Introduction

Material and methods

Results

New records of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt in Lai Chau Province

The Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt was previously known only from the type locality in Sa De Phin Commune, Sin Ho District in Lai Chau Province (Bernardes et al. 2020). In this study, we discovered additional records of the species in surrounding areas, including Nam Tam, Ta Ngao, Ta Phin, Hong Thu, Phin Ho and Lang Mo communes, Sin Ho District and Nam Ban Commune, Nam Nhun District, Lai Chau Province (Fig. 1). The distance from the new records to the type locality ranged from approximately 1.5 to 20 km. Two 1035 bp long sequences (GenBank accession numbers PQ351754 and PQ351755) obtained from the collected samples were identical and 99.90% similar to that with accession numbers MT210163.1 available on GenBank.

Figure 1.  

New locality records of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt in Lai Chau Province, Vietnam.

Morphological characteristics of specimens collected in Lai Chau Province match well with the diagnosis of T. sparreboomi (Bernardes et al. 2020):  SVL 73.8 mm in male (n = 1) and 74.0 mm in female (n = 1). Habitus stout; head longer than wide; snout wider than long; nostrils close to snout tip; labial fold slightly evident; dorsolateral bony ridges on head wide, protruding, from above eye to above anterior end of parotoid, posterior ends scrolled inside; mid-dorsal ridge on head indistinct; parotoids enlarged, projecting backwards; glandular vertebral ridge high, wide, smooth and segmented extending from top of head to base of tail, separated from mid-dorsal ridge; tips of fore- and hind limbs overlap when adpressed along body; tips of fingers reaching nostril when fore-leg laid forward; and tail laterally compressed, thin and tip acuminated (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.  

Tylototriton sparreboomi in preservative: (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view.

Population status of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt

During the field research, T. sparreboomi was encountered in 12 ponds at 11 sites in seven communes of Sin Ho District and one commune of Nam Nhun District, Lai Chau Province (Fig. 1). A total of 35 individuals (14 adult males, 19 adult females and two juveniles) and many larvae were observed (Fig. 3, Table 1). We observed from one to five individuals per pond. Remarkably, we found many larvae in two ponds that were about to dry up (Fig. 3). Adults and juveniles were detected during the rainy season (from April to July), while larvae were seen in October. Thus, it may be suggested that the breeding season of this species takes place in the rainy season, from April to July.

Table 1.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

New records of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt in Lai Chau Province, Vietnam.

Location	Microhabitat	Observed Individual
1. Sa De Phin Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 1:  The pond is approximately 4.5 m in width, 6 m in length and 0.8 m in depth near the edge of the evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, shrubs and cardamom.	Three adult males, one adult female, two juveniles and many larvae were observed between the hours of 15:00 h and 17:00 h.
	Pond 2: The pond is approximately 2 m in width, 5.5 m in length and 0.5 m in depth near the edge of the evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, shrubs and cardamom.	One adult male, two adult females and many larvae were observed between the hours of 10:00 h and 16:00 h.
2. Sa De Phin Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 3: The pond is approximately 15 m in width, 25 m in length and 1.5 m in depth near the edge of the evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, banana, bamboo, cardamom and shrubs.	Two adult males and three adult females were observed between the hours of 09:00 h and 11:00 h.
3. Ta Phin Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 4: The pond is approximately 2 m in width, 3 m in length and 0.1 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, cardamom and shrubs.	One adult female was observed at 14:05 h.
4. Nam Tam Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 5: The pond is approximately 6 m in width, 10 m in length and 0.5 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, banana and shrubs.	Two adult females were observed between the hours of 16:00 h and 17:00 h.
5. Nam Ban Commune, Nam Nhun District	Pond 6: The pond is approximately 2.5 m in width, 5 m in length and 0.5 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, bamboo and shrubs.	Three adult males and two adult females were observed between the hours of 16:00 h and 17:30 h.
6. Hong Thu Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 7: The pond is approximately 2 m in width, 6 m in length and 0.3 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, bamboo, banana and shrubs.	Two adult males and two adult females were observed between the hours of 15:30 h and 17:00 h.
7. Phin Ho Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 8: The pond is approximately 2 m in width, 3 m in length and 0.1 m in depth near Road at the edge of the evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, cardamom and shrubs.	One adult male was observed at 14:30 h.
8. Lang Mo Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 9: The pond is approximately 3 m in width, 5.5 m in length and 0.3 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, bamboo and shrubs.	One adult male and two adult females were observed between the hours of 16:30 h and 17:00 h.
9. Ta Phin Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 10: The pond is approximately 2.5 m in width, 4 m in length and 0.5 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, bamboo, cardamom and shrubs.	Two adult females were observed between the hours of 16:00 h and 17:00 h.
10. Lang Mo Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 11: The pond is approximately 4 m in width, 5 m in length and 1.0 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods and shrubs.	One adult male was observed at 16:20 h.
11. Ta Ngao Commune, Sin Ho District	Pond 12: The pond is approximately 2.5 m in width, 5.5 m in length and 0.8 m in depth in evergreen forest with medium hardwoods, bamboo, banana and shrubs.	Two females were observed at 17:30 h.

Figure 3.  

Tylototriton sparreboomi recorded in Sin Ho District, Lai Chau Province, Vietnam: (A) Evergreen forest habitat in Sa De Phin Commune; (B) Pond 1 in Sa De Phin Commune; (C) Pond 2 in Sa De Phin Commune; (D) Larvae in pond 2; (E) Adult male; and (F) Two juveniles. Photos by A.V. Pham.

Potential distribution of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt

For the modelling results, Maxent models showed reasonable prediction power for the distribution of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt, with the average AUC values > 0.94. The optimal model had the regularisation multiplier value of 2.0 and a combination of linear and quadratic feature classes and the AUC value of 0.9478. All final models were quite similar in terms of predicting the overall distribution of the species and only differed slightly in exact locations and total suitable areas (Fig. 4). However, the regularisation multiplier value of 2.0 for the optimal model means that the final result was a bit restricted and might infer a smaller distribution area than the actual range of the species. Therefore, the final prediction should be cautiously interpreted as “high potential zones” and it may exclude regions that are less suitable climatically, but are still good for the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt, especially regions near the “edge” of the predicted distribution range. The current potential distribution range of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt is estimated at about 12,900 km². In particular, the suitable area covers a large continuous part in Lai Chau, Dien Bien and Son La Provinces of Vietnam and a small part in Jinping County, Yunnan Province of China. Compared to the IUCN range map (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2021), our results suggest a significantly larger distribution area for the newt, including more locations in the ‘edge’ areas of the range, such as Dien Bien and Son La Provinces. However, our projection is based solely on bioclimatic variables, which does not take into account other potential interactions, such as natural barriers, species interactions or human impacts and, therefore, our results should be viewed with caution.

Figure 4.  

Potential distribution range of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt.

Discussion

The modelling results estimate that the current potential distribution range of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt covers nearly 13,000 km² with a large continuous part in Lai Chau, Dien Bien and Son La Provinces, Vietnam and a small part in Jinping County, Yunnan Province, China. A number of protected areas in the region may harbour the species populations and future studies may focus on Muong La Nature Reserve (Son La Province, Vietnam) and Che Tao Nature Reserve (Yen Bai Province, Vietnam). While located in different provinces, the protected areas form a continuous forest block covering about 38,000 hectares and were established to secure the remaining populations of the Western Black-crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Vietnam. There has been little effort to document the herpetofaunas in the nature reserves. However, recent studies have unveiled several new amphibian taxa in the area (Pham et al. 2019, Pham et al. 2019a, Le et al. 2021, Pham et al. 2023). Hence, further field surveys should be prioritised to find additional potential populations of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt there.

Hoang Lien National Park (Lai Chau and Lao Cai Provinces, Vietnam), Hoang Lien – Van Ban Nature Reserve (Lao Cai, Vietnam) and Bat Xat Nature Reserve (Lao Cai Province, Vietnam) together establish a contiguous protected landscape of around 74,000 hectares, which is home to many endemic amphibians (Bain et al. 2006, Rowley et al. 2013, Tapley et al. 2020). While Hoang Lien Range itself may serve as a dispersal barrier for many reptiles and amphibians (Bain and Hurley 2011), there have been records of amphibians that inhabit both Hoang Lien and surrounding lowland regions (Ohler et al. 2000, Zhang et al. 2010, Pham et al. 2019b, Luong et al. 2021). Future surveys should be conducted in Hoang Lien region to confirm the presence of the newt. Based on our modelling results, it is also clear that establishing a biological corridor that connects two main areas, including Muong La – Che Tao and Bat Xat – Hoang Lien – Van Ban, could be highly beneficial for long term conservation of many endangered and endemic reptiles and amphibians, including the T. sparreboomi, in north-eastern Vietnam.

Jinping Feishuling Nature Reserve (Yunnan, China) together with Phu Si Lung Region (Lai Chau, Vietnam) is a transboundary forested region of about 78,000 hectares, which harbours a number of amphibian species, but the forested area on the Vietnam’s side is not yet protected (Yu et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2010, Li et al. 2012). Setting up a new protected area in Phu Si Lung would be important for protecting rare and threatened amphibians in the area.

Our results also show that the distribution of the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt does not extend past the Hoang Lien Mountain Range. In the East of Hoang Lien Range is the Red River and it has been proposed that either the Red River alone or the combination of both Hoang Lien Mountain Range and the Red River can act as a natural dispersal barrier for many species of the north-eastern herpetofauna (Bain and Hurley 2011). Our models provide further evidence for such hypothesis with a significant bioclimatic effect created by the Hoang Lien Mountain Range.

Based on our field surveys, major threats to the Sparreboom's Crocodile Newt in Lai Chau Province include habitat loss and degradation. Deforestation resulting from agricultural activities was observed in April 2022 in Sa De Phin Commune, Sin Ho District (Fig. 5A and B). Illegal timber logging was evident in the forest of Ta Phin Commune, Sin Ho District Province (Fig. 5C). Cattle and poultry farming was also recorded in Sa De Phin Commune, Sin Ho District (Fig. 5D and E), causing environmental pollution as well as other disturbances. Gold mining was also seen in Ta Phin Commune, Sin Ho District (Fig. 5F and G).  In addition, we witnessed a small hydroelectric dam in Ta Phin Commune (Fig. 5H), which disrupted the natural habitat of T. sparreboomi by fragmenting intact forests and altering water-flowing streams. As the species has only been found in forested habitat, it is likely highly vulnerable to deforestation, which has been occurring throughout the region (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2021).

Figure 5.  

Threats to the habitat of Tylototriton sparreboomi in Lai Chau Province, Vietnam: A Farming in the evergreen forest in Sa De Phin Commune; B Plantation of cardamom in evergreen forests in Sa De Phin Commune; C Illegal timber logging in Ta Phin Commune; D Poultry raising in the forest in Sa De Phin Commune; E Cattle raising near the forest in Sa De Phin Commune; F, G Gold mining activities in Ta Phin Commune; and (H) Hydropower dam construction in Ta Phin Commune. Photos by A.V. Pham.

Acknowledgements

Conflicts of interest

References

Aiello‐Lammens M, Boria R, Radosavljevic A, Vilela B, Anderson R (2015)
spThin: an R package for spatial thinning of species occurrence records for use in ecological niche models
.
Ecography
38
(
5
):
541
‑
545
. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01132
Anderson R, Raza A (2010)
The effect of the extent of the study region on GIS models of species geographic distributions and estimates of niche evolution: preliminary tests with montane rodents (genus Nephelomys) in Venezuela
.
Journal of Biogeography
37
(
7
):
1378
‑
1393
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02290.x
Bain R, Stuart B, Orlov N (2006)
Three new Indochinese species of cascade frogs (Amphibia: Ranidae) allied to Rana archotaphus
.
Copeia
2006
(
1
):
43
‑
59
. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0043:tnisoc]2.0.co;2
Bain R, Hurley M (2011)
A biogeographic synthesis of the amphibians and reptiles of Indochina
.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
360
:
1
‑
138
. https://doi.org/10.1206/360.1
Bernardes M, Rödder D, Nguyen TT, Pham CT, Nguyen TQ, Ziegler T (2013)
Habitat characterization and potential distribution of Tylototriton vietnamensis in northern Vietnam
.
Journal of Natural History
47
:
1161
‑
1175
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743611
Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020)
Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam
.
ZooKeys
935
:
121
‑
164
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138
Bernardes M, Dreesmann J, Pham CT, Nguyen TQ, Goldschmidt T, Ziegler T (2021)
Multiple newt threats – occurrence of Paramesotriton deloustali and P. guangxiensis in differently disturbed habitats in Vietnam including new data on the parasite-host relationships with water mites
.
Limnologica
88
:
125872
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2021.125872
Bett N, Blair M, Sterling E (2012)
Ecological niche conservatism in doucs (genus Pygathrix)
.
International Journal of Primatology
33
(
4
):
972
‑
988
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9622-3
Blair M, Le M, Xu M (2022)
Species distribution modeling to inform transboundary species conservation and management under climate change: promise and pitfalls
.
Frontiers of Biogeography
14
(
1
):
e54662
. https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg54662
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2023)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Appendices I, II and III.
https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. Accessed on: 2024-8-18.
Elith J, Graham CH, Anderson R.P, Miroslav D, Ferrier S, Guisan A, Hijmans RJ, Huettmann F, Leathwick JR, Lehmann A, et al. (2006)
Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data
.
Ecography
29
(
2
):
129
‑
151
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x
Fick S, Hijmans R (2017)
WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas
.
International Journal of Climatology
37
(
12
):
4302
‑
4315
. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086
Hernandez A, Escoriza D, Hou M (2018)
Patterns of niche diversification in south-east Asian crocodile newts
.
Zoologischer Anzeiger
276
:
86
‑
93
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2018.06.001
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021)
Tylototriton sparreboomi
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t179066179a185517488.en
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2024)
Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 16
. https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines. Accessed on: 2024-8-18.
Kass J, Muscarella R, Galante P, Bohl C, Pinilla‐Buitrago G, Boria R, Soley‐Guardia M, Anderson R (2021)
ENMeval 2.0: Redesigned for customizable and reproducible modeling of species’ niches and distributions
.
Methods in Ecology and Evolution
12
(
9
):
1602
‑
1608
. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13628
Le DT, Do YT, Tran TT, Nguyen TQ, Orlov N, Ninh HT, Nguyen TT (2021)
A new species of Gracixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Northern Vietnam
.
Russian Journal of Herpetology
28
(
3
):
111
‑
122
. https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-3-111-122
Le M, Raxworthy C, McCord W, Mertz L (2006)
A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes
.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
40
(
2
):
517
‑
531
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003
Li J, Li Y, Murphy R, Rao D, Zhang Y (2012)
Phylogenetic resolution and systematics of the Asian tree frogs, Rhacophorus (Rhacophoridae, Amphibia)
.
Zoologica Scripta
41
(
6
):
557
‑
570
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00557.x
Luong MA, Pham CT, Do QH, Hoang CV, Quang Phan T, Nguyen TQ, Ziegler T, Le MD (2021)
New records and an updated checklist of amphibians from Lai Chau Province, Vietnam
.
Check List
17
(
2
):
445
‑
458
. https://doi.org/10.15560/17.2.445
Merow C, Smith M, Silander J (2013)
A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species' distributions: what it does, and why inputs and settings matter
.
Ecography
36
(
10
):
1058
‑
1069
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.07872.x
Ngo HN, Rödder D, Grismer L, Nguyen TQ, Le MD, Qi S, Ziegler T (2023)
Extraordinary diversity among allopatric species in the genus Goniurosaurus (Squamata: Eublepharidae): understanding niche evolution and the need of conservation measures
.
Biodiversity and Conservation
32
(
5
):
1549
‑
1571
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02564-4
Nguyen TA, Nhung CTH, Galante P, Le M (2022)
Rapid decline and fragmentation of the distribution of an enigmatic small carnivore, the Owston’s Civet, in response to future climate change
.
Frontiers of Biogeography
14
(
1
):
e53201
. https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg53201
Nishikawa K, Matsui M, Rao D (2014)
A new species of Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from Central Myanmar
.
The Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society
60
(
1
):
9
‑
22
.
Ohler A, Marquis O, Swan S, Grosjean S (2000)
Amphibian biodiversity of Hoang Lien Nature Reserve (Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam) with description of two new species
.
Herpetozoa
13
:
71
‑
87
.
Pearson R, Raxworthy C, Nakamura M, Townsend Peterson A (2007)
Predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar
.
Journal of Biogeography
34
(
1
):
102
‑
117
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01594.x
Pham A, Pham C, Doan L, Ziegler T, Nguyen T (2019)
New records of megophryids (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Son La Province, Vietnam
.
Biodiversity Data Journal
7
:
e39140
. https://doi.org/10.3897/bdj.7.e39140
Pham A, Pham CT, Ngo HT, Nenh SB, Ziegler T, Le MD (2023)
A new species of Amolops (Anura: Ranidae) from Son La Province, northwestern Vietnam
.
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
71
:
51
‑
69
. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2023-0004
Pham AV, Le MD, Ziegler T, Nguyen TQ (2019a)
A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from northwestern Vietnam
.
Zootaxa
4544
(
3
):
360
‑
380
. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4544.3.3
Pham AV, Sung NB, Pham CT, Le MD, Ziegler T, Nguyen TQ (2019b)
A new species of Amolops (Anura: Ranidae) from Vietnam
.
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
67
:
363
‑
377
. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2019-0027
Phillips S, Anderson R, Schapire R (2006)
Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions
.
Ecological Modelling
190
:
231
‑
259
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
Phillips S, Anderson R, Dudík M, Schapire R, Blair M (2017)
Opening the black box: an open‐source release of Maxent
.
Ecography
40
(
7
):
887
‑
893
. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03049
R Core Team (2024)
R: A language and environment for statistical computing
.
R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
.
Rhoden C, Peterman W, Taylor C (2017)
Maxent-directed field surveys identify new populations of narrowly endemic habitat specialists
.
PeerJ
5
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3632
Rowley J, Dau VQ, Nguyen TT (2013)
A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from the highest mountain in Indochina
.
Zootaxa
3737
(
4
):
415
‑
428
. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.4.5
Schingen M, Pham C, Le T, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2016)
Discovery of a new crocodile lizard population in Vietnam: Population trends, future prognoses and identification of key habitats for conservation
.
Revue suisse de Zoologie
123
:
241
‑
251
. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.155297
Shu X, Hou Y, Cheng M, Shu G, Lin X, Wang B, Li C, Song Z, Jiang J, Xie F (2022)
Rapid genetic divergence and mitonuclear discordance in the Taliang knobby newt (Liangshantriton taliangensis, Salamandridae, Caudata) and their driving forces
.
Zoological Research
43
(
1
):
129
‑
146
. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.299
Simmons JE (2002)
Herpetological collecting and collections management
.
2nd Edition
.
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
,
1-153
pp.
Tang C, Matsui T, Ohashi H, Dong Y, Momohara A, Herrando-Moraira S, Qian S, Yang Y, Ohsawa M, Luu HT, Grote P, Krestov P, Ben LePage, Werger M, Robertson K, Hobohm C, Wang C, Peng M, Chen X, Wang H, Su W, Zhou R, Li S, He L, Yan K, Zhu M, Hu J, Yang R, Li W, Tomita M, Wu Z, Yan H, Zhang G, He H, Yi S, Gong H, Song K, Song D, Li X, Zhang Z, Han P, Shen L, Huang D, Luo K, López-Pujol J (2018)
Identifying long-term stable refugia for relict plant species in East Asia
.
Nature Communications
9
(
1
). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06837-3
Tapley B, Nguyen LT, Portway C, Cutajar T, Nguyen CT, Luong HV, Kane D, Harding L, Rowley JJ (2020)
A point endemic no more; a range extension for Oreolalax sterlingae (Nguyen et al., 2013) in Bat Xat District, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam
.
Herpetology Notes
13
:
497
‑
500
.
The Government of Vietnam (2021)
The Governmental Decree No. 84/2021/ND-CP, dated on 22th September 2021, on management of endangered, precious, and rare species of wild plants and animals
.
The Government of Vietnam
.
Tran-Anh Q, Ngo-Duc T, Espagne E, Trinh-Tuan L (2022)
A high-resolution projected climate dataset for Vietnam: Construction and preliminary application in assessing future change
.
Journal of Water and Climate Change
13
(
9
):
3379
‑
3399
. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2022.144
Tran-Anh Q, Ngo-Duc T, Espagne E, Trinh-Tuan L (2023)
A 10-km CMIP6 downscaled dataset of temperature and precipitation for historical and future Vietnam climate
.
Scientific Data
10
(
1
). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02159-2
Tran DV, Vu TT, Fukutani K, Nishikawa K (2023a)
Demographic and ecological niche dynamics of the Vietnam warty newt, Paramesotriton deloustali: Historical climate influences
.
PLOS One
18
(
8
). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290044
Tran DV, Hoang TT, Nguyen TH, Bui VB, Grismer LL, Tran BQ, Luu VQ (2023b)
Current and future suitable habitats of a range-restricted species group (Cyrtodactylus chauquangensis) in Vietnam
.
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
71
:
224
‑
236
. https://doi.org/10.26107/rbz-2023-0017
Trinh-Dinh H, Nguyen AT, Le MD, Li X, Cao NTH, Blair M (2022)
Assessment of climate change impacts on one of the rarest apes on Earth, the Cao Vit Gibbon Nomascus nasutus
.
Frontiers of Biogeography
14
(
1
):
e53320
. https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg53320
Truong NQ, Chung ND, Anh LH, Nhi PT, Son NT (2020)
Methods for biodiveristy investigation and monitoring
.
Natural Sciences and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi
[In
Vietnamese
].
Warren D, Seifert S (2011)
Ecological niche modeling in Maxent: the importance of model complexity and the performance of model selection criteria
.
Ecological Applications
21
(
2
):
335
‑
342
. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1171.1
Yu G, Rao D, Yang J, Zhang M (2008)
Phylogenetic relationships among Rhacophorinae (Rhacophoridae, Anura, Amphibia), with an emphasis on the Chinese species
.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
153
(
4
):
733
‑
749
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00404.x
Zhang M, Rao D, Yang J, Yu G, Wilkinson J (2010)
Molecular phylogeography and population structure of a mid-elevation montane frog Leptobrachium ailaonicum in a fragmented habitat of southwest China
.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
54
(
1
):
47
‑
58
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.019

Supplementary material