Chrysopera Hampson 1894: 493. Type Species. Achaea combinans Walker, 1858

This genus is similar to Avitta Walker 1858b in having brown ground colour of forewing, yellowish terminal part of hind-wing and dark brown abdomen. However, they can be easily distinguished by the following characteristics: male antennae narrowly bipectinated; hind-wing with broad yellow apex; eighth tergite of male abdomen broad, with strong sclerotisation of W-shape; eighth sternite of male trifid distally, with short central lobe. Male genitalia of this genus are also similar to those of Asta Walker 1863, Pantura Moore 1885 and Heoeugorna Hampson 1926, but can be differentiated by the lack of scaphium and tegumen distinctly shorter than vinculum.

Australasian, Oriental (Hampson 1894, Holloway 2005).

Diagnosis is based on Holloway (2005).

Achaea combinans Walker 1858a: 1399. Type locality. Ceylon.

Achaea quadrilunata Pagenstecher 1890: 109. Type locality. E. Java.

Adult (Fig. 1). Wing-span 39 mm. Antenna ciliated, reddish-brown. Head brown; frons yellowish-brown; labial palpus yellowish-brown; second segment dilatate, thick; third segment elongated. Thorax dark brown. Patagium and tegula dark brown. Femur of forelegs dark brown; tibia yellowish-brown; tarsus brown with bright scales on each segment. Femur of mid-legs brown; tibia furry, yellowish-brown, with a pair of spurs in the lower part; tarsus brown with bright scales on each segment, with spines. Hind-legs with femur yellowish-brown; tibia yellowish-brown, with two pairs of spurs in the middle part and lower part; tarsus yellowish-brown with bright scales on each segment, with spines. Ground colour of forewing brown; antemedial line indistinct, dark brown, arcuated; reniform blackish, bent; subapical spot light brown, distinct, semicircle, concave distally. Ground colour of hind-wing brown; apical area yellowish. Abdomen greyish-brown.

Figure 1.  

Adult of Chrysopera combinans. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Male genitalia. Uncus slender, long, with pointed apex, deflexed; tegumen long, elongated, 1.5 times longer than uncus; valva broad, obovate; costa sclerotised, fused to valva; vinculum short, slightly broad, with round apex; aedeagus not shown (Holloway 2005).

Female genitalia (Fig. 2). Papillae anales short, wide; apophyses posteriors 1.5 times longer than apophyses anteriores, both apophyses slender; ostium linear, slightly sclerotised; ductus bursae elongated with two sclerites near ostium; ductus seminalis short, elongated; corpus bursae elongated, with one small circular signum.

Figure 2.  

Female genitalia and abdomen of Chrysopera combinans. Scale bar: 5 mm.

This species is similar to Avitta bracteola Holloway and A. ochromarginata Pagenstecher in having the following characters: brown forewing and dark brown hind-wing, with yellowish terminal part; dark brown abdomen (Holloway 2005). However, this species can be distinguished from Avitta species by the following characters: subapical spot light brown, distinct, semicircle, bent S-shape distally; apex of hind-wing yellowish.

Palaearctic: Korea (new record); Oriental: India to Southeast Asia; Australasian: New Guinea, Queensland, the Solomons and Fiji (Holloway 2005).

Hostplant: unknown.

Male genitalia description is based on fig. no. 330 of Holloway (2005). The report from Korea marks the highest latitude at which the species has ever been found. The specimen used in the present study has a 39 mm wing-span. However, earlier, Hampson (1894) measured 44 mm wing-span in this species.

Entomogramma Guenée 1852: 203. Type Species. Entomogramma fautrix Guenée

Taramia Moore 1885: 153. Type Species. Entomogramma torsa Guenée

This genus is superficially similar to Hypopyra Guenée 1852 in having entire brownish wings; forewing with blackish orbicular, subterminal line more distinct than all the others; pattern from forewing to hind-wing; underside of wings very distinct of two colours. However, they can be distinguished by the presence of the strong and fringed antennae of the Entomogramma.

Afrotropic, Oriental (Guenée 1852).

Entomogramma fautrix Guenée 1852: 204. Type locality: Silhet.

Adult (Fig. 3). Wing-span 48 mm. Antenna ciliated, reddish-brown, ivory alternately. Head blackish, tinged with brown scales; labial palpus blackish-brown, scattered yellow or brown scales; second segment plumpish, thicker than first and second segment; third segment small, elongated. Ground colour of thorax dark brown. Prothorax pale brownish, furry. Mesothorax yellowish-brown, with light grey. Metathorax brown. Patagium reddish-brown. Tegula yellowish-brown, with light grey fore part, with dark brownish dividing line. Femur and tibia of forelegs reddish-brown, furry; tarsus greyish-brown. Femur and tibia of mid-legs brown, furry, tibia with a pair of spurs in the lower part; tarsus greyish-brown, with spines. Femur of hind-legs yellowish-brown; tarsus brown, furry, with two pairs of spurs in the middle part and lower part; tibia yellowish-brown, with spines. Ground colour of forewing greenish brown; Distinct line straight, anteriorly reddish-brown, posteriorly dark brown, represented from apex to base along the subcostal vein. Six lines: basal one reddish-brown, straight; antemedial one reddish-brown, slightly leaning to apex; median one thin, wavy, sticking out to base at posterior part; postmedial one yellowish basally, weakly dark brown distally; subterminal one brown, diffused, zigzag; terminal one yellowish-brown, wavy. Cilia brown. Orbicular spot dark brown, small. Ground colour of hind-wing brown. Five lines: antemedial one straight; median one wavy; postmedial one straight; subterminal one brownish, dotted; terminal one yellowish. Cilia brown. Abdomen light brown.

Figure 3.  

Adult of Entomogramma fautrix. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Male genitalia (Fig. 4). Uncus short, broad, bifurcated, with pointed apex, basal part broadened rectangular shape; tegumen curved, with long hairy setose; valva ear-shape, with strongly setose at sacculus, apex with one pointed spine; costa curved, slightly sclerotised, weakly setose; clasper weakly sclerotised; harpe sclerotised, curved, upturned; juxta plate-like, bifurcate in the middle part and lower part; hair pencil 2.5 times longer than valva, elastic; vinculum thin, with risen top and basal part; saccus inverted triangle shape; aedeagus slender, bent, 1.5 times longer than valva, with weakly sclerotised carina, apex pointed.

Figure 4.  

Male genitalia and abdomen of Entomogramma fautrix. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Female genitalia. Unknown.

This species is similar to E. torsa in having forewing line from apex to base along the subcostal vein; line patterns from forewing to hind-wing (Guenée 1852). However, they can be distinguished by the following characters: the head with simple antennae; dark brown ground colour of wings; the forewing with distinct straight reddish line from apex to base along the subcostal vein and orbicular smaller than E. torsa.

Palaearctic: Korea (new record); Oriental: Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka (Guenée 1852, Walker 1865, Haruta 1993).

Hostplants Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. [Leguminosae (M)] (Robinson et al. 2023).

This species is thought to be widely distributed from India to Southeast Asia, but is poorly documented (Holloway 2005). The discovery in South Korea represents the species’ northernmost known occurrence, applying that it is expanding northwards. The specimen used in the present study has a 48 mm wing-span. However, earlier, Guenée (1852) measured 55 mm wing-span in this species.