Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Corresponding author: Thuane Bochorny (tbochorny@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Gianmarco Tavilla
Received: 05 Aug 2024 | Accepted: 24 Oct 2024 | Published: 30 Oct 2024
© 2024 Thuane Bochorny, Guilherme Antar, Igor Azevedo, Fernando Bianchi Junior, Tatiana Carrijo, Valquiria Dutra, André Fontana, Claudio Fraga, Samuele Gerace, Leandro Giacomin, André Gil, Renato Goldenberg, Diego Gonzaga, Gustavo Heiden, Ingrid Koch, Ludovic Kollmann, Paulo Labiak, Duane Lima, Gabriel Marcusso, Pedro Moraes, Filipe Torres-Leite, Pedro Viana, Rafaela Forzza
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Bochorny T, Antar GM, Azevedo IHF, Bianchi Junior F, Carrijo TT, Dutra VF, Fontana AP, Fraga CN, Gerace S, Giacomin LL, Gil ASB, Goldenberg R, Gonzaga DR, Heiden G, Koch I, Kollmann LJC, Labiak PH, Lima DF, Marcusso GM, Moraes PLR, Torres-Leite F, Viana PL, Forzza RC (2024) Using biodiversity databases to assess vascular plant diversity in Protected Areas: a case study of Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Brazil. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e133976. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e133976
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The Parque Estadual do Forno Grande is a fully protected area in the southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It belongs to the Atlantic Forest domain, with predominantly dense, ombrophilous, seasonal semi-deciduous forests and herbaceous/shrubby vegetation on rock outcrops. The area is recognised as highly important for conservation, designated as a priority biological area for protecting the Atlantic Forest's biodiversity. Although the importance of Protected Areas in conserving the Atlantic Forest biodiversity is unquestionable, it is crucial to understand the floristic patterns within these regions to develop effective conservation strategies. We utilised national online databases to compile species lists containing relevant information about their biodiversity. The updated list of vascular plants recorded in the Parque Estadual do Forno Grande is available in the “Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil” and it is presented here with further information on richness, endemism and conservation status.
The Parque Estadual do Forno Grande harbours 958 species of vascular plants, of which 79.2% are angiosperms, 18.4% are ferns and 2.4% are lycophytes. Amongst these species, 44% are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. There are 58 threatened species, of which six are Critically Endangered, 39 are Endangered and 13 are Vulnerable. Amongst the threatened species, 51 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. The number of records and the species richness in this area are notably high for Atlantic Forest standards. Our findings suggest that floristic inventories of Brazilian Protected Areas are a key contribution to the general perception of how much we still do not know about our flora. It also highlights the necessity of supporting floristic surveys in poorly-known areas, especially those remaining as forest remnants.
Atlantic Forest, conservation, Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil, Protected Areas, taxonomy
The Atlantic Forest has endured centuries of extensive habitat loss and fragmentation, leading to a dramatic reduction of native vegetation cover (
The historical degradation of native ecosystems in the sState and the limited understanding of biodiversity in many of the protected areas show us the urgency of investments in field expeditions to deepen the floristic knowledge within these protected regions (
The Parque Estadual do Forno Grande (henceforth PEFG) is a protected area in the Municipality of Castelo, in the southern part of Espírito Santo. The park's vegetation consists of dense montane and high-montane ombrophilous forests, seasonal semi-deciduous forests and herbaceous/shrubby vegetation on rock outcrops by the inselbergs. The PEFG is of extreme biological importance, falling within the priority areas for conserving the Atlantic Forest's biodiversity (
Although national online biodiversity databases (e.g. SiBBr, Reflora, Jabot, CNCFlora and SpeciesLink) have advanced in recent years, they tend to focus on particular goals, creating challenges in consolidating information on the flora of protected areas (
In this study, we provide and discuss information on the richness, endemism and conservation status of recorded species in Parque Estadual do Forno Grande - a rich and important area of endemism in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest - that was not presented in the Catalogue of Plants of Protected Areas in Brazil due to its limited scope.
The list of plant species collected in the PEFG was based on data obtained from four databases: JABOT GERAL (Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, http://jabot.jbrj.gov.br/v3/consulta.php), JABOT RB (http://rb.jbrj.gov.br/v2/consulta.php), REFLORA (Herbário Virtual Reflora, http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br) and speciesLink (INCT Herbário Virtual da Flora e dos Fungos, http://inct.splink.org.br). The databases were accessed on 10 May 2022 and the records were filtered using the following criteria = “Forno Grande”. Our searches returned a total of 16,288 specimens (JABOT GERAL = 6,201; JABOT RB = 1,891; REFLORA = 3,133; speciesLink = 5,063; Suppl. material
Workflow for data cleaning and elaboration of the species list for Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Brazil. The specimens kept on the list are shown in green, while the specimens removed are shown in orange. The specimens that were not determined to species, but were later included by a taxonomist are shown in purple.
We then removed duplicates based on name, collector number and year of collection and selected one record per species, prioritising those records with digitised specimens. We also excluded records whose locations do not fall within the coverage area of the PEFG. Finally, we updated the species names according to Flora and Funga of Brasil (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br) using Plantminer (
Origin, endemism and conservation status
We verified the information regarding the origin of species (native or non-native) following the Flora and Funga of Brazil website (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br). Additionally, we classified species as endemic to the Atlantic Forest when their geographic distribution is restricted to this domain. The conservation status of the species follows the CNCFlora/JBRJ database (Official National Red List published by MMA Ordinance No 148/2022;
The PEFG is a fully Protected Area inserted in a mountainous region considered by some authors as part of Serra do Mar (
Landscapes and vegetation types of the Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A Dense montane and high-montane ombrophilous forests; B Rocky outcrops amongst the high-altitude forests characterised by predominantly herbaceous/shrubby rupicolous vegetation; C “Pico do Forno Grande,” a large granite massif and the second-highest point in Espírito Santo (Photos: Claudio N. Fraga).
The plant list of the PEFG includes a total of 958 species (Suppl. material
Angiosperms of Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A Billbergia euphemiae E.Morren; B Eugenia repanda O.Berg; C Tripogandra diuretica (Mart.) Handlos; D Solanum luridifuscescens Bitter; E Hippeastrum brasilianum (Traub & J.L.Doran) Dutilh; F Tetrapterys mucronata Cav.; G Leandra multiplinervis (Naudin) Cogn.; H Dichorisandra procera Mart. ex Schult. F.; I Stigmaphyllon alternifolium A.Juss.; J Prepusa viridiflora Brade; K. Pleiochiton blepharodes (DC.) Reginato et al; L Bradea montana Brade; M Cattleya cinnabarina (Bateman ex Lindl.) van den Berg; N Clusia mexiae P.F.Stevens; O Pleroma castellense (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang (Photos: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O: Claudio N. Fraga; E, J: Paulo Labiak; K: Renato Goldenberg).
Ferns and lycophytes of Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A Phlegmariurus hexastichus (B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch) B.Øllg.; B Diphasiastrum thyoides Willd.; C Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) C.Presl; D Diplazium lindbergii (Mett.) Christ; E Asplenium gastonis Fée; F Phlegmariurus reflexus (Lam.) Trevis.; G Hymenophyllum caudiculatum Mart.; H Elaphoglossum prestonii (Baker) J.Sm.; I Blotiella lindeniana (Hook.) R.M.Tryon; J Eupodium kaulfussii (J.Sm.) J.Sm.; K Asplenium oligophyllum Kaulf.; L Pecluma filicula (Kaulf.) M.G.Price; M Doryopteris sagittifolia (Raddi) J.Sm.; N Asplenium pseudonitidum Raddi; O Trichomanes pilosum Raddi (Photos: A, B, C, E, F, K, L, M, N, O: Paulo Labiak; G, H, I, J: Claudio N. Fraga).
The richest angiosperm families in PEFG are Orchidaceae (110 species), Asteraceae (62), Bromeliaceae (48), Melastomataceae (44) and Rubiaceae (39) (Fig.
Considering the park size, the number of records, species richness and species cited as threatened for this protected area is considerably high, even for the Atlantic Forest standards. The PEFG presents about one species per hectare (a total of 958 species in 914 hectares). This is notable compared to those recorded in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (a total of 2,316 species in 30,000 hectares, with 1,280 endemics to the Atlantic Forest and 81 cited as threatened at national level;
Origin, endemism, and conservation status
The PEFG vascular plant list includes 947 native species and 11 non-natives for Brazil. We found 423 endemic species of the Atlantic Forest, of which 344 are angiosperms, 69 are ferns and 10 are lycophytes. The families with the highest number of species that are endemic to the Atlantic Forest are Orchidaceae (59 species), Bromeliaceae (36), Melastomataceae (25), followed by Polypodiaceae (23), Rubiaceae (18) and Piperaceae (17).
The PEFG is home to 951 species that have already been evaluated regarding their conservation status in Brazil. There are 58 threatened species, of which six are considered Critically Endangered (CR), 39 Endangered (EN) and 13 Vulnerable (VU) (Table
List of threatened and data deficient species in Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, according to CNCFLora/JBRJ database. (EN = Endangered, CR = Critically Endangered, VU = Vulnerable and DD = Data Deficient). * Species endemic to the Atlantic Forest.
Family |
Species |
Category |
Acanthaceae |
Justicia clausseniana (Nees) Profice* |
EN |
Acanthaceae |
Staurogyne veronicifolia (Nees) Kuntze* |
EN |
Amaryllidaceae |
Hippeastrum brasilianum (Traub & J.L.Doran) Dutilh* |
EN |
Apocynaceae |
Rauvolfia capixabae I.Koch & Kin.-Gouv.* |
EN |
Araliaceae |
Dendropanax amorimii Fiaschi* |
EN |
Arecaceae |
Syagrus weddelliana (H.Wendl.) Becc* |
EN |
Asteraceae |
Austrocritonia rosea (Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.* |
EN |
Asteraceae |
Cololobus rupestris (Gardner) H.Rob.* |
EN |
Asteraceae |
Senecio graciellae Cabrera* |
EN |
Asteraceae |
Vernonanthura almedae (H.Rob.) H.Rob. |
EN |
Begoniaceae |
Begonia albidula Brade* |
EN |
Begoniaceae |
Begonia curtii L.B.Sm. & B.G.Schub.* |
VU |
Begoniaceae |
Begonia espiritosantensis E.L.Jacques & Mamede* |
EN |
Begoniaceae |
Begonia itaguassuensis Brade* |
EN |
Bignoniaceae |
Lundia damazioi C.DC. |
VU |
Boraginaceae |
Cordia ochnacea DC.* |
EN |
Bromeliaceae |
Aechmea azurea L.B.Sm.* |
VU |
Bromeliaceae |
Aechmea triangularis L.B.Sm.* |
EN |
Bromeliaceae |
Alcantarea benzingii Leme* |
CR |
Bromeliaceae |
Canistropsis albiflora (L.B.Sm.) H.Luther & Leme* |
VU |
Bromeliaceae |
Canistrum triangulare L.B.Sm. & Reitz* |
EN |
Bromeliaceae |
Nidularium kautskyanum Leme* |
EN |
Bromeliaceae |
Pitcairnia decidua L.B.Sm. |
EN |
Bromeliaceae |
Quesnelia kautskyi C.M.Vieira* |
VU |
Bromeliaceae |
Vriesea fosteriana L.B.Sm.* |
DD |
Bromeliaceae |
Vriesea pereirae L.B.Sm.* |
DD |
Cactaceae |
Hatiora cylindrica Britton & Rose* |
DD |
Cactaceae |
Rhipsalis hoelleri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor* |
EN |
Cactaceae |
Schlumbergera kautskyi (Horobin & McMillan) N.P.Taylor* |
EN |
Chrysobalanaceae |
Licania indurata Pilg.* |
EN |
Dicksoniaceae |
Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. |
EN |
Dryopteridaceae |
Elaphoglossum acrocarpum (Mart.) T.Moore* |
VU |
Ericaceae |
Gaylussacia caparoensis Sleumer* |
EN |
Eriocaulaceae |
Paepalanthus macaheensis Körn.* |
EN |
Fabaceae |
Mantiqueira bella (Mart. ex Benth.) L.P.Queiroz* |
DD |
Gentianaceae |
Prepusa viridiflora Brade* |
EN |
Lentibulariaceae |
Genlisea lobata Fromm* |
EN |
Lycopodiaceae |
Phlegmariurus nudus (Nessel) B.Øllg.* |
EN |
Malpighiaceae |
Byrsonima vernicosa Nied.* |
VU |
Malvaceae |
Callianthe sellowiana (Klotzsch) Donnel* |
EN |
Melastomataceae |
Pleroma castellense (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.* |
CR |
Moraceae |
Coussapoa pachyphylla Akkermans & C.C.Berg* |
EN |
Myrtaceae |
Eugenia cinerascens Gardner* |
CR |
Myrtaceae |
Eugenia goiapabana Sobral & Mazine* |
EN |
Myrtaceae |
Siphoneugena delicata Sobral & Proença* |
VU |
Myrtaceae |
Siphoneugena kuhlmannii Mattos* |
VU |
Orchidaceae |
Cattleya kautskyana (V.P.Castro & Chiron) van den Berg* |
CR |
Orchidaceae |
Cattleya pygmaea (Pabst) van den Berg |
EN |
Orchidaceae |
Cattleya wittigiana (Barb.Rodr.) van den Berg |
EN |
Orchidaceae |
Grandiphyllum divaricatum (Lindl.) Docha Neto* |
VU |
Orchidaceae |
Octomeria chamaeleptotes Rchb.f.* |
VU |
Orchidaceae |
Pabstiella curti-bradei (Schltr.) Luer* |
VU |
Orchidaceae |
Polystachya rupicola Brade* |
CR |
Orchidaceae |
Zygopetalum jugosum (Lindl.) Schltr.* |
EN |
Poaceae |
Merostachys burmanii Send.* |
EN |
Polypodiaceae |
Mycopteris semihirsuta (Klotzsch) Sundue* |
EN |
Polypodiaceae |
Pleopeltis alborufula (Brade) Salino* |
EN |
Pteridaceae |
Doryopteris rediviva Fée* |
VU |
Pteridaceae |
Jamesonia biardii (Fée) Christenh.* |
EN |
Rubiaceae |
Bradea anomala Brade* |
EN |
Rubiaceae |
Bradea montana Brade* |
CR |
Rubiaceae |
Palicourea forsteronioides (Müll.Arg.) C.M.Taylor* |
DD |
Rubiaceae |
Palicourea malaneoides (Müll.Arg.) C.M.Taylor* |
DD |
Urticaceae |
Coussapoa pachyphylla Akkermans & C.C.Berg* |
EN |
Urticaceae |
Pilea rhizobola Miq. |
DD |
The botanical collections by A. C. Brade, dating back to the first half of the 20th century and gathered at the RB Herbarium, are particularly noteworthy. Similarly, the collections by L. Kollmann (2000 to 2008) stored in the MBML Herbarium deserve special mention. Furthermore, collections made between 2006 and 2008 for the project entitled "Diversity of Vascular Flora and Conservation Status of Endemic Species in Three Conservation Units of the Atlantic Forest in the State of Espírito Santo," led by A.M.A. Amorim, A.P. Fontana, R.C. Forzza, C.N. Fraga, L.J.C. Kollmann, P.H. Labiak and R. Goldenberg, are stored in the CEPEC, MBML, RB and UPCB Herbaria. These collections have significantly expanded our understanding of the PEFG flora.
Our database contains a list of 958 vascular plant species in the PEFG, including information on taxonomic names, herbarium vouchers, source database, collector's name and number, origin, conservation status and endemism in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
ProtectedArea | Name of the Brazilian Protected Area. |
PlantGroup | Plant Group (Angiosperms or Ferns and Lycophytes). |
Family | Plant family. |
Genus | Plant genera. |
Species | Epithet of the species. |
Author | Name of the species author. |
taxonID | Family plant , species name and author. |
Barcode | Herbarium voucher. |
Database | Source database. |
Herbaria | Acronym for each herbarium. |
CollectorName | Collector's name. |
CollectorNumber | Collector´s number. |
Origin | native or non-native in Brazil. |
ConservationStatus | Conservation status according to IUCN and CNCFlora. |
EndemismAF | Species Endemic or not in the Atlantic Forest. |
The list of vascular plants of the Parque Estadual do Forno Grande indicates that current inventories of the flora of Brazil's Protected Areas improve the political perception of the gaps in the knowledge of the Brazilian flora and subsidise the proposal of efficient conservation actions. Due to the expeditions in the PEFG area, the number of records and the species richness for a protected area are high by the standards expected for the Atlantic Forest.
TB, GMM, SG and RCF received grants from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Pós-Doutorado Nota 10, E-26/204.271/2021; E-26/205.680/2022; E-26/202.478/2024; Cientista do Nosso Estado, E‐26/200.967/2022), respectively. ASGB, FTL, IK, LLG, PL, RCF, RG and TTC acknowledge funding from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (314271/2020-1; 141310/2018-9; 315048/2021-2; 408914/2023-8; 303330/2022-8; 303059/2020-6; 310912/2021-0; 311551/2022-0), respectively.
List of recorded species in Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Espírito Santo, Brazil including information on taxonomic names, endemism, collection codes and conservation status.