Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomy & Inventories
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Taxonomy & Inventories
A new species of the spider genus Khorata Huber, 2005 (Araneae, Pholcidae), with a list of Khorata species from Vietnam
expand article infoLudan Zhang‡, Shuqiang Li§, Zhiyuan Yao‡
‡ College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
§ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author: Zhiyuan Yao (yaozy@synu.edu.cn)
Academic editor: Yanfeng Tong
Received: 03 Jun 2024 | Accepted: 04 Jul 2024 | Published: 09 Jul 2024
© 2024 Ludan Zhang, Shuqiang Li, Zhiyuan Yao
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang L, Li S, Yao Z (2024) A new species of the spider genus Khorata Huber, 2005 (Araneae, Pholcidae), with a list of Khorata species from Vietnam. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e128884. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e128884
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1615FB9F-1A30-472E-82FA-02EEEA712A5F
 Open Access

Abstract

Background

The genus Khorata Huber, 2005 contains 51 species. It is distributed in the Indo-Malayan Region. Nine species have been recorded from Vietnam.

New information

Khorata ninhbinh sp. nov. is described as a new species from Vietnam. In addition, a list of all Khorata species from Vietnam is also provided.

Keywords

biodiversity, checklist, daddy-long-legs, morphology, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Khorata Huber, 2005, belonging to the subfamily Pholcinae C.L. Koch, 1850, was first established by Huber (2005). Currently, 51 species of the genus Khorata have been recorded (World Spider Catalog 2024). Of them, 34 are from southern China (e.g. Tong and Li (2008), Zhang and Zhang (2008), Zhang and Zhu (2009), Yao and Li (2010), Yao et al. (2019), Xu et al. (2020)), nine are from Vietnam (Yao et al. 2015, Nie et al. 2018), six are from Laos (Huber 2005, Yao and Li 2013), four are from Thailand (Huber 2005, Yao et al. 2014, Lan et al. 2021) and one is from Cambodia (Lan et al. 2021). The records from Kep, Cambodia represent the southernmost distribution limit for the genus (Lan et al. 2021).

The aim of this work is to describe a new species of Khorata and provide a list of this genus from Vietnam (Table 1).

Table 1.
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A list of all Khorata species from Vietnam.

Species

Habitat

Reference

K. bachma Yao & Li, 2018

web between rocks

Nie et al. (2018)

K. cucphuong Yao & Li, 2018

web between rocks

 Nie et al. (2018)

K. dangi Yao, Pham & Li, 2015

cave entrance

Yao et al. (2015)

K. digitata Yao & Li, 2010

cave entrance

 Yao et al. (2015)

K. huberi Yao, Pham & Li, 2015

cave entrance

 Yao et al. (2015)

K. ninhbinh sp. nov.

cave entrance

this paper

K. palace Yao & Li, 2018

cave entrance

 Nie et al. (2018)

K. protumida Yao, Pham & Li, 2015

cave entrance

Yao et al. (2015)

K. quangbinh Yao & Li, 2018

web between rocks

Nie et al. (2018)

K. vinhphuc Yao & Li, 2018

web between rocks

 Nie et al. (2018)

Materials and methods

Specimens were examined and measured with a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope. The left male palp was photographed. The epigyne was photographed before dissection. The vulva was photographed after treating it in a 10% warm solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to dissolve soft tissues. Images were captured with a Canon EOS 750D wide zoom digital camera (24.2 megapixels) mounted on the stereomicroscope mentioned above and assembled using Helicon Focus v. 3.10.3 image stacking software (Khmelik et al. 2005). All measurements are given in millimetres (mm). Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus). Leg segments were measured on their dorsal sides. The specimens studied are preserved in 75% ethanol and deposited in the College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Liaoning, China.

Terminology and taxonomic descriptions follow Huber (2005), Yao et al. (2021) and Lu et al. (2022). The following abbreviations are used in the descriptions: ALE = anterior lateral eye, AME = anterior median eye, PME = posterior median eye, L/d = length/diameter; used in the illustrations: aa = anterior arch, b = bulb, da = distal apophysis, e = embolus, fa = frontal apophysis, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate, pr = procursus.

Taxon treatment

Khorata ninhbinh sp. nov.

Materials   Download as CSV 
Holotype:
  1. order:
    Araneae
    ; family:
    Pholcidae
    ; genus:
    Khorata
    ; country:
    Vietnam
    ; stateProvince:
    Ninh Binh
    ; locality:
    Cuc Phuong National Park
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Mat Cave
    ; verbatimElevation:
    18 m a.s.l.
    ; verbatimLatitude:
    20°21.125’N
    ; verbatimLongitude:
    105°12.381’E
    ; year:
    2008
    ; month:
    7
    ; day:
    22
    ; individualCount:
    1
    ; sex:
    male
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; recordedBy:
    S Li, G Zheng, DS Pham
    ; institutionCode:
    SYNU-Ar00411
    ; occurrenceID:
    45700102-0BF5-599E-83A5-782455060ED4
Paratype:
  1. order:
    Araneae
    ; family:
    Pholcidae
    ; genus:
    Khorata
    ; country:
    Vietnam
    ; stateProvince:
    Ninh Binh
    ; locality:
    Cuc Phuong National Park
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Mat Cave
    ; verbatimElevation:
    18 m a.s.l.
    ; verbatimLatitude:
    20°21.125’N
    ; verbatimLongitude:
    105°12.381’E
    ; year:
    2008
    ; month:
    7
    ; day:
    22
    ; individualCount:
    3
    ; sex:
    1 male, 2 females
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; recordedBy:
    S Li, G Zheng, DS Pham
    ; institutionCode:
    SYNU-Ar00412–00414
    ; occurrenceID:
    C61182A2-DC30-5006-900F-E1CC69BFFBF8

Description

Male (holotype): Total length 2.62 (2.71 with clypeus), prosoma 0.85 long, 1.06 wide, opisthosoma 1.77 long, 1.12 wide. Leg I: 31.83 (7.91, 0.43, 7.88, 13.01, 2.60), legs II and III missing, leg IV: 19.55 (5.77, 0.42, 4.75, 7.37, 1.24); tibia I L/d: 66. Eye interdistances and diameters: PME–PME 0.16, PME 0.14, PME–ALE 0.04, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.78/0.66. Habitus as in Fig. 2E and F. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish, with black lateral margins and narrow, dark median line; sternum black. Legs brownish, but slightly whitish on distal parts of femora and tibiae, with distinct darker rings on subdistal parts of femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma yellowish, with large black spots. Thoracic furrow shallow, but distinct. Clypeus unmodified. Ocular area slightly elevated and separated from rest of prosoma. Chelicerae with pair of proximo-lateral apophyses (pa in Fig. 2C and D), pair of distal apophyses (da in Fig. 2C and D) on front-lateral surface, pair of strong frontal apophyses (arrows in Fig. 2C and D) each bearing scales and pair of long, hooked frontal apophyses (fa in Fig. 2C and D; distance between tips: 0.05). Palp as in Fig. 1A and B; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis (as long as wide, arrow 1 in Fig. 1B) and small ventral apophysis (arrow 2 in Fig. 1B); femur with small retrolateral apophysis (arrow 3 in Fig. 1B); patella large; procursus simple proximally, but complex distally, with prolateral distal apophysis bearing scales and two angular apophyses (arrows 1 and 2 in Fig. 1C), curved retrolateral sclerite (arrow 3 in Fig. 1C) and spine-shaped, weakly sclerotised retrolatero-distal apophysis (arrow 4 in Fig. 1C); bulb simple, no other apophyses, except for embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria on tibia I at 6% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi and tarsi; tarsus I with 12 distinct pseudosegments.

Figure 1.  

Khorata ninhbinh sp. nov., holotype male A, B palp (A prolateral view, B retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at trochanteral retrolateral apophysis, arrow 2 points at trochanteral ventral apophysis, arrow 3 points at femoral retrolateral apophysis); C, D distal part of procursus (C prolateral view, arrows 1, 2 point at angular apophyses, arrow 3 points at retrolateral sclerite, arrow 4 points at retrolatero-distal apophysis, D retrolateral view). Abbreviations: b = bulb, e = embolus, pr = procursus. Scale bars: 0.20 (A, B); 0.05 (C, D).

Figure 2.  

Khorata ninhbinh sp. nov., holotype male (C–F) and paratype female (A, B, G, H) A epigyne, ventral view; B vulva, dorsal view; C, D chelicerae (C frontal view, D lateral view; arrows point at strong frontal apophyses); E–H habitus (E, G dorsal view, F lateral view, H ventral view). Abbreviations: aa = anterior arch, da = distal apophysis, fa = frontal apophysis, pa = proximo-lateral apophysis, pp = pore plate. Scale bars: 0.20 (A–D); 0.50 (E–H).

Female (paratype, SYNU-Ar00413): Similar to male, habitus as in Fig. 2G and H. Total length 3.20 (3.36 with clypeus), prosoma 0.90 long, 1.05 wide, opisthosoma 2.30 long, 1.78 wide; leg I missing. Eye interdistances and diameters: PME–PME 0.17, PME 0.14, PME–ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum width/length: 0.64/0.62. Epigyne (Fig. 2A) sclerotised and posteriorly slightly curved, without pockets. Vulva with wavy anterior arch (aa in Fig. 2B) and pair of anteriorly blunt and posteriorly pointed pore plates (nearly elliptic, pp in Fig. 2B).

Variation. Tibia I in the male paratype (SYNU-Ar00412): 7.88. Tibia I in another female paratype (SYNU-Ar00414): 7.69.

Diagnosis

The new species resembles K. bachma Yao & Li, 2018 (Nie et al. 2018: 481, figs 1A–D, 2A–H) by having similar male chelicerae (Fig. 2C and D) and epigyne (Fig. 2A), but can be distinguished by procursus with two angular prolateral apophyses (arrows 1 and 2 in Fig. 1C vs. nearly half-round apophysis in K. bachma), curved retrolateral sclerite (arrow 3 in Fig. 1C vs. square in K. bachma) and spine-shaped, weakly sclerotised retrolatero-distal apophysis (arrow 4 in Fig. 1C vs. absent in K. bachma), by pore plates anteriorly blunt and posteriorly pointed (nearly elliptic, pp in Fig. 2B vs. triangular in K. bachma) and by vulval anterior arch wavy (aa in Fig. 2B vs. straight in K. bachma).

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality; noun in apposition.

Distribution

Vietnam (Ninh Binh, type locality).

Biology

The species was found in the twilight zone (entrance ecotone) of the Mat Cave.

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Yanfeng Tong, Jie Liu and an anonymous reviewer. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-32170461, 31872193).

References

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