsula) × 100, was 12.12%. According to Kim et al. (2000), an NI ≥ 4% for a forest indicates disturbance. Thus, the 25 sites of algific talus slopes in South Korea investigated in this study appear to be at an initial stage of disturbance. Meanwhile, preventive measures on potential spread should be implemented due to the high accessibility of sites which are in close proximity to roads.

The detection frequency for the 75 taxa of alien plants was highest at n = 13 for Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., thereby exhibiting the widest level of distribution. The detection frequency was n = 11 for Oenothera biennis L.; n = 9 for Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.; n = 7 for four taxa, including Bidens frondosa L. and Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.; n = 6 for four taxa, including Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.; n = 5 for four taxa, including Barbarea vulgaris W.T.Aiton and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist; n = 4 for five taxa, including Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom and Chenopodium ficifolium Sm.; n = 3 for 10 taxa, including Senecio vulgaris L. and Euphorbia hypericifolia L.; n = 2 for 16 taxa, including Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Amaranthus patulus Bertol.; n = 1 for 29 taxa, including Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench and Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob.

The introduced disturbing plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea were eight taxa: Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Rumex acetosella L., Sicyos angulatus L., Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Solidago altissima L. and Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom. The detection frequency was n = 9 for Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., followed by n = 6 for Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., n = 4 for Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom, n = 3 for Ambrosia trifida L., n = 2 for Rumex acetosella L. and n = 1 for Sicyos angulatus L., Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H.Rob. and Solidago altissima L.

Flora of the algific talus slope by type

The flora by type across the algific talus slope sites in South Korea was as follows (Suppl. material 10): 804 taxa of 114 families, 394 genera, 722 species, 18 subsp., 59 var. and 5 f. for 14 sites of type talus; 701 taxa of 107 families, 361 genera, 623 species, 18 subsp., 53 var. and 7 f. for four sites of type cave; 306 taxa of 82 families, 173 genera, 274 species, 5 subsp., 25 var. and 2 f. for four sites of type dent; 80 taxa of 44 families, 68 genera, 77 species, 1 subsp. and 2 var. for one site of type vertical cave; 173 taxa of 72 families, 129 genera, 152 species, 5 subsp., 14 var. and 2 f. for two sites of type others. Each type accounted for 76.43%, 66.63%, 29.09%, 7.60% and 16.44%, respectively, of the 1,052 taxa of detected plants in total.

Notable plants were analyzed for each type of algific talus slope. First, analysis was based on the class of rare plants above or equal to VU species, as designated by the Korea Forest Service. The six taxa of CR species included three taxa, Paeonia obovata Maxim., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., for the type talus; three taxa, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey. and Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, for the type cave; one taxon, Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay, for the type vertical cave; and none for the types dent and others. The 11 taxa of EN species included nine taxa, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., Sophora koreensis Nakai etc., for the type talus; four taxa, Rosa koreana Kom., Dracocephalum argunense Fisch. ex Link etc., for the type cave; three taxa, Micranthes octopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim, Deutzia paniculata Nakai and Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, for the type dent; and none for the types vertical cave and others. The 15 taxa of VU species included five taxa, Adiantum pedatum L., Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda etc., for the type talus; seven taxa, Athyrium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge etc., for the type cave; five taxa, Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda etc., for the type dent; two taxa, Illicium anisatum L. and Calanthe discolor Lindl., for the type vertical cave; and one taxon, Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., for the type others. Regarding the NT species of Red list species of vascular plants, the four taxa of EN species included two taxa, Paeonia obovata Maxim. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., for the type talus; one taxon, Prunus × yedoensis Matsum., for the type cave; and one taxon, Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, for the type dent. The eight taxa of VU species included six taxa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, for the type talus; three taxa, Athyrium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics and Spiraea chartacea Nakai, for the type cave; and three taxa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, Spiraea chartacea Nakai and Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, for the type dent. Further, the 14 taxa of NT species included eight taxa, Aconitum barbatum Patrin ex Pers., Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im etc., for the type talus; four taxa, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Rosa koreana Kom. etc., for the type cave; three taxa, Lycopodium annotinum L., Thuja koraiensis Nakai and Deutzia paniculata Nakai, for the type dent; two taxa, Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Goodyera henryi Rolfe, for the type vertical cave; and one taxon, Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., for the type others.

Analysis of the endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula and the endemic species across the 25 algific talus slopes by type indicated that the type talus had 45 taxa, including Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai and Angelica reflexa B.Y. Lee; the type cave had 26 taxa, including Clematis trichotoma Nakai and Asarum chungbuensis (C.S. Yook & J.G. Kim) B.U.Oh; the type dent had 21 taxa, including Asarum mandshuricum (Maxim.) M.Kim & S. So var. seoulense (Nakai) M. Kim & S. So and Stewartia koreana Nakai ex Rehder; the type vertical cave had one taxon, Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai; the type others had six taxa, including Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai and Thalictrum actaeifolium Siebold & Zucc. var. brevistylum Nakai. In addition, when the analysis was based on the degree of floristic target species above or equal to III, the 163 taxa included 98 taxa, Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim., Cephalanthera falcata (Thunb.) Blume etc., for the type talus; 67 taxa, Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn, Catolobus pendulus (L.) Al-Shehbaz etc., for the type cave; 44 taxa, Lycopodium obscurum L., Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald etc., for the type dent; 24 taxa, Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels, Actinodaphne lancifolia (Blume) Meisn. etc., for the type vertical cave; and eight taxa, Lepisorus onoei (Franch. & Sav.) Ching, Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. etc., for the type others.

Analysis of the alien plants and invasive alien plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes by type indicated that, for the 75 taxa of alien plants, the type talus had 48 taxa, including Phytolacca americana L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.; the type cave had 62 taxa, including Medicago sativa L. and Euphorbia hypericifolia L.; the type dent had four taxa, including Chenopodium ficifolium Sm.; the type vertical cave had one taxon, Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe; and the type others had no alien plant. Next, for the 54 taxa of invasive alien plants, the type talus had 34 taxa, type cave had 45 taxa, type dent had four taxa and type vertical cave had one taxon. Categorization based on the level of distribution revealed that the 35 taxa at the type talus included 17 taxa, Rumex acetosella L. etc., for the WS species; seven taxa, Euphorbia maculata L. etc., for the SS species; four taxa, Amaranthus patulus Bertol. etc. for the CS species; six taxa, Melilotus albus Medik. etc., for the MS species; one taxon, Erigeron philadelphicus L., for the PS species. The 45 taxa at the type cave included 18 taxa, Rumex crispus L. etc., for the WS species; seven taxa, Trifolium pratense L. etc., for the SS species; five taxa, Chenopodium album L. etc., for the CS species; nine taxa, Sicyos angulatus L. etc., for the MS species; and six taxa, Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb., etc., for the PS species. The four taxa at the type dent included one taxon, Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., for the WS species; none for the SS and CS species; one taxon, Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton, for the MS species; two taxa, Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. and Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., for the PS species. The one taxon at the type vertical cave was Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe, which is a PS species.

Floral distribution on the algific talus slopes by region

Across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea, the flora by region was as follows (Suppl. material 11): 431 taxa of 87 families, 256 genera, 377 species, 13 subsp., 36 var. and 5 f. for Unchi-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-C-2); 361 taxa of 81 families, 232 genera, 326 species, 9 subsp., 24 var. and 2 f. for Binggye-ri, Uiseong-gun (A-C-4); 331 taxa of 84 families, 203 genera, 295 species, 6 subsp., 28 var. and 2 f. for Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-4); 298 taxa of 76 families, 176 genera, 267 species, 5 subsp., 23 var. and 3 f. for Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2) and 298 taxa of 80 families, 207 genera, 260 species, 12 subsp., 24 var. and 2 f. for Naeryong-ri, Cheongsong-gun (A-T-13); and 281 taxa of 86 families, 204 genera, 241 species, 11 subsp., 26 var. and 3 f. for Boopyeong-ri, Inje-gun (A-T-7).

Notable plants were analyzed for each region. On the algific talus slope in Seongdong-ri, Pocheon-si (A-T-1), one taxon, Gastrodia elata Blume, was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. Three taxa, Clematis brachyura Maxim., Asarum misandrum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim and Indigofera grandiflora B.H. Choi & S.K. Cho, were endemic plants of the Korean peninsula. Five taxa, including Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun var. stellipila Maxim. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Seven taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which four were WS species, including Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.; one was an SS species, Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom, two were MS species, Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. and Ambrosia trifida L. and there were no CD or PS species. On the algific talus slope in Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2), one taxon, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, two taxa, Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im and Rosa koreana Kom., were EN species and two taxa, Actaea bifida (Nakai) J.Compton and Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, were VU species. One taxon, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., was an EN species of the Red list and three taxa, including Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im, were NT species. Sixteen taxa, including Vaccinium hirtum Thunb. var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Thirty taxa, including Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr, were floristic target species of degree III or above. Eleven taxa, including Solanum nigrum L., were alien plants and six taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which four were WS species, including Bidens frondosa L., one was a CS species, Amaranthus patulus Bertol. and one was a PS species, Erigeron philadelphicus L. On the algific talus slope in Shinghi-ri, Pyeongchang-gun (A-T-3), two taxa, Rosa koreana Kom. and Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Adiantum pedatum L., was a VU species. One taxon, Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, was a VU species of the Red list and two taxa, Rosa koreana Kom. and Paeonia lactiflora Pall., were NT species. Nine taxa, including Vicia chosenensis Ohwi were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Thirty-six taxa, including Actaea asiatica H. Hara were floristic target species of degree III or above. Six taxa, including Oxalis corniculata L. were alien plants and four taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which three were WS species, including Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. and one was an SS species: Carduus crispus L.

On the algific talus slope in Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-4), one taxon, Paeonia obovata Maxim., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, two taxa, Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T.Im and Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species and two taxa, Actaea bifida (Nakai) J.Compton and Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, were VU species. One taxon, Paeonia obovata Maxim., was an EN species of the Red list, three taxa, including Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman were VU species and three taxa, including Aconitum barbatum Patrin ex Pers. were NT species. Twenty-one taxa, including Lilium amabile Palib. were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Thirty-eight taxa, including Zabelia biflora (Turcz.) Makino, were floristic target species of degree III or above. Nineteen taxa, including Galium tricornutum Dandy were alien plants. Thirteen taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which eight were WS species, including Trifolium repens L.; two were SS species, including Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom and Carduus crispus L., two were MS species, including Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton and Melilotus albus Medik. and one was a PS species, Erigeron philadelphicus L. (Lee et al. 2022b). On the algific talus slope in Jangyeol-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-5), two taxa, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, were EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service. Two taxa, Spiraea chartacea Nakai and Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, were VU species of the Red list and one taxon, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., was an NT species. Four taxa, including Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey were endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula. Fifteen taxa, including Caragana fruticosa (Pall.) Besser were floristic target species of degree III or above. Eleven taxa, including Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist were alien plants and six taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which five were WS species, including Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. and Trifolium pratense L. was an SS species. On the algific talus slope in Bongoh-ri, Hwacheon-gun (A-T-6), one taxon, Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and a VU species of the Red list. One taxon, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, was an endemic plant on the Korean Peninsula. Seven taxa, including Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun var. stellipila Maxim. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Invasive alien plants included one taxon, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., a WS species and one taxon, Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom, an SS species. On the algific talus slope in Boopyeong-ri, Inje-gun (A-T-7), one taxon, Sophora koreensis Nakai, was an EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, as a VU species. One taxon, Sophora koreensis Nakai, was an NT species of the Red list. Five taxa, including Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Fifteen taxa, including Deutzia grandiflora Bunge var. baroniana (Diels) Rehder were floristic target species of degree III or above. Nineteen taxa, including Senecio vulgaris L. were alien plants and fourteen taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which ten were WS species, including Dactylis glomerata L., three were SS species, including Sonchus oleraceus L. and one was an MS species, Ambrosia trifida L.

On the algific talus slope in Gaeahn-ri, Boeun-gun (A-T-8), there was no rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service or Red list species. Two taxa, Thalictrum actaeifolium Siebold & Zucc. var. brevistylum Nakai and Lonicera subsessilis Rehder, were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. One taxon, Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn, was a floristic target species of degree III or above. Four taxa, including Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. were alien plants and three taxa were invasive alien plants, all of which were WS species, including Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. On the algific talus slope in Oejungbang-ri, Danyang-gun (A-T-9), there was no rare plant designated by the Korea Forest Service or Red list species as an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. One taxon, Celtis koraiensis Nakai, was a floristic target species of degree III or above. Four taxa, including Morus alba L. were alien plants and two taxa: Oenothera biennis L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., were invasive alien plants, both of which were WS species. On the algific talus slope in Shinjeong-ri, Jeongeup-si (A-T-10), one taxon, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, was designated as a rare plant by the Korea Forest Service and a VU species of the Red list. One taxon, Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey, was an endemic plant of the Korean peninsula. Two taxa, Cephalanthera falcata (Thunb.) Blume and Rhamnus davurica Pall., were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Beobhwa-ri, Yeongcheon-ri (A-T-11), one taxon, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. One taxon, Carex fusanensis Ohwi, was an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. Eight taxa, including Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. and Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected.

On the algific talus slope in Hwabuk-ri, Gunwi-gun (A-T-12), one taxon, Berchemia berchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz., was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. No endemic plant was detected, whereas six taxa, including Rhamnus ussuriensis J.J. Vassil. and Celtis koraiensis Nakai were floristic target species of degree III or above. Two taxa, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg., were invasive alien plants, both of which were WS species. On the algific talus slope in Naeryong-ri, Cheongsong-gun (A-T-13), two taxa, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda and Berchemia berchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz., were VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and LC species of the Red list. Twelve taxa, including Asarum chungbuensis (C.S. Yook & J.G. Kim) B.U. Oh were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Ninteen taxa, including Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott were floristic target species of degree III or above. Twenty-four taxa, including Rumex crispus L. were alien plants and twenty-two taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which 12 were WS species, including Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., six were SS species, including Festuca arundinacea Schreb., three were CS species, including Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench and one was an MS species, Tagetes minuta L. On the algific talus slope in Nammyeong-ri, Milyng-si (A-T-14), one taxon, Deutzia paniculata Nakai, was an EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an NT species of the Red list. Eleven taxa, including Carex okamotoi Ohwi were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Fourteen taxa, including Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr were floristic target species of degree III or above. Six taxa, including Oenothera biennis L., were invasive alien plants and five taxa were introduced disturbing plants, out of which three were WS species, including Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., one was an SS species, Euphorbia maculata L. and one was an MS species, Tagetes minuta L.

On the algific talus slope in Dongmak-ri, Yeoncheon-gun (A-C-1), one taxon, Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service; two taxa, Rosa koreana Kom. and Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species and three taxa, including Adiantum pedatum L. were VU species. One taxon, Athyrium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, was a VU species of the Red list and two taxa, Rosa koreana Kom. and Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai., were NT species. Thirteen taxa, including Asarum mandshuricum (Maxim.) M. Kim & S. So var. seoulense (Nakai) M. Kim & S. So were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Twenty-eight taxa, including Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) Raeusch. ex K. Koch were floristic target species of degree III or above. Five taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which two were WS species, including Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. and Bidens frondosa L. and three were MS species, including Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton. Two taxa, Sicyos angulatus L. and Ambrosia trifida L., were introduced disturbing plants. On the algific talus slope in Unchi-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-C-2), two taxa, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. and Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, were CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service; two taxa, Aconitum coreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics and Spiraea chartacea Nakai, were VU species of the Red list and one taxon, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., was an NT species. Ten taxa, including Paulownia coreana Uyeki were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Thirty taxa, including Ribes mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kom. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Thirty-four taxa, including Rumex acetosella L. were alien plants and twenty-five taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which thirteen were WS species, including Veronica persica Poir., four were SS species, including Carduus crispus L., two were CS species, Chenopodium album L. and Euphorbia hypericifolia L., three were MS species, including Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth and three were PS species, including Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. Two taxa, Rumex acetosella L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., were introduced disturbing plants. On the algific talus slope in Jwapo-ri, Jinahn-gun (A-C-3), one taxon, Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc., was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Prunus × yedoensis Matsum., was an EN species of the Red list. Four taxa, including Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Six taxa, including Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn were floristic target species of degree III or above. Twenty-four taxa, including Viola sororia Willd. were alien plants and twenty taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which eleven were WS species, including Phytolacca americana L.; three were SS species, including Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, four were MS species, including Rumex obtusifolius L. and two were PS species, Lamium purpureum L. and Viola sororia Willd. On the algific talus slope in Binggye-ri, Uiseong-gun (A-C-4), six taxa were rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, out of which one was a CR species, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., two were EN species, Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Dracocephalum argunense Fisch. ex Link and three were VU species, including Tylophora floribunda Miq. One taxon, Spiraea chartacea Nakai, was a VU species of the Red list and two taxa, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. and Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., were NT species. Eight taxa, including Artemisia angustissima Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Twenty-eight taxa, including Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis were floristic target species of degree III or above. Thirty-two taxa, including Solidago altissima L. were alien plants. Twenty-one taxa were invasive alien plants out of which ten were WS species, including Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., four were SS species, including Poa pratensis L., five were CS species, including Medicago sativa L., one was an MS species: Tagetes minuta L., and one was a PS species: Solidago altissima L. Two taxa: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Solidago altissima L., were introduced disturbing plants.

On the algific talus slope in Changchon-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-D-1), two taxa, Micranthes octopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim and Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and three taxa, including Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. were VU species. One taxon, Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, was an EN species of the Red list, two taxa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman and Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, were VU species and two taxa, Lycopodium annotinum L. and Thuja koraiensis Nakai, were NT species. One taxon, Micranthes octopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim, was an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. Nineteen taxa, including Lycopodium obscurum L. and Enemion raddeanum Regel were floristic target species of degree III or above. No alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Neunggang-ri, Jecheon-si (A-D-2), one taxon, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. Eleven taxa, including Angelica reflexa B.Y. Lee were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Sixteen taxa, including Athyrium iseanum Rosenst. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Four taxa were invasive alien plants out of which Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. was a WS species, Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton was an MS species and two were PS species, including Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. and Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. One taxon, Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., was an introduced disturbing plant. On the algific talus slope in Goobyeong-ri, Boeun-gun (A-D-3), two taxa, Actaea bifida (Nakai) J.Compton and Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, were VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Spiraea chartacea Nakai, was a VU species of the Red list. Twelve taxa, including Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Ten taxa, including Hosta clausa Nakai were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Samyang-ri, Milyang-si (A-D-4), one taxon, Deutzia paniculata Nakai, was an EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an NT species of the Red list. Five taxa, including Stewartia koreana Nakai ex Rehder were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Five taxa, including Melampyrum setaceum (Maxim. ex Palib.) Nakai var. nakaianum (Tuyama) T. Yamaz. were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. It is notable that Samyang-ri exhibited the lowest number of plants among the 25 sites of algific talus slope.

On the algific talus slope in Seonheul-ri, Jeju-si (A-V-1), three taxa were rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service out of which Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay was a CR species and two were VU species, Illicium anisatum L. and Calanthe discolor Lindl. Two taxa, Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Goodyera henryi Rolfe, were NT species of the Red list. One taxon, Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai, was an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. Twenty-four taxa, including Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal and Strobilanthes oliganthus Miq. were floristic target species of degree III or above. One taxon, Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe, was a PS species of invasive alien plants. On the algific talus slope in Gwandong-ri, Haenam-gun (A-O-1), one taxon, Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., was a Red list species. Three taxa, including Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Four taxa, including Rhaphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl. ex Ker var. umbellata (Thunb. ex Murray) H. Ohashi were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Chooseong-ri, Hamyang-gun (A-O-2), one taxon, Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an NT species of the Red list. Four taxa, including Thalictrum actaeifolium Siebold & Zucc. var. brevistylum Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Four taxa, including Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected.

Discussion

The vascular flora at 25 sites of algific talus slopes was investigated as a specific area of forest biodiversity. The area of each site was approximately 0.25 km2, which accounted for approximately 0.0004% of the total forest area of 62,860 km2 in South Korea (Korea Forest Service 2023). Despite the relative narrowness of the area, the overall vascular flora across the 25 algific talus slopes comprised 1,052 taxa of 125 families, 486 genera, 947 species, 23 subsp., 75 var. and 7 f., thereby accounting for approximately 22.27% of all 4,724 taxa of known vascular plants in South Korea. Moreover, there were 55 and 52 detected taxa of rare plants as designated by the Korea Forest Service and Red list species, respectively. This accounted for approximately 10.09% of the total 545 taxa of rare plants and 9.58% of the total 543 taxa of Red list species. On the algific talus slope in Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2), the area of the natural habitat of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. is rapidly decreasing due to the spread of Muhlenbergia hakonensis (Hack. ex Matsum.) Makino, thereby implicating the need for developing ex-situ conservation measures. There were 54 (12.53%) and 44 (11.70%) detected taxa of endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula and endemic species, respectively. On the algific talus slope in Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-4), Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai was found with phenotypic features similar to Forsythia ovata Nakai, thereby demanding taxonomic reinterpretation through genetic analyses. Further, 317 taxa of floristic target species were found and out of which 163 taxa of Degree III–V should be subjected to long-term monitoring plans and in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures. Moreover, long-term measures for ecological conservation should be developed via selecting plant species vulnerable to climate change on the 25 algific talus slope sites. There were 181 detected taxa of northern lineage plants of the Korean Peninsula; 60 taxa out of the 300 species threatened by climate change were also detected. The floristic inventory for northern lineage plants of the Korean Peninsula according to Gantsetseg et al. (2020) presents 616 species that are difficult to define as northern lineage plants. This appears to be because the inventory focuses solely on the shared species between South Korea and Russia so that the pattern of distribution for each taxon on the Korean Peninsula deviates to induce errors. Hence, a new floristic inventory should be produced for northern lineage plants based on the findings of this study; further studies are encouraged. For limestone area plants, 32 taxa (31.37%), including three taxa of CIP (21.43%), six taxa of SCP (20.00%) and 23 taxa of CCP (39.66%) were found. Seventy-five taxa of alien plants were detected, which account for 12.12% of the total 619 taxa of alien plants. However, care should be taken as most of the 25 algific talus slope sites are close to roads with high levels of accessibility and increasing number of tourists, which may consequently propel the continuously increasing spread of alien plants. In particular, tendency of alien plants to spread to areas surrounding the core areas of algific talus slope sites implies the need for suitable management measures. Systematic and continuous development of measures is necessary to ensure integrated conservation and management of the 25 algific talus slope sites. Currently, however, only very few regions with an algific talus slope, such as Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2), are designated as reserve areas. Therefore, the FGRR and OECMs should be applied to a greater scope of regions for systematic management (Lee et al. 2022b). An area of OECMs is not a reserve area but a geographically defined area, which is managed in ways to achieve positive and continuous long-term results for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and regarding the relevant ecosystem functions, services and cultural, socioeconomic and other regional values (Convention on Biological Diversity 2018). In South Korea, seven regions, including algific talus slopes and buffer areas of the Korea National Arboretum have been selected for OECMs and the results verified the effectiveness of OECMs as a means to extend the quantitative scope of reserve areas (Hong et al. 2017). Thus, algific talus slopes are thought to become a representative set of regions for OECMs. Furthermore, the day and night temperatures distinctly vary in regions such as the algific talus slope in Yeotan-ri and functions such as the cooling effect should be thoroughly analyzed through micrometeorological studies in order to provide pre-emptive responses against climate change.

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out with research funding support from the Korea Forest Service Korea National Arboretum to establish “The research of biodiversity conservation and management for forest genetic resources protected area of Korea".

References

Supplementary materials

Suppl. material 1: Location of algific talus slopes in South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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Suppl. material 2: Flora of algific talus slopes in South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
Download file (24.24 kb)
Suppl. material 3: Total list of vascular plants of algific talus slope of South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
Download file (95.10 kb)
Suppl. material 4: List of rare plants and Red-list species in the algific talus slopes in South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
Download file (35.38 kb)
Suppl. material 5: List of endemic plants on the Korean peninsula in the algific talus slopes of South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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Suppl. material 6: List of the Ⅴ–Ⅰ degree taxa of Korean floristic target species on the algific talus slope in South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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Suppl. material 7: List of the northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and 300 species threatened by climate change in the algific talus slopes of South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
Download file (58.78 kb)
Suppl. material 8: List of calciphilous plants in the algific talus slopes of South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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Suppl. material 9: List of alien plants in the algific talus slopes of South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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Suppl. material 10: Flora of algific talus slopes by type in South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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Suppl. material 11: Flora of algific talus slopes by region in South Korea 
Authors:  Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An
Data type:  MS word
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