Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomy & Inventories
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Corresponding author: Hume B Douglas (hume.douglas@agr.gc.ca)
Academic editor: Marianna Simões
Received: 05 Feb 2024 | Accepted: 07 Apr 2024 | Published: 05 Jul 2024
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Douglas H, Renkema J, Smith T, Konstantinov A, Moisan-De Serres J (2024) Palearctic flea beetle and pest of hops and Cannabis, Psylliodes attenuata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae), new to North America. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e120340. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e120340
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The univoltine leaf beetle Psylliodes attenuata (Koch, 1803) is a pest of Cannabis and Humulus (Cannabaceae) and native to the Palaearctic Region, known from eastern Asia to western Europe.
First North American records are presented for P. attenuata from Canada: Ontario and Québec. Adult beetle feeding damage to hops Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabacaea) plants is recorded from Québec. Diagnostic information is presented to distinguish P. attenuata from other North American Chrysomelidae and a preliminary assessment of its potential to spread in North America is presented. While our climate analysis is limited by a lack of data, it appears P. attenuata is physiologically capable of persisting throughout the range of Humulus in North America.
The United States of America and Canada are now known to be home to 71 or more species of adventive Chrysomelidae.
invasive alien species, adventive species, crop pest, faunal record, flea beetle, hops, hemp, Humulus, Cannabis
The univoltine leaf beetle Psylliodes attenuata (Koch, 1803) is native to the Palaearctic Region from eastern Asia to western Europe (
An agronomist working in hop yards contacted Joseph Moisan-De Serres (JM-D) in 2022 to investigate flea beetle damage to hop yards (hop yards) near Québec City. JM-D collected specimens, recognised these as Psylliodes attenuata and submitted them to HD for dissection and further identification. Justin Renkema (JR) was simultaneously conducting a survey for foliar arthropod diversity at four hop yards in southern Québec and five in Ontario by shaking bines (stems) over a 1 m2 funnel and also submitted Psylliodes samples to HD. HD dissected specimens and compared them to North American and Palaearctic literature, also sending photographs to Alexander Konstantinov (AK) for confirmation. Specimens are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa Ontario, Canada. Specimen occurrences were mapped using SimpleMappr (
For DNA analysis, three specimens were sent to the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada). There, a single leg was detached from each specimen and was placed in a well in a 96-well microplate prefilled with 10 µl of 96% ethanol. Each specimen was also photographed and the resulting image was uploaded to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD;
Detailed collection information for each specimen, including both DNA-barcoded material and other specimen records, as well as GenBank accession numbers for the barcode sequences, are listed in the text. All sequences, details on polymerase chain reaction and sequencing primers, photographs and full collection data for the DNA-barcoded specimens are available through a public dataset on BOLD (https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.5883/ DS-PAQ2023).
As an assessment of the potential distribution of P. attenuata in North America, TWS initially intended to prepare a species distribution model using the programme Maxent (
We downloaded all Humulus L. records with geographic coordinates from GBIF (n = 310323,
The second most numerous taxon (n = 10353) was H. scandens (Lour.) Merr., an annual plant native to Eurasia, often referred to as H. japonicus Siebold & Zuccarini (
To estimate the winter cold tolerance of P. attenuata, we extracted the coldest temperature from the coldest month for each record, using the WorldClim global climate data (Bioclim Variable 6;
The new occurrence data reported in this paper are deposited at GBIF, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility: https://doi.org/10.15468/p3h5k2
Psylliodes attenuata is 1.6-2.6 mm long (Figs
We recorded Psylliodes attenuata from the eight illustrated localities in Canada (Fig.
The finding of 752 specimens from eight sites separated by at least 750 km indicates that multiple breeding populations of P. attenuata are established in Canada. Like many flea beetles, P. attenuata are univoltine, with egg laying and below-ground development of immatures during summer. New adults emerge in August and September in UK and then overwinter in vegetation, litter and soil (
We observed substantial damage to some of the assessed hop yards (Fig.
The external morphology and male genitalia of the Canadian specimens closely matched taxon concepts of P. attenuata. Specimens were confirmed as P. attenuata using
Analysis of the two DNA-barcoded Canadian specimens of Psylliodes through the BOLD Identification Engine resulted in a 100% match with P. attenuata for one specimen. This specimen shared a BOLD Barcode Index Number (BIN,
A record from Mongolia produced the lowest winter temperature value, -25.5°C. The isotherm for this value closely follows the northern limit of Humulus in Eurasia and matches the distribution of Humulus in North America almost exactly (Fig.
Distribution of Psylliodes attenuata and its Humulus spp. host plant. Jurisdictions where P. attenuata has been documented are indicated by grey (
Adult P. attenuata feed on Humulus, Cannabis and Urtica L. (Urticaceae) in their native range. Larvae develop on and in roots and root crowns of Humulus and Cannabis (
Given that this species was first detected as a pest of hops, it can be expected to act as a pest in hop yards in North America and possibly to feed on wild hops plants. There are three Humulus lupulus varieties native to North America: var. neomexicanus, var. pubescens and var. lupuloides. Collectively, they are present in all Canadian provinces and all US states other than the southeast and Pacific northwest (
Psylliodes attenuata can also be expected to feed on outdoor Cannabis plants in North America. Cannabis has been documented growing wild across North America, although it is difficult to distinguish self-sustaining populations from short-lived escapes from (legal or illicit) plantings (
Urtica is common across Canada and the USA, particularly two native subspecies of U. dioica L. (
Larvae of P. attenuata mine below-ground plant parts (
This new North American record, added to recent species counts (
Thanks to Mackenzie Gamman (AAFC) for specimens dissections and micrographs used in the publication. We thank Charles Fournier-Marcotte for sending specimens and for highlighting the damage caused by P. attenuata in Québec hop farms. We thank Tara Preston and Ariane Mooney for collecting and processing samples and hop-yard owners for allowing access to their yards for sampling. Thanks to Mikko Pentinsaari (Centre for Biodiversity Genomics) for generating DNA barcodes.