Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomy & Inventories
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Corresponding author: Feng Zhang (dudu06042001@163.com)
Academic editor: Danilo Harms
Received: 02 Apr 2024 | Accepted: 30 May 2024 | Published: 14 Jun 2024
© 2024 Yanmeng Hou, Lingchen Zhao, Feng Zhang
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Hou Y, Zhao L, Zhang F (2024) Five new species of the genus Paratemnoides Harvey, 1991 (Pseudoscorpiones, Atemnidae) from China. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e124585. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e124585
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Paratemnoides Harvey, 1991 is currently represented by 28 species and two subspecies, which are widespread in the world, except for Europe and Antarctica. Paratemnoides sinensis (Beier, 1932) represents the only species of this genus currently recorded from China.
Five new Paratemnoides species collected from China are described, including detailed diagnoses and illustrations: P. guangdongensis sp. nov. from Guangdong, P. parvus sp. nov., P. politus sp. nov. and P. yunnanensis sp. nov. from Yunnan and P. trisulcus sp. nov. from Guangxi. An identification key to all known Paratemnoides species from China and a distribution map are also provided.
morphology, new species, pseudoscorpion, taxonomy
The pseudoscorpion family Atemnidae Kishida, 1929, belonging to the superfamily Cheliferoidea Risso, 1827, is currently represented by two subfamilies (Atemninae Beier, 1932 and Miratemninae Beier, 1932). The reciprocal monophyly of the two subfamilies remains to be confirmed and it is generally assumed that the main difference between them is the position of the tactile setae on the tarsus of leg Ⅳ (near base vs. near middle) and the number of setae on the cheliceral hand (four vs. five) (
Paratemnoides Harvey, 1991, one of the genera within the subfamily Atemninae, is currently represented by 28 species, which are widespread in the world, except for Europe and Antarctica. The main distribution of countries belonging to Asia are Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Paratemnoides sinensis (Beier, 1932) represents the only species of this genus currently distributed in China (
During the identification of atemnid pseudoscorpion specimens collected in 2018 and 2019, five new species, belonging to Paratemnoides were found and which are described with detailed diagnoses, descriptions and illustrations.
The specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol and deposited in the Museum of Hebei University (MHBU) (Baoding, China). Photographs were taken with a Leica M205A stereomicroscope equipped with a Leica DFC550 camera and the LAS software v. 4.6 and the Leica M205A stereomicroscope with a drawing tube was used for drawings and measurements. The chela and the chelal hand were measured in ventral view. Detailed examination was carried out with an Olympus BX53 compound light microscope. Temporary slide mounts were made in glycerol.
Terminology and measurements mostly follow
The following abbreviations are used for the trichobothria: b, basal; sb, sub-basal; st, sub-terminal; t, terminal; ib, interior basal; isb, interior sub-basal; ist, interior sub-terminal; it, interior terminal; eb, exterior basal; esb, exterior sub-basal; est, exterior sub-terminal; et, exterior terminal. Cheliceral setae: es, exterior seta; is, interior seta; ls, laminal seta; bs, basal seta; sbs, sub-basal seta. Male genitalia: a, lateral apodeme; br, hooked branch; c, sclerotised bar; d, longitudinal fold of medial diverticulum; e, ejaculatory canal atrium; f, lateral rods; g, dorsal apodeme; h, ventral diverticulum; l, lateral lip of lateral apodeme.
Male (holotype) (Fig.
Paratemnoides guangdongensis sp. nov., holotype male (A–F, H), paratype female (G) A carapace (dorsal view); B left pedipalp (dorsal view); C left chela (lateral view); D left leg I (lateral view); E left leg IV (lateral view); F male genital area (ventral view); G female genital area (ventral view); H tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A–C, E); 0.20 mm (D, F–H).
Paratemnoides guangdongensis sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–G, I), paratype female (B, H) A male galea; B female galea; C rallum; D left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern; E left leg I (lateral view); F left leg IV (lateral view); G left pedipalp (dorsal view); H female genital area (ventral view); I male genital area (ventral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (F, G); 0.25 mm (D, E, H, I); 0.10 mm (A–C).
Paratemnoides parvus sp. nov., holotype male (A–D, F–I), paratype female (E) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chelal fingers (lateral view); C left chela (lateral view); D left pedipalp (dorsal view); E female genital area (ventral view); F male genital area (ventral view); G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view); H left leg I (lateral view); I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (D, I); 0.20 mm (A–C, E–H).
Paratemnoides parvus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E–H, J–M), paratype female (D, I) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chelicera (dorsal view); C male galea; D female galea; E rallum; F left pedipalp (dorsal view); G left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern; H male genital area (ventral view); I female genital area (ventral view); J male genital organ; K left leg I (lateral view); L left leg IV (lateral view); M tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 1 mm (F); 0.50 mm (A); 0.25 mm (B, G, J); 0.20 mm (H, I, K–M); 0.10 mm (C–E).
Paratemnoides politus sp. nov., holotype male (A–E, G–I), paratype female (F) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chela (lateral view); C male genital area (ventral view); D left chelal fingers (lateral view); E left pedipalp (dorsal view); F female genital area (ventral view), with eggs; G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view); H left leg I (lateral view); I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B, E, F, H, I); 0.20 mm (C, D, G).
Paratemnoides politus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E–H, K–M), paratype female (D, I, J) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chelicera (dorsal view); C male galea; D female galea; E rallum; F left pedipalp (dorsal view); G left leg I (lateral view); H left leg IV (lateral view); I female genital area (ventral view); J spermatheca; K male genital area (ventral view); L male genital organ; M left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, F–H); 0.20 mm (I, K); 0.10 mm (B–E, J, L, M).
Paratemnoides trisulcus sp. nov., holotype male (A–D, F–I), paratype female (E) A carapace (dorsal view); B right chelal fingers (lateral view); C tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view); D right pedipalp (dorsal view); E female genital area (ventral view); F male genital area (ventral view); G right chela (lateral view); H left leg I (lateral view); I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.20 mm (A, D–I); 0.10 mm (B, C).
Paratemnoides trisulcus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E, G–I, K, M, N), paratype female (D, F, J, L) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chelicera (dorsal view); C male galea; D female galea; E male rallum; F female rallum; G right pedipalp (dorsal view); H right chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern; I left leg I (lateral view); J female genital area (ventral view); K male genital area (ventral view); L spermatheca; M male genital organ; N left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.20 mm (G, I–K, N); 0.10 mm (A–F, H, L, M).
Paratemnoides yunnanensis sp. nov., holotype male (A–E, G–I), paratype female (F) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chelal fingers (lateral view); C left chela (lateral view); D left pedipalp (dorsal view); E male genital area (ventral view); F female genital area (ventral view); G tarsus of left leg IV (lateral view); H left leg I (lateral view); I left leg IV (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.50 mm (I); 0.20 mm (A–H).
Paratemnoides yunnanensis sp. nov., holotype male (A–C, E–H, J–L), paratype female (D, I) A carapace (dorsal view); B left chelicera (dorsal view); C male galea; D female galea; E rallum; F left pedipalp (dorsal view); G left chelal fingers (lateral view), with details of trichobothrial pattern; H male genital area (ventral view); I female genital area (ventral view); J left leg I (lateral view); K left leg IV (lateral view); L male genital organ. Scale bars: 1 mm (K); 0.50 mm (J); 0.25 mm (D); 0.20 mm (A, H, I); 0.10 mm (B–G, L).
Carapace (Fig.
Chelicera (Fig.
Pedipalp (Fig.
Opisthosoma: generally typical, all setae long and acuminate; pleural membrane longitudinally striate, without setae. Tergites I–V and XI undivided and others incompletely divided, setal bases distinct larger, tergal chaetotaxy I–XI: 9: 10: 10: 14: 14: 12: 16: 13: 14: 16 (4T): 14 (2T). All sternites (except sternite XI) divided, darker and darker from sternites Ⅳ to sternites XI, each half sternite with seven long setae, sternites X and XI each with four tactile setae. Anus (tergite Ⅻ and sternite Ⅻ) without raised rim. Anterior genital operculum with four setae on each side, posterior margin with six setae, arranged in a row.
Legs (Fig.
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm). Male (females in parentheses): body length 2.77 (2.90–3.36). Carapace 0.99/0.83 (1.00–1.02/0.96–0.99). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.51/0.31 (0.47–0.49/0.30–0.31), femur 0.77/0.35 (0.76–0.78/0.34–0.37), patella 0.78/0.43 (0.76–0.79/0.41–0.44), chela (with pedicel) 1.34/0.49 (1.42–1.48/0.50–0.57), chela (without pedicel) 1.21 (1.28–1.34), hand (with pedicel) 0.81 (0.95–1.02), movable finger length 0.56 (0.57–0.59). Leg I: trochanter 0.18/0.17 (0.18–0.19/0.15–0.18), femur 0.28/0.23 (0.27–0.28/0.21–0.23), patella 0.47/0.21 (0.45–0.47/0.20–0.21), tibia 0.43/0.15 (0.42/0.14), tarsus 0.33/0.10 (0.31–0.34/0.09–0.10). Leg IV: trochanter 0.30/0.19 (0.33/0.21–0.22), femoropatella 0.82/0.32 (0.88–0.90/0.34–0.36), tibia 0.59/0.20 (0.63/0.20), tarsus 0.39/0.12 (0.39–0.41/0.12).
This new species is characterised by (see taxon discussion for more details): anterior half of carapace darker than posterior half, with two distinct eyespots; pedipalp stout, palpal femur 2.20 (♂), 2.11–2.24 (♀), chela with pedicel 2.73 (♂), 2.60–2.84 (♀), chela without pedicel 2.47 (♂), 2.35–2.56 (♀) × longer than broad; dorsal tubercle on trochanter well-developed; movable chelal finger with 54–56 teeth; retrolateral surface of trochanter, prolateral surface of patella, femur and hand granular; middle part of patella intumescent and spherical.
Named after the type locality, Guangdong (China).
Before this study, a total of 28 Paratemnoides species have been recorded around the world, of which 16 and one subspecies come from Asia (only one species, P. sinensis, comes from China). Paratemnoides guangdongensis sp. nov. is similar to P. parvus sp. nov., but differs by slender chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.73× vs. 2.54–2.66× longer than broad) and more movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (54–56 vs. 41–42).
Paratemnoides guangdongensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. assimilis (Beier, 1932) by the number of posterior margin setae on the carapace (9 vs. 6), slightly smaller body size and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 2.77 mm vs. 3.30 mm; chela with pedicel 2.73× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; chelal hand with pedicel 1.65× vs. 1.88× longer than broad, length 0.81 mm vs. 0.94 mm); from P. borneoensis (Beier, 1932) by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 24), smaller body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 2.90–3.36 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur length 0.76–0.78 mm vs. 0.68 mm); from P. curtulus (Redikorzev, 1938) by the arrangement of trichobothria (e.g. distance between est and esb nearly equal to that of ist and isb vs. shorter to that of ist and isb) and the slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.73× vs. 2.19× longer than broad, length 1.34 mm vs. 1.05 mm); from P. indicus (Sivaraman, 1980) by the presence of more setae on the carapace (63 vs. 46), more movable chelal finger teeth (54–56 vs. 42) and smaller body size (e.g. body length (♂) 2.77 mm vs. 4.02 mm, (♀) 2.90–3.36 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur (♀) 2.11–2.24× vs. 2.00× longer than broad); from P. japonicus (Morikawa, 1953) by the trait of eyes (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent), the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 18) and slightly smaller body size (♂) (e.g. body length 2.77 mm vs. 2.97 mm; palpal femur 2.20× vs. 2.40× longer than broad, length 0.77 mm vs. 0.81 mm); from P. laosanus (Beier, 1951) by the presence of more chelal fingers teeth (fixed chelal finger with 38–39 vs. 33 teeth; movable chelal finger with 54–56 vs. 44 teeth) and smaller body length (♂♀) (2.77–3.36 mm vs. 3.50–4.00 mm); from P. mahnerti (Sivaraman, 1981) by the presence of more setae on the carapace (63 vs. 40), the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 19) and relative position of trichobothrium st (st situated closer to sb than to t vs. midway between sb and t); from P. pallidus (Balzan, 1892) by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 25), the presence of more movable chelal finger teeth (54–56 vs. 45 teeth) and smaller body size (♀) (e.g. body length 2.90–3.36 mm vs. 4.30 mm); from P. philippinus (Beier, 1932) by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 26) and smaller body size (♂) (e.g. body length 2.77 mm vs. 3.50 mm; chela with pedicel 2.73× vs. 2.20× longer than broad; chelal hand length 0.81 mm vs. 0.90 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.56 mm vs. 0.60 mm); from P. plebejus (With, 1906) by darker body colour (carapace and tergites dark brown vs. yellowish brown), smaller body size (♀) (e.g. body length 2.90–3.36 mm vs. 4.00–5.70 mm; palpal femur 2.11–2.24× vs. 2.00× longer than broad), more chelal fingers teeth (♂) (fixed finger with 38–39 vs. 32 teeth; movable chelal finger with 54–56 vs. 46 teeth) and the trait of pedipalp (prolateral surface of femur and patella granular only vs. almost entire surface granular); from P. pococki (With, 1907) by darker body colour (carapace and tergites dark brown vs. pale brown) and smaller body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (body length 2.90–3.36 mm vs. 3.87 mm; palpal femur length 0.76–0.78 mm vs. 0.62 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.57–0.59 mm vs. 0.46 mm); from P. politus sp. nov. by slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.20× vs. 1.94–2.00× longer than broad) and more movable chelal finger teeth (54–56 vs. 48–50); from P. redikorzevi (Beier, 1951) by more chelal fingers teeth (fixed finger with 38–39 vs. 35 teeth; movable chelal finger with 54–56 vs. 48 teeth), slightly smaller body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 2.77 mm vs. 3.00 mm; palpal femur (♀) length 0.76–0.78 mm vs. 0.70–0.72 mm; movable finger length 0.57–0.59 mm vs. 0.51–0.57 mm); from P. robustus (Beier, 1932) by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 26) and smaller body length (e.g. body length (♀) 2.90–3.36 mm vs. 4.60 mm; palpal femur (♂) 2.20× vs. 2.28× longer than broad, length 0.77mm vs. 0.91 mm; movable finger length 0.56 mm vs. 0.66 mm); from P. salomonis (Beier, 1935) by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots wanting), smaller body length and the slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g., body length 2.77 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur 2.20× vs. 2.10× longer than broad, length 0.77 mm vs. 0.69 mm; chela with pedicel 2.73× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; chela without pedicel 2.47× vs. 2.40× longer than broad); from P. sinensis by the presence of more movable chelal finger teeth (54–56 vs. 43) ; from P. sumatranus (Beier, 1935) by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 24) and smaller body size (♂) (e.g. body length 2.77 mm vs. 2.50 mm; palpal femur 2.20× vs. 2.30× longer than broad, length 0.77 mm vs. 0.61 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.56 mm vs. 0.47 mm); from P. trisulcus sp. nov. by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.20× vs. 2.39× longer than broad); from P. yunnanensis sp. nov. by slender chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.73× vs. 2.63–2.64× longer than broad) (
Males (holotype and paratypes) (Fig.
Carapace (Figs
Chelicera (Fig.
Pedipalp (Fig.
Opisthosoma: generally typical, all setae long, acuminate and biseriate; pleural membrane longitudinally striate, without setae. Tergites I–Ⅱ and XI undivided and others incompletely divided, tergal chaetotaxy I–XI: 8: 8: 3–4: 5–5: 6–7: 5–7: 5–6: 5–6: 5–6: 5–6 + (4T): 13(2T). All sternites (except sternite XI) divided, sternal chaetotaxy IV–XI: 4–4: 7–8: 5–8: 5–7: 6–8: 6–8: 4–6 (4T): 11 (4T). Anus (tergite Ⅻ and sternite Ⅻ) without raised rim. Anterior genital operculum with eight or nine setae on each side, posterior margin with seven setae. Male genitalia (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Adult females (Fig.
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm; ratios in parentheses). Males (females in parentheses): body length 3.39–3.49 (3.17–3.26). Carapace 0.81/0.72–0.69 (0.84–0.85/0.77–0.78). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.39/0.28–0.29 (0.43/0.28), femur 0.73–0.78/0.32–0.33 (0.78–0.80/0.35), patella 0.66–0.70/0.37–0.38 (0.73–0.74/0.39), chela (with pedicel) 1.26–1.33/0.47–0.50 (1.38–1.40/0.51), chela (without pedicel) 1.19–1.26 (1.30–1.31), hand (with pedicel) 0.76–0.81 (0.70), hand (without pedicel) 0.69–0.74 (0.77), movable finger length 0.51–0.60 (0.55–0.58). Leg I: trochanter 0.15–0.19/0.14 (0.16–0.17/0.15), femur 0.24–0.26/0.18–0.22 (0.25–0.27/0.20), patella 0.39–0.42/0.17–0.19 (0.44/0.20), tibia 0.35–0.39/0.12–0.13 (0.40–0.41/0.13), tarsus 0.33/0.09–0.10 (0.34–0.35/0.09). Leg IV: trochanter 0.28–0.30/0.16–0.17 (0.31–0.33/0.21), femoropatella 0.83–0.86/0.31–0.32 (0.91/0.34), tibia 0.54–0.55/0.18 (0.59–0.60/0.20), tarsus 0.38–0.39/0.12 (0.42/0.13).
This new species is characterised by (see taxon discussion for more details): with smaller body size (3.39–3.49 (♂) mm, 3.17–3.26 (♀) mm); anterior half of carapace darker than posterior half; with two distinct eyespots; palpal femur 2.28–2.36 (♂), 2.23–2.29 (♀), chela with pedicel 2.66–2.68 (♂), 2.71–2.75 (♀) × longer than broad, chela without pedicel 2.43–2.52 (♂), 2.55–2.57 (♀) × longer than broad; prolateral surface of femur and patella granular; distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb; galea simple, short and simple branch.
The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective parvus (-a, -um), meaning small and referring to the characters of smaller body size.
China (Yunnan) (Fig.
Paratemnoides parvus sp. nov. is similar to P. guangdongensis sp. nov., but differs by stouter chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.54–2.66× vs. 2.73× longer than broad) and fewer movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (41–42 vs. 54–56) .
Paratemnoides parvus sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. assimilis by the number of posterior margin setae on the carapace (7–8 vs. 6), the number of serrula exterior blades (22–26 vs. 21) and slightly stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.66–2.68× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; chelal hand with pedicel 1.62× vs. 1.88× longer than broad, length 0.76–0.81 mm vs. 0.94 mm); from P. borneoensis by smaller body size and the slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 3.17–3.26 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur length 0.78–0.80 mm vs. 0.68 mm); from P. curtulus by the arrangement of trichobothria (e.g. distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb vs. shorter than that of ist and isb) and the slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.66–2.68× vs. 2.19× longer than broad, length 1.26–1.33 mm vs. 1.05 mm); from P. indicus by smaller body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 3.39–3.49 mm vs. 4.02 mm, (♀) 3.17–3.26 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur (♀) 2.23–2.29× vs. 2.00× longer than broad, length 0.78–0.80 mm vs. 0.72 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent); from P. japonicus by the trait of eyes (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent), the number of serrula exterior blades (22–26 vs. 18) and larger body size and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.39–3.49 mm vs. 2.97 mm; palpal femur 2.28–2.36× vs. 2.40× longer than broad, length 0.73–0.78 mm vs. 0.81 mm); from P. laosanus by smaller body length (♂♀) (3.17–3.49 mm vs. 3.50–4.00 mm) and stouter chela (♂) (e.g. chela without pedicel 2.43–2.52× vs. 2.20–2.30× longer than broad; hand with pedicel 1.62× vs. 1.70–1.80× longer than broad, length 0.76–0.81 mm vs. 0.95 mm); from P. mahnerti by the number of serrula exterior blades (22–26 vs. 19) and relative position of trichobothrium st (st situated closer to sb than to t vs. midway between sb and t); from P. pallidus by smaller body size (♀) (e.g. body length 3.17–3.26 mm vs. 4.30 mm) and slender chela (♀) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.71–2.75× vs. 2.20× longer than broad); from P. philippinus by slightly smaller body size and stouter chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.66–2.68× vs. 2.20× longer than broad; chelal hand with pedicel length 0.76–0.81 mm vs. 0.90 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. without eyespots); from P. plebejus by smaller body size (♀) (e.g. body length 3.17–3.26 mm vs. 4.00–5.70 mm; palpal femur 2.23–2.29× vs. 2.00× longer than broad) and the trait of pedipalp (prolateral surface of femur and patella granular only vs. almost entire surface granular); from P. pococki by smaller body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 3.17–3.26 mm vs. 3.87 mm; palpal femur length 0.78–0.80 mm vs. 0.62 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.55–0.58 mm vs. 0.46 mm); from P. politus sp. nov. by slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.11–2.36× vs. 1.94–2.00× longer than broad) and fewer movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (41–42 vs. 48–50) ; from P. redikorzevi by the number of serrula exterior blades (22–26 vs. 20) and slightly larger body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 3.39–3.49 mm vs. 3.00 mm; palpal femur (♀) 2.23–2.29× vs. 2.18–2.19× longer than broad, length 0.78–0.80 mm vs. 0.70–0.72 mm); from P. robustus by smaller body length (e.g. body length (♂) 3.39–3.49 mm vs. 3.80 mm, (♀) 3.17–3.26 mm vs. 4.60 mm; palpal femur (♂) length 0.73–0.78 mm vs. 0.91 mm; movable finger length 0.51–0.60 mm vs. 0.66 mm) and stouter leg IV (e.g. femoropatella 2.68–2.69× vs. 2.40× longer than deep; tibia 3.00–3.06× vs. 3.30× longer than deep); from P. salomonis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots wanting), slightly smaller body length and the slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.28–2.36× vs. 2.10× longer than broad, length 0.73–0.78 mm vs. 0.69 mm; chela with pedicel 2.66–2.68× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; chela without pedicel 2.43–2.52× vs. 2.40× longer than broad); from P. sinensis by smaller body size (e.g. palpal patella (♂) 1.78–1.84× vs. 1.90× longer than broad, length 0.66–0.70 mm vs. 0.74–0.80 mm; tibia of leg IV (♂) 3.00–3.06× vs. 3.20× longer than deep) and the arrangement of trichobothria (distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb vs. nearly equal to that of ist and isb); from P. sumatranus by larger body size (♂) (e.g. body length 3.39–3.49 mm vs. 2.50 mm; palpal femur length 0.73–0.78 mm vs. 0.61 mm; chela with pedicel 2.66–2.68× vs. 2.80–2.90× longer than broad; movable chelal finger length 0.51–0.60 mm vs. 0.47 mm); from P. trisulcus sp. nov. by stouter chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.54–2.66× vs. 2.83× longer than broad) and fewer movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (41–42 vs. 46) ; from P. yunnanensis sp. nov. by fewer movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (41–42 vs. 46–48) and relative position of trichobothrium ist (i.e. ist situated basal to est vs. distal to to est) (
Males (holotype and paratype) (Fig.
Carapace (Figs
Chelicera (Fig.
Pedipalp (Fig.
Opisthosoma: generally typical, all setae long, acuminate and biseriate; pleural membrane longitudinally striate, without setae. Tergites I–V and XI undivided and others incompletely divided, each anterior half of tergite darker than posterior half, tergal chaetotaxy I–XI: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 7–7: 8–7: 8–7: 7–7: 9–8: 7–6, tergites X and XI each with two long tactile setae. All sternites (except sternite XI) divided, sternal chaetotaxy IV–XI: 5–5: 9–9: 8–7: 8–8: 8–8: 7–8: 9–8 (2T): 8–7 (4T). Anus (tergite Ⅻ and sternite Ⅻ) without raised rim. Anterior genital operculum with 17 setae on each side, posterior margin with eight setae. Male genitalia (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Adult females (Fig.
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm; ratios in parentheses). Males (females in parentheses): body length 3.31–3.63 (4.58–4.65). Carapace 0.97–1.00/0.82–0.86 (1.03/0.91–0.92). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.41–0.45/0.28–0.30 (0.43/0.28–0.29), femur 0.68–0.78/0.35–0.39 (0.71–0.72/0.36–0.37), patella 0.72–0.79/0.40–0.41 (0.73–0.75/0.38–0.39), chela (with pedicel) 1.36–1.49/0.51–0.52 (1.41–1.44/0.52–0.53), chela (without pedicel) 1.24–1.36 (1.29–1.31), hand (with pedicel) 0.84–0.92 (0.87–0.88), hand (without pedicel) 0.72–0.79 (0.75), movable finger length 0.58–0.62 (0.59–0.61). Leg I: trochanter 0.17–0.18/0.15–0.16 (0.17–0.19/0.16), femur 0.26–0.28/0.20–0.22 (0.27–0.28/0.21–0.22), patella 0.41–0.44/0.18–0.19 (0.43–0.45/0.18–0.19), tibia 0.37–0.38/0.13 (0.39–0.40/0.14), tarsus 0.30–0.31/0.09–0.10 (0.33/0.10). Leg IV: trochanter 0.32/0.18–0.22 (0.33/0.20–0.22), femoropatella 0.85–0.93/0.31–0.33 (0.92–0.96/0.34–0.35), tibia 0.60–0.63/0.20–0.21 (0.59–0.60/0.21), tarsus 0.38–0.43/0.13–0.14 (0.41–0.43/0.13–0.14).
This new species is characterised by (see taxon discussion for more details): carapace 1.16–1.18 (♂), 1.12–1.13 (♀) × longer than broad; with two distinct eyespots; palpal femur 1.94–2.00 (♂), 1.92–2.00 (♀), chela with pedicel 2.67–2.87 (♂), 2.71–2.72 (♀) × longer than broad, chela without pedicel 2.43–2.62 (♂), 2.47–2.48 (♀) × longer than broad; only prolateral surface of femur and patella granular; fixed chelal finger with 37–38 teeth; movable chelal finger with 48–50 teeth; serrula exterior with (♂♀) 22–23 blades.
The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective polio (-a, -um), meaning smooth and referring to the characters of smooth pedipalps, only prolateral surface of femur and patella granular.
China (Yunnan) (Fig.
Paratemnoides politus sp. nov. is similar to P. trisulcus sp. nov., but differs by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.39× longer than broad).
Paratemnoides politus sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. assimilis by slightly stouter appendages (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.67–2.87× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; chelal hand with pedicel 1.65–1.77× vs. 1.88× longer than broad; femoropatella of leg IV 2.71–2.74× vs. 2.50–2.60×, tibia of leg IV 2.81–2.86× vs. 3.00× longer than deep); from P. borneoensis by the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 24), larger body size and stouter pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 4.58–4.65 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur 1.92–2.00× vs. 2.27× longer than broad, length 0.71–0.72 mm vs. 0.68 mm); from P. curtulus by the arrangement of trichobothria (e.g. distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb vs. shorter to that of ist and isb) and the slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.67–2.87× vs. 2.19× longer than broad, length 1.36–1.49 mm vs. 1.05 mm); from P. guangdongensis sp. nov. by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.20× longer than broad) and fewer movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (48–50 vs. 54–56); from P. indicus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent), the number of setae on the carapace (52 vs. 46), more movable chelal finger teeth (48–50 vs. 42) and the body size (e.g. body length (♂) 3.31–3.63 mm vs. 4.02 mm, (♀) 4.58–4.65 mm vs. 4.06 mm); from P. japonicus by the trait of eyes (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent), the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 18) and larger body size and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.31–3.63 mm vs. 2.97 mm; palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.40× longer than broad, length 0.68–0.78 mm vs. 0.81 mm); from P. laosanus by larger body size and stouter pedipalps (e.g. body length (♀) 4.58–4.65 mm vs. max. 4.00 mm; palpal femur length (♀) 0.71–0.72 mm vs. 0.77 mm; hand with pedicel (♀) 1.66–1.67× vs. 1.79× longer than broad, length 0.87–0.88 mm vs. 1.00 mm; chela without pedicel (♂) 2.43–2.62× vs. 2.20–2.30× longer than broad) and more chelal fingers teeth (fixed finger with 37–38 vs. 33 teeth, movable finger with 48–50 vs. 44); from P. mahnerti by the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 19), relative position of trichobothrium st (st situated closer to sb than to t vs. midway between sb and t), more chelal fingers teeth (fixed finger with 37–38 vs. 31 teeth, movable finger with 48–50 vs. 39), the number of setae on the carapace (52 vs. 40) and larger body size (e.g. body length (♂) 3.31–3.63 mm vs. 2.02 mm, (♀) 4.58–4.65 mm vs. 3.05 mm); from P. pallidus by slightly larger body size (♀) (e.g. body length 4.58–4.65 mm vs. 4.30 mm), stouter pedipalps (♀) (e.g. palpal femur 1.92–2.00× vs. 2.20× longer than broad) and the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 25); from P. parvus sp. nov. by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.11–2.36× longer than broad) and more movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (48–50 vs. 41–42) ; from P. philippinus by the slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.67–2.87× vs. 2.20× longer than broad), the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. without eyespots) and the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 26); from P. plebejus by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.11× longer than broad), more fixed chelal finger teeth (♂) (37–38 vs. 32) and the trait of pedipalp (prolateral surface of femur and patella granular only vs. almost entire surface granular); from P. pococki by larger body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 4.58–4.65 mm vs. 3.87 mm; palpal femur 1.92–2.00× vs. 2.20× longer than broad, length 0.71–0.72 mm vs. 0.62 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.59–0.61 mm vs. 0.46 mm); from P. redikorzevi by the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 20), larger body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 3.39–3.49 mm vs. 3.00 mm, (♀) 4.58–4.65 mm vs. 3.00–4.00 mm; chela without pedicel (♂) 2.43–2.62× vs. 2.30–2.40× longer than broad); from P. robustus by the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 26), smaller body size and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.31–3.63 mm vs. 3.80 mm; palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.28× longer than broad, length 0.68–0.78 mm vs. 0.91 mm); from P. salomonis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots wanting), the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 23) and slightly slender appendages (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.67–2.87× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; tarsus of leg IV 2.92–3.07× vs. 3.20× longer than deep); from P. sinensis by stouter pedipalps (e.g. palpal femur (♂) 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.30× longer than broad, chela with pedicel (♂) 2.67–2.87× vs. 2.40–2.50× longer than broad) and the arrangement of trichobothria (distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb vs. nearly equal to that of ist and isb); from P. sumatranus by the number of serrula exterior blades (22 vs. 24) and larger body size and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.31–3.63 mm vs. 2.50 mm; palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.26× longer than broad, length 0.68–0.78 mm vs. 0.61 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.58–0.62 mm vs. 0.47 mm); from P. yunnanensis sp. nov. by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 1.94–2.00× vs. 2.17–2.41× longer than broad) and relative position of trichobothria t and it (t distal to it vs. basal to it) (
Male (holotype) (Fig.
Carapace (Figs
Chelicera (Fig.
Pedipalp (Fig.
Opisthosoma: generally typical, all setae long, acuminate and biseriate; pleural membrane longitudinally striate, without setae. Tergites I–V and XI undivided and others incompletely divided, tergal chaetotaxy I–XI: 8: 9: 10: 14: 13: 7–7: 7–7: 6–7: 7–7: 6–6 (4T): 10 (2T). All sternites divided, sternal chaetotaxy IV–XI: 6–4: 7–7: 7–6: 7–8: 7–7: 7–7: 6–5 (4T): 12 (4T). Anus (tergite Ⅻ and sternite Ⅻ) without raised rim. Anterior genital operculum with three or five setae on each side, posterior margin with eight setae. Male genitalia (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Adult females (Fig.
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm; ratios in parentheses). Male (females in parentheses): body length 3.47 (2.87–3.65). Carapace 0.98/0.73 (1.00–1.03/0.92–0.96). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.46/0.30 (3.20–3.30/0.92–0.96), femur 0.79/0.33 (0.77–0.78/0.35–0.36), patella 0.72/0.41 (0.75/0.42), chela (with pedicel) 1.33/0.47 (1.41–1.43/0.54–0.55), chela (without pedicel) 1.24 (1.31–1.34), hand (with pedicel) 0.88 (0.66–0.69), hand (without pedicel) 0.79 (0.75–0.78), movable finger length 0.57 (0.58). Leg I: trochanter 0.17/0.16 (0.17–0.18/0.16), femur 0.27/0.21(0.27–0.28/0.22–0.23), patella 0.46/0.20 (0.45–0.46/0.20–0.22), tibia 0.42/0.14 (0.42–0.43/0.14–0.15), tarsus 0.31/0.09 (0.32–0.33/0.10). Leg IV: trochanter 0.31/0.18 (0.32–0.33/0.18–0.20), femoropatella 0.81/0.31 (0.82–0.87/0.32–0.35), tibia 0.57/0.18 (0.61–0.62/0.20), tarsus 0.37/0.11 (0.39–0.41/0.13).
This new species is characterised by (see taxon discussion for more details): carapace with two distinct eyespots; palpal femur 2.39 (♂), 2.17–2.20 (♀), chela with pedicel 2.83 (♂), 2.60–2.61 (♀) × longer than broad, chela without pedicel 2.64 (♂), 2.43–2.44 (♀) × longer than broad; retrolateral surface of trochanter, prolateral surface of femur and patella granular; female rallum with three dentated blades; male genitalia: distal part lateral apodemes (a) well-developed.
The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective trisulcus (-a, -um), meaning trifurcate and referring to the characters of rallum (♀) with three dentate blades.
China (Guangxi) (Fig.
Paratemnoides trisulcus sp. nov. is similar to P. politus sp. nov., but differs by slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.39× vs. 1.94–2.00× longer than broad).
Paratemnoides trisulcus sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. assimilis by the number of posterior margin setae on the carapace (9 vs. 6), the trait of rallum (♀) (rallum with three dentated blades vs. with one dentated blade only) and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.60× longer than broad; palpal patella 1.76× vs. 2.00× longer than broad); from P. borneoensis by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 24) and the slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. palpal femur length 0.77–0.78 mm vs. 0.68 mm; palpal patella 1.79× vs. 2.10× longer than broad, length 0.75 mm vs. 0.68 mm); from P. curtulus by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 23), the arrangement of trichobothria (e.g. distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb vs. shorter than that of ist and isb) and the slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.19× longer than broad, length 1.33 mm vs. 1.05 mm); from P. guangdongensis sp. nov. by slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.39× vs. 2.20× longer than broad); from P. indicus by smaller body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 3.47 mm vs. 4.02 mm; palpal femur (♀) 2.17–2.20× vs. 2.00× longer than broad, length 0.77–0.78 mm vs. 0.72 mm) and the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent); from P. japonicus by the trait of eyes (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent), the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 18) and larger body size and stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.47 mm vs. 2.97 mm; palpal patella 1.76× vs. 1.90× longer than broad); from P. laosanus by slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.39× vs. 1.97× longer than broad; chela without pedicel 2.64× vs. 2.20–2.30× longer than broad); from P. mahnerti by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 19), relative position of trichobothrium st (st situated closer to sb than to t vs. midway between sb and t), the number of setae on the carapace (67 vs. 40), larger body size (♂) (e.g. body length 3.47 mm vs. 2.02 mm) and stouter pedipalps (♀) (e.g., palpal femur 2.17–2.20× vs. 2.29× longer than broad, length 0.77–0.78 mm vs. 0.90 mm; chela with pedicel 2.60–2.61× vs. 2.90× longer than broad, length 1.41–1.43 mm vs. 1.62 mm; chela without pedicel 2.43–2.44× vs. 2.64× longer than broad, length 1.31–1.34 mm vs. 1.48 mm); from P. pallidus by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 25), smaller body size and slender chela (♀) (e.g. body length 2.87–3.65 mm vs. 4.30 mm; chela with pedicel 2.60–2.61× vs. 2.20× longer than broad); from P. parvus sp. nov. by slender chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.54–2.66× longer than broad) and more movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (46 vs. 41–42) ; from P. philippinus by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. without eyespots), the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 26) and slender appendages (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.20× longer than broad; femoropatella of leg IV 2.61× vs. 2.30× longer than deep); from P. plebejus by the trait of rallum (♂♀) (rallum with three dentated blades vs. with one dentated blade only), stouter pedipalps (♂♀) (e.g. palpal femur (♂) 2.39×, (♀) 2.17–2.20× vs. (♂) 2.11×, (♀) 2.00× longer than broad) and the trait of pedipalp (prolateral surface of femur and patella granular only vs. almost entire surface granular); from P. pococki by smaller body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 2.87–3.65 mm vs. 3.87 mm; palpal femur length 0.77–0.78 mm vs. 0.62 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.58 mm vs. 0.46 mm); from P. redikorzevi by slightly larger body size and slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.47 mm vs. 3.00 mm; palpal femur 2.39× vs. 2.10–2.30× longer than broad; chela without pedicel 2.64× vs. 2.30–2.40× longer than broad); from P. robustus by smaller body length (e.g. body length (♂) 3.47 mm vs. 3.80 mm, (♀) 2.87–3.65 mm vs. 4.60 mm; palpal femur (♂) 2.39× vs. 2.28× longer than broad, length 0.79 mm vs. 0.91 mm; movable finger length 0.57 mm vs. 0.66 mm) and stouter leg IV (♂) (e.g. femoropatella 2.61× vs. 2.40× longer than deep; tibia 3.17× vs. 3.30× longer than deep) and the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 26); from P. salomonis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots wanting), the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 23), slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.39× vs. 2.10× longer than broad, length 0.79 mm vs. 0.69 mm; chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.60× longer than broad); from P. sinensis by stouter pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal patella 1.76× vs. 1.90× longer than broad; chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.40–2.50× longer than broad) and the arrangement of trichobothria (distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb vs. nearly equal to that of ist and isb); from P. sumatranus by the number of serrula exterior blades (21 vs. 24) and larger body size (♂) (e.g. body length 3.47 mm vs. 2.50 mm; palpal femur 2.39× vs. 2.26× longer than broad, length 0.79 mm vs. 0.61 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.57 mm vs. 0.47 mm); from P. yunnanensis sp. nov. by slender chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.83× vs. 2.63–2.64× longer than broad) and relative position of trichobothria t and it (t basal to it vs. distal to it) (
Males (holotype and paratypes) (Fig.
Carapace (Figs
Chelicera (Fig.
Pedipalp (Fig.
Opisthosoma: generally typical, all setae long, acuminate and biseriate; pleural membrane longitudinally striate, without setae. Tergites I and XI undivided and others incompletely divided, tergal chaetotaxy I–XI: 10: 5–6: 5–6: 6–7: 7–9: 6–8: 7–8: 6–8: 7–8: 6–7+ (4T): 13 + (2T). All sternites (except sternite XI) divided, sternal chaetotaxy IV–XI: 5–5: 7–8: 8–9: 7–9: 8–9: 7–9: 6–7 + (4T): 10 + (4T). Anus (tergite Ⅻ and sternite Ⅻ) without raised rim. Anterior genital operculum with five or seven setae on each side, posterior margin with five setae. Male genitalia (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Adult females (Fig.
Dimensions (length/breadth or, in the case of the legs, length/depth in mm; ratios in parentheses). Males (females in parentheses): body length 3.61–3.78 (3.94–4.42). Carapace 0.85–0.89/0.79–0.81 (0.92/0.78–0.79). Pedipalp: trochanter 0.41–0.42/0.27 (0.43–0.44/0.26–0.29), femur 0.76–0.82/0.34–0.35 (0.77–0.84/0.33–0.36), patella 0.69–0.71/0.38–0.39 (0.69–0.75/0.36–0.40), chela (with pedicel) 1.32–1.34/0.50–0.51 (1.34–1.44/0.48–0.53), chela (without pedicel) 1.25–1.28 (1.27–1.35), hand (without pedicel) 0.72–0.76 (0.75–0.81), movable finger length 0.54–0.57 (0.53–0.57). Leg I: trochanter 0.15/0.14 (0.15–0.17/0.14–0.16), femur 0.26/0.17–0.20 (0.25–0.27/0.19–0.22), patella 0.42/0.19 (0.41–0.46/0.18–0.20), tibia 0.38/0.13 (0.38–0.41/0.13–0.14), tarsus 0.33/0.10 (0.32–0.34/0.09–0.10). Leg IV: trochanter 0.30–0.32/0.18–0.19 (0.31–0.34/0.15–0.18), femoropatella 0.85–0.87/0.31–0.32 (0.86–0.90/0.31–0.34), tibia 0.60/0.19–0.20 (0.58–0.63/0.19–0.21), tarsus 0.38–0.41/0.12–0.13 (0.41–0.43/0.12–0.14).
This new species is characterised by (see taxon discussion for more details): carapace with two distinct eyespots and 60–61 setae; anterior half of carapace darker than posterior half; palpal femur 2.17–2.41 (♂), 2.33 (♀), chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64 (♂), 2.72–2.79 (♀) × longer than broad, chela without pedicel 2.50–2.51 (♂), 2.55–2.65 (♀) × longer than broad; prolateral surface of femur, patella and hand granular; movable chelal finger with 46–48 teeth.
Named after the type locality, Yunnan (China).
China (Yunnan) (Fig.
Paratemnoides yunnanensis sp. nov. is similar to P. sinensis, but differs by the presence of more movable chelal finger teeth (46–48 vs. 43) and slightly slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.40–2.50× longer than broad).
Paratemnoides yunnanensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. assimilis by the number of posterior margin setae on the carapace (8–9 vs. 6), the number of serrula exterior blades (23–25 vs. 21), larger body length and stouter pedipalps (e.g. body length (♀) 3.94–4.42 mm vs. max. 3.70 mm; palpal patella (♂) 1.77–1.87× vs. 2.00× longer than broad, length 0.69–0.71 mm vs. 0.77 mm); from P. borneoensis by larger body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. body length 3.94–4.42 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur length 0.77–0.84 mm vs. 0.68 mm; chela with pedicel 2.72–2.79× vs. 2.60× longer than broad); from P. curtulus by the arrangement of trichobothria (e.g. distance between est and esb nearly equal to that of ist and isb vs. shorter to that of ist and isb) and slender chela (♂) (chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.19× longer than broad, length 1.32–1.34 mm vs. 1.05 mm); from P. guangdongensis sp. nov. by stouter chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.73× longer than broad); from P. indicus by the presence of more setae on the carapace (60–61 vs. 46), more movable chelal finger teeth (46–48 vs. 42) and larger body size (♀) (e.g. body length 3.94–4.42 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur 2.33× vs. 2.00× longer than broad, length 0.77–0.84 mm vs. 0.72 mm); from P. japonicus by the trait of eyes (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots absent), the number of serrula exterior blades (23–25 vs. 18) and larger body size (♂) (e.g. body length 3.61–3.78 mm vs. 2.97 mm); from P. laosanus by slender chela and legs (♂) (e.g. chela without pedicel 2.50–2.51× vs. 2.20–2.30× longer than broad; femoropatella of leg IV 2.72–2.74× vs. 2.60× longer than deep; tibia of leg IV 3.00–3.16× vs. 2.80× longer than deep); from P. mahnerti by the presence of more setae on the carapace (60–61 vs. 40), the number of serrula exterior blades (23–25 vs. 19) and relative position of trichobothrium st (st situated closer to sb than to t vs. midway between sb and t); from P. pallidus by slender pedipalps (♀) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.72–2.79× vs. 2.20× longer than broad; palpal femur 2.33× vs. 2.20× longer than broad); from P. parvus sp. nov. by more movable chelal finger teeth (♂) (46–48 vs. 41–42) and relative position of trichobothria ist and est (i.e. ist situated distal to est vs. basal to est); from P. philippinus by larger body size (♂) (e.g. body length 3.61–3.78 mm vs. 3.50 mm; chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.20× longer than broad); from P. plebejus by stouter pedipalps (e.g. palpal femur (♂) 2.17–2.41×, (♀) 2.33× vs. (♂) 2.11×, (♀) 2.00× longer than broad) and the trait of tergites (♀) (e.g. tergite I undivided in the new species while divided in the latter); from P. pococki by darker body colour (carapace and tergites brown vs. pale brown) and larger body size and slender pedipalps (♀) (body length 3.94–4.42 mm vs. 3.87 mm; palpal femur 2.33× vs. 2.20× longer than broad, length 0.77–0.84 mm vs. 0.62 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.53–0.57 mm vs. 0.46 mm); from P. politus sp. nov. by slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. palpal femur 2.17–2.41× vs. 1.94–2.00× longer than broad) and relative position of trichobothria t and it (t basal to it vs. distal to it) ; from P. redikorzevi by the number of serrula exterior blades (23–25 vs. 20), larger body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 3.61–3.78 mm vs. 3.00 mm; palpal femur (♀) 2.33× vs. 2.18–2.19× longer than broad, length 0.77–0.84 mm vs. 0.70–0.72 mm); from P. robustus by stouter pedipalps and legs (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.20× longer than broad; femoropatella of leg IV 2.72–2.74× vs. 2.40× longer than deep; tibia of leg IV 3.00–3.16× vs. 3.30× longer than deep); from P. salomonis by the trait of eyespots (with two distinct eyespots vs. eyespots wanting), larger body length and the slender pedipalps (♂) (e.g. body length 3.61–3.78 mm vs. 3.50 mm; palpal femur 2.17–2.41× vs. 2.10× longer than broad, length 0.76–0.82 mm vs. 0.69 mm; chela without pedicel 2.50–2.51× vs. 2.40× longer than broad); from P. sumatranus by larger body size and slender pedipalps (e.g. body length (♂) 3.61–3.78 mm vs. 2.50 mm, (♀) 3.94–4.42 mm vs. 2.80–3.30 mm; chela with pedicel (♂) 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.80–2.90× longer than broad, movable chelal finger length 0.54–0.57 mm vs. 0.47 mm) and stouter leg IV (♂) (e.g. femoropatella 2.72–2.74× vs. 3.00×, tibia 3.00–3.16× vs. 3.60×, tarsus 3.15–3.17× vs. 4.50× longer than deep); from P. trisulcus sp. nov. by stouter chela (♂) (e.g. chela with pedicel 2.63–2.64× vs. 2.83× longer than broad) and relative position of trichobothria t and it (t distal to it vs. basal to it) (
Key to the species of Paratemnoides from China |
||
1 | Three rallum blades anteriorly dentated (♀); male genitalia: the distal part (l) of lateral apodemes well-developed | P. trisulcus sp. nov. |
– | Only the distal rallum blade anteriorly dentated (♀); male genitalia: the distal part (l) of lateral apodemes vestigial | 2 |
2 | Only surface of palpal femur granular | P. politus sp. nov. |
– | Surface of multiple palpal segments granular | 3 |
3 | Movable chelal finger with 54–56 teeth | P. guangdongensis sp. nov. |
– | Movable chelal finger with less than 48 teeth | 4 |
4 | Distance between est and esb further than that of ist and isb | P. parvus sp. nov. |
– | Distance between est and esb nearly equal to that of ist and isb | 5 |
5 | Movable chelal finger with 46–48 teeth; chela with pedicel (♂) 2.63–2.64× longer than broad | P. yunnanensis sp. nov. |
– | Movable chelal finger with 43 teeth; chela with pedicel (♂) 2.40–2.50× longer than broad | P. sinensis (Beier, 1932) |
We are grateful to Dr. Chi Jin, Dr. Xiangbo Guo and Dr. Yannan Mu for their assistance in the field. We express our gratitude to Dr. Danilo Harms (subject editor) and Dr. Fedor Konstantinov (technical editor) for the valuable comments of the manuscript and to three reviewers, Dr. Mark S. Harvey, Dr. Giulio Gardini and the anonymous reviewer for their helpful suggestions that greatly improved this paper. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31872198) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. C2021201030).
Conceptualisation: Feng Zhang. Illustrations and measurements: Lingchen Zhao, Yanmeng Hou. Species identification: Lingchen Zhao, Yanmeng Hou. Original draft writing: Yanmeng Hou. Review and editing: Feng Zhang, Yanmeng Hou.