Lichen novelties from Corvo Island (Azores, Portugal)

António Félix Rodrigues; Sandra Videira; André Aptroot; Rosalina Gabriel

doi:10.3897/BDJ.12.e140418

Biodiversity Data Journal : Data Paper (Biosciences)

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Data Paper (Biosciences)

Lichen novelties from Corvo Island (Azores, Portugal)

António Félix Rodrigues^‡, Sandra I. R. Videira^§, André Aptroot^|, Rosalina Gabriel^¶,#

‡ IITAA – University of the Azores, Instituto de Investigação e Tecnologias Agrárias e do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal

§ FGF - Fundacão Gaspar Frutuoso, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal

| Laboratório de Botânica/Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

¶ University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal

# cE3c/GBA – University of the Azores, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal

Corresponding author: Sandra I. R. Videira (sir.videira@gmail.com), Rosalina Gabriel (rosalina.ma.gabriel@uac.pt)

Academic editor: Paulo Borges

Received: 28 Oct 2024 | Accepted: 07 Dec 2024 | Published: 31 Dec 2024

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Rodrigues AF, Videira SIR, Aptroot A, Gabriel R (2024) Lichen novelties from Corvo Island (Azores, Portugal). Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e140418. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e140418

Abstract

Background

Corvo is a small and remote island in the western group of the Azores Archipelago, Portugal. The Island's lichen biodiversity was largely understudied, with only 17 species documented to date.

New information

This study reports 68 new records of lichen species on Corvo Island, representing an addition of two classes, eight orders, 18 families and 43 genera. It includes three new records for the Azores: Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb., Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg and Glaucomaria rupicola (L.) P.F. Cannon (syn. Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr.). Additionally, it confirms the presence of three species previously reported in the Archipelago without specific locations: Lecidea phaeops Nyl., Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. and Pertusaria ficorum Zahlbr. This wealth of new lichen species records greatly enriches our understanding of biodiversity and sets a solid groundwork for upcoming ecological investigations in the Azores Archipelago.

Keywords

Corvo Island, remote ecosystems, Macaronesia, lichen diversity

Introduction

Lichens are pioneers in the colonisation of rocky substrates and contribute to the formation of soil where bryophytes and, eventually, vascular plants, can grow. They are sensitive to environmental changes such as atmospheric pollution, climate change and human activity which makes them useful as key indicators of ecosystem health (Vieira et al. 2004). Despite their ecological importance, lichens have been less studied than plants, largely due to the specialised knowledge required for identifying their diverse forms and genera. The lichen identification work in the Azores has been largely reliant on visiting experts which highlights a need for local scientific engagement. The challenge of conducting in-depth studies on remote islands is often compounded by a scarcity of resources, leading to isolated efforts rather than collaborative research (Ahti and Aptroot 2009, Etayo and Berger 2009, van den Boom 2020).

The Azores Archipelago is comprised by nine islands of volcanic origin (Flores, Corvo, Pico, Faial, São Jorge, Terceira, Graciosa, São Miguel and Santa Maria) that are located in the northernmost part of the Macaronesia biogeographical region. The islands are orientated on a WNW-ESE axis spanning 615 km, approximately 1615 km west from mainland Portugal, 1935 km east from Canada and 1508 km north-west from Morocco (Google Earth Pro 2024). The North Atlantic Current, also known as Gulf Stream, creates a mild maritime climate characterised by abundant rainfall, high humidity and constant winds. Corvo Island is the northernmost, the smallest (17 km²) and the least populated island (384 people) in the Archipelago (Forjaz 2004, SREA - Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores 2021).

The earliest expeditions to explore the fauna and flora of Azores that included Corvo Island date back to the mid-nineteenth century. The botanists Christian Hochstetter and Karl Hochstetter visited the Archipelago in 1838. Seubert (1844) documented their efforts and listed 10 lichen species. The botanist Hewett Cottrell Watson visited the archipelago in 1842 and he reported 14 lichen species (Watson 1844). Unfortunately, neither Seubert (1844) nor Watson (1844) specified in which islands each lichen species was observed. In 1857, the malacologists Arthur Morelet and Henri Drouët visited all the islands of Azores with the exception of São Jorge. From that expedition, Drouet (1866) reported a total 40 lichen species, but only Roccella tinctoria D.C. was specifically mentioned as present in all islands.

Trelease (1897) is the first to report lichen species specifically from Corvo Island, namely, Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog (as Pannaria molybdaea), Ramalina cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl., Roccella tinctoria D.C., Stereocaulon azoreum Nyl. (as S. sphaerophoroides Tuck.), Usnea ceratina Ach. and Usnea hirta (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. More recently, Tehler et al. (2004) focused on Roccella taxonomy, based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic placement and uses two specimens of Roccella from Corvo: R. maderensis (J.Steiner) Follmann and R. tinctoria D.C.. Subsequently, Clerc (2006) focused on Usnea taxonomy and chemistry and describes the new species Usnea subflammea P. Clerc with a type specimen from Pico and an additional specimen examined from Corvo. Although Tavares (1987) reported Usnea ceratina Ach. for all Macaronesian islands, this species presence in Azores is doubtful because no specimens have been observed (Clerc 2006).

Checklists were compiled over the years on the diversity of lichens known from the Azores (Hafellner 1995, Hafellner 2008). The most recent checklist, by Aptroot et al. (2010), includes a total of 13 species for Corvo Island. In addition to the above-mentioned seven species (excluding U. ceratina) it includes Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy, Roccella allorgei Abbayes, Rocella canariensis Darb., Roccella phycopsis Ach., Roccella tuberculata Vain and Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A.Gillet) Zahlbr. to the known species from Corvo Island.

In their most recent work, Elias et al. (2022) added five lichen novelties to Corvo Island: Caloplaca dalmatica (A. Massal.) H.Olivier, Lepraria lobificans Nyl., Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb, Roccellographa circumscripta (Leight.) Ertz & Tehler and Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen. At this point, the catalogue of known lichen species from Corvo Island appeared to total 18 species.

The present work aims to compile an updated list of the known lichen species from Corvo Island. We correct the initial catalogue of known species for Corvo to 17 species, based on two points: 1) both specimens from Usnea hirta and Usnea ceratina from Trelease (Trelease 1897) are currently identified as Usnea cornuta (NMNH, Smithsonian Institution 2024); 2) the species Roccella canariensis Darb. has been synonymised with Roccella tinctoria D.C. (Tehler et al. 2009).

This study reports 68 new records of lichen species on Corvo Island, representing an addition of two classes, eight orders, 18 families and 43 genera. Three species are novelties for the Azores Archipelago: Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb., Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg and Glaucomaria rupicola (L.) P.F. Cannon (syn. Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr.), while three other species, previously reported in the Archipelago without specific locations, were also observed in Corvo Island: Lecidea phaeops Nyl., Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. and Pertusaria ficorum Zahlbr.

This effort contributes to increasing our knowledge of lichen diversity in oceanic ecosystems and will enable comparisons with other isolated islands, deepening our grasp of lichen ecology and evolution in such environments.

General description

Purpose:

Identify and report lichen novelties in Corvo island in Azores Archipelago, based on bibliographic research, new collections and identifications.

Project description

Title:

Lichen novelties on Corvo Island in the Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Personnel:

Fieldwork (site selection and sample collection): António Félix Rodrigues;
Taxonomists: António Félix Rodrigues, André Aptroot;
Voucher specimen management: António Félix Rodrigues, Rosalina Gabriel;
Database management: Rosalina Gabriel, Sandra Videira;
Darwin Core databases management: Rosalina Gabriel, Sandra Videira.

Study area description:

Corvo is the northernmost, the smallest (17 km²) and the least populated island (384 people) in the Archipelago. The only urban centre, Vila do Corvo, is located on the southern tip of the Island, roughly at sea level. Agriculture, with walls or hedges as wind protection, is mostly limited to the coastal area surrounding the village and extending through the eastern coast. Pastureland, used for raising dairy cattle, is located north from the village and inside the Island’s caldera – “Caldeirão”. The north part of the Island is dominated by the caldera of the volcano that created the Island. It reaches 720 m in altitude and has several small lakes and islets at the bottom. The mountainous slopes are covered in mixed vegetation and no native laurel forests remain (Imber & Gygax 1971, Bussmann 2016) (Fig. 1). The caldera, plus the majority of the Island’s coastline and its islets, are part of Corvo’s Nature Park that was created in 2006 in order to conserve and protect species habitat and natural resources (Decreto Legislativo Regional 56/2006/A, Diário da República n.º 245/2006, Série I de 2006-12-22).

Figure 1.

Study area location, land use and collection sites. A The Azores Archipelago location at approximately 1615 km west from mainland Portugal, Europe; B Map of Corvo Island with land-use information (data from Cruz et al. (2007)) and numbered 1 to 8, are the locations where specimens were colected that are further detailed in Table 1 (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

Table 1.

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List of locations where specimens were collected by António Félix Rodrigues in Corvo Island.

Collection Spot	Location name	Altitude (m)	Latitude (N)	Longitude (W)
1	Cais Velho	5	39.670000	-31.116667
2	Vila do Corvo	40	39.672871	-31.113426
3	Miradouro do Portão	100	39.675065	-31.108402
4	Central Termoeléctrica	190	39.677166	-31.106288
5	Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar	200	39.683687	-31.115143
6	Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas	260	39.688889	-31.103611
7	Baldio, ponta da Ribeira da Ponte	440	39.695833	-31.098889
8	Miradouro do Caldeirão	560	39.708753	-31.097231

Design description:

Samples were collected by António Félix Rodrigues, from various locations on Corvo Island (Table 1) in June 2009 and September 2023.

Funding:

António Félix Rodrigues fieldwork in Corvo Island was funded by EDA Renováveis in 2023.

Sandra I.R. Videira is funded by Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), with base funding ref. UIDB/00329/2020-2024, DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT).

Rosalina Gabriel is currently funded by FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024, DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020 (Thematic Line 1–integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity) and Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding (M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/010/2021-2024).

Sampling methods

Sampling description:

Our methodology involved the collection of specimens in different locations (Table 1) and from different substrates on the Island, with detailed photographs taken to document the characteristics of each specimen. In June 2009, sampling took place during one and a half days (approximately 4 hours total). In September 2023, sampling took 3 days (approximately 12 hours total). Most samples were collected in Vila do Corvo and its surrounding areas, from walls and rocks which were easily accessible.

Quality control:

Our methodology involved thorough examination of all registered specimens using conventional techniques in the field, coupled with detailed photography to document key features. The specimens were identified by António Félix Rodrigues, while André Aptroot contributed to the accurate determination of the less common species, based on detailed photography of the specimens.

Step description:

The specimens were initially compared with photographs in works of reference (Schumm 2008, Schumm and Aptroot 2013, McMullin and Anderson 2014, Dobson 2018, Elias et al. 2022) and further studied following the methodologies described by Schumm (2008) and Schumm and Aptroot (2013) for lichens in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands. The species nomenclature follows Mycobank (https://www.mycobank.org), Index Fungorum (https://www.indexfungorum.org) and recently published literature that is detailed for each case in the results section (e.g. several chapters of Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland 3^rd edition (https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/identification/lgbi3). The species distribution of species follows the most updated information available in the AZORESBIOPORTAL (https://azoresbioportal.uac.pt) and recently published literature. The IUCN Red List status was accessed in the Consortium of Lichen Herbaria (https://lichenportal.org/portal/checklists/checklist.php?clid=1448&pid=).

Geographic coverage

Description:

The study was conducted in Corvo Island, Azores Archipelago, Portugal.

Coordinates:

39.669 and 39.727 Latitude; -31.129 and -31.082 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Description:

Lichens

Taxa included:

Rank	Scientific Name
kingdom	Fungi
phylum	Ascomycota

Traits coverage

Temporal coverage

Notes:

Bibliographic research temporal coverage from 1844 to 2024; specimens collection temporal coverage in Corvo Island includes one day and a half in June 2009 and three days in September 2023.

Collection data

Collection name:

AZU_Section Lichens (specimens from 2009); Personal collection of António Félix Rodrigues (specimens from 2023)

Collection identifier:

AZU; herb. António Félix Rodrigues

Specimen preservation method:

dry

Curatorial unit:

Rosalina Gabriel (AZU); Félix Rodrigues (herb. António Félix Rodrigues)

Usage licence

Usage licence:

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title:

Lichen novelties in Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal

Resource link:

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/04f83194-eb55-4c59-8047-ffbc93c1a4e4

Alternative identifiers:

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=lichens-azo_cor_afr2024

Number of data sets:

Data set name:

Event table

Character set:

UTF-8

Download URL:

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=lichens-azo_cor_afr2024

Data format:

Darwin Core Archive format

Data format version:

1.5

Description:

The dataset was published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform (GBIF). The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset that has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 40 records (eventID). This GBIF IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit, version 2.5.6) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the Portuguese GBIF Portal IPT (Rodrigues et al. 2024).

Column label	Column description
eventID	Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset.
type	The nature or genre of the event.
datasetName	The name identifying the dataset from which the record was derived.
samplingProtocol	The sampling protocol used to capture the species.
eventDate	Date or date range the record was collected.
year	Year of the event.
month	Month of the event.
day	Day of the event.
Habitat	The habitat of the sample.
Continent	Name of the continent.
islandGroup	Name of archipelago.
island	Name of the island.
country	Country of the sampling site.
countryCode	ISO code of the country of the sampling site.
municipality	Municipality of the sampling sites.
locality	Name of the locality.
verbatimElevation	Description of the elevation (altitude above sea level) of the location.
decimalLatitude	Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates.
decimalLongitude	Approximate centre point decimal longitude of the field site in GPS coordinates.
geodeticDatum	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS), upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based.
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres	Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot.
georeferenceSources	Maps used to georeference the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude.

Data set name:

Occurrence table

Character set:

UTF-8

Download URL:

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=lichens-azo_cor_afr2024

Data format:

Darwin Core Archive format

Data format version:

1.5

Description:

The dataset was published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform (GBIF). The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset that has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 126 records (occurenceID). This GBIF IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit, version 2.5.6) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the Portuguese GBIF Portal IPT (Rodrigues et al. 2024).

Column label	Column description
eventID	Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset.
licence	Reference to the licence under which the record is published.
institutionID	The identity of the institution publishing the data.
institutionCode	The code of the institution publishing the data.
datasetName	The name identifying the data-set from which the record was derived.
type	Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard.
basisOfRecord	The nature of the data record.
collectionCode	The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved.
catalogNumber	A unique identifier for the record within the collection.
otherCatalogNumbers	A list (concatenated and separated) of alternate fully qualified catalogue numbers for the same occurrence in other collections.
recordedBy	A list of names of people who performed the sampling in the field.
recordNumber	An identifier given to the occurrence at the time it was recorded (specimen collector's number).
occurrenceID	Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier.
identifiedBy	A list of names of people who assigned the taxon to the subject.
disposition	The current state of a specimen in the collection identified in collectionCode.
taxonRank	Lowest taxonomic rank of the record.
kingdom	Kingdom name.
phylum	Phylum name.
class	Class name.
order	Order name.
family	Family name.
genus	Genus name.
specificEpithet	Specific epithet.
scientificNameAuthorship	Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record.
ScientificName	Species name.
establishmentMeans	The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary.
occurrenceRemarks	Comments or notes about the occurrence.

Additional information

Most lichens specimens were collected in Vila do Corvo and in the area surrounding Miradouro do Caldeirão. Most of the lichens observed had a crustose thallus and grew on basalt rock surfaces, both in urban and ruderal environments, but some were foliose or fruticose as can be seen in the example pictures below (Figs 2, 3).

Figure 2.

Photographs of some lichen species observed in Corvo Island. A. Acrocordia gemmata; B. Buellia subdisciformis; C. Caloplaca ceracea; D. Circinaria calcarea; E. Diploicia canescens; F. Diploicia subcanescens.

Figure 3.

Photographs of some lichen species observed in Corvo Island. G. Glaucomaria rupicola; H. Hypotrachyna rockii; I. Lecanora campestris; J. Porpidia albocaerulescens; K. Ramalina requienii; L. Teloschistes flavicans.

The present work is the result of a significant effort in sampling the lichen biodiversity in Corvo Island and contributed greatly to increase the number species known. The lichens reported from Corvo Island belong to the phylum Ascomycota and are divided amongst 27 families. The largest family present is Teloschistaceae with seven genera and 10 species. The genus with most species observed is Roccella, in the Roccellaceae family, with six species (Table 2).

Table 2.

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Taxonomic categories of species reported from Corvo Island (Azores, Portugal). The species known to Corvo Island from literature before the present study are marked with an asterisk in superscript (*).

phylum	class	order	family	genus	species
Ascomycota	Arthoniomycetes*	Arthoniales*	Chrysotrichaceae	Chrysothrix	flavovirens
			incertae sedis	Bactrospora	patellarioides
			Opegraphaceae	Ingaderia	vandenboomii
				Paralecanographa	grumulosa
			Roccellaceae*	Dirina	massiliensis
				Roccella*	allorgei*
					fuciformis
					maderensis*
					phycopsis*
					tinctoria*
					tuberculata*
			Roccellographaceae*	Roccellographa*	circumscripta*
	Candelariomycetes	Candelariales	Candelariaceae	Candelariella	vitellina
	Dothideomycetes	Monoblastiales	Monoblastiaceae	Acrocordia	conoidea
					gemmata
	Lecanoromycetes*	Acarosporales	Acarosporaceae	Acarospora	umbilicata
		Baeomycetales	Trapeliaceae	Trapelia	involuta
					placodioides
		Caliciales*	Caliciaceae	Amandinea	punctata
				Buellia	disciformis
					subdisciformis
				Diploicia	canescens
					subcanescens
				Dirinaria	applanata
			Physciaceae*	Hyperphyscia	adglutinata
				Leucodermia*	leucomelos*
				Physcia	adscendens
					caesia
		Lecanorales*	Cladoniaceae*	Cladonia	furcata
					stereoclada
				Herteliana	gagei
				Lepraria*	incana
					lobificans*
				Stereocaulon*	azoreum*
					vesuvianum
			Lecanoraceae	Glaucomaria	rupicola
				Lecanora	campestris
					cenisia
					chlarotera
				Lecidella	scabra
				Myriolecis	dispersa
					poliophaea
			Parmeliaceae*	Flavoparmelia	caperata
				Hypotrachyna	cryptochlora
					revoluta
					rockii
				Parmotrema*	crinitum
					perlatum
					reticulatum*
				Usnea*	cornuta*
					subflammea*
			Roccellaceae	Aquacidia	viridifarinosa
				Byssoloma	subdiscordans
			Ramalinaceae*	Bacidia	arceutina
					laurocerasi
				Lecania	rabenhorstii
				Ramalina*	canariensis
					cuspidata*
					decipiens
					requienii
					siliquosa
		Lecideales	Lecideaceae	Lecidea	phaeops
				Porpidia	albocaerulescens
					contraponenda
		Leprocaulales	Leprocaulaceae	Leprocaulon	microscopicum
		Ostropales	Graphidaceae	Diploschistes	diacapsis
		Peltigerales*	Coccocarpiaceae*	Coccocarpia*	erythroxyli*
			Collemataceae	Collema	subflaccidum
				Leptogium	cyanescens
			Peltigeraceae*	Nephroma*	tangeriense*
				Peltigera	canina
		Pertusariales	Megasporaceae	Circinaria	calcarea
			Ochrolechiaceae	Ochrolechia	parella
			Pertusariaceae	Pertusaria	ficorum
			Varicellariaceae	Varicellaria	lactea
		Teloschistales*	Teloschistaceae*	Blastenia	crenularia
				Caloplaca*	ceracea
					dalmatica*
				Flavoplaca	marina
				Gyalolechia	flavovirescens
				Teloschistes	flavicans
				Variospora	aurantia
					flavescens
				Xanthoria*	aureola*
					parietina
Total	4	13	27	55	85
NEW	2	8	18	43	68

A total of 85 species are listed in this work, from which 79 were observed in the field. Six of the taxa listed are based only on preserved specimens in herbaria (G, NY, S and US) and literature records: Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog, Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A.Gillet) Zahlbr., Roccella allorgei Abbayes, Roccella maderensis (J.Steiner) Follmann, Usnea subflammea P.Clerc and Usnea cornuta Körb.).

A total of three species are new to the Azores Archipelago, namely Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb., Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg and Glaucomaria rupicola (L.) P.F. Cannon (syn. Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr.). Three species, previously mentioned to the Azores without a specific location, were observed in Corvo (Lecidea phaeops Nyl., Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. and Pertusaria ficorum Zahlbr.) (Table 3).

Table 3.

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Lichen species known to Corvo Island and their distribution in the Archipelago, based on bibliographic research and the present work, including species name and presence on the nine Azores islands (COR – Corvo; FLO – Flores; FAI – Faial; PIC – Pico; GRA – Graciosa; SJO – São Jorge; TER – Terceira; SMG – São Miguel; SMR – Santa Maria). Species known to Corvo before the present work are marked with an asterisk (COR*).

Species name	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Acarospora umbilicata Bagl.	COR		FAI			SJO	TER		SMR
Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb.	COR
Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A.Massal.	COR						TER	SMG
Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Aquacidia viridifarinosa (Coppins & P. James) Aptroot 2018	COR						TER
Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Arnold	COR			PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Zahlbr.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Bactrospora patellarioides (Nyl.) Almq.	COR		FAI
Blastenia crenularia (With.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén	COR		FAI		GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd	COR						TER
Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Jatta	COR					SJO		SMG
Byssoloma *subdiscordans* (Nyl.) P.James	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC		SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Caloplaca ceracea J.R. Laundon	COR						TER
Caloplaca dalmatica (A. Massal.) H.Olivier	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
*Candelariella vitellina* (Ehrh.) Müll.Arg.	COR		FAI		GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
*Chrysothrix flavovirens* Tønsberg 1994	COR
*Circinaria calcarea* (L.) A.Nordin, S.Savic & Tibell	COR						TER
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad.	COR		FAI			SJO	TER	SMG
Cladonia stereoclada Abbayes	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC		SJO		SMG
Collema subflaccidum Degel.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG
Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A.Massal.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
Diploicia subcanescens (Werner) Hafellner & Poelt	COR		FAI				TER
Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch	COR		FAI					SMG
Dirina massiliensis Durieu & Mont.	COR				GRA	SJO	TER	SMG
Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D.Awasthi	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
Flavoplaca marina (Wedd.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting	COR			PIC		SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Glaucomaria rupicola (L.) P.F. Cannon	COR
Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup 2013	COR						TER
Herteliana gagei (Sm.) J.R.Laundon 2005	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC		SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Hypotrachyna cryptochlora (Vain.) D.Hawksw. & A.Crespo	COR			PIC				SMG
Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale	COR							SMG	SMR
Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale 1975	COR		FAI	PIC		SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Ingaderia vandenboomii Ertz 2023	COR			PIC			TER		SMR
Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp) Arnold 1884	COR						TER
Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Hue	COR						TER	SMG
Lecanora cenisia Ach.	COR		FAI		GRA		TER	SMG
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Lecidea phaeops Nyl.	COR
Lecidella scabra (Taylor) Hertel & Leuckert	COR			PIC	GRA		TER	SMG
Lepraria incana (L.) Ach.	COR	FLO		PIC			TER	SMG	SMR
Lepraria lobificans Nyl.	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D.Hawksw.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.) Körb.	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch	COR		FAI		GRA		TER	SMG	SMR
Myriolecis poliophaea (Wahlenb.) P.F.Cannon	COR						TER
Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A.Gillet) Zahlbr.	COR*	FLO				SJO		SMG
Ochrolechia parella (L.) A.Massal.	COR	FLO		PIC	GRA		TER		SMR
Paralecanographa grumulosa (Dufour) Ertz & Tehler	COR						TER	SMG
Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M.Choisy 1952	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG
Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M.Choisy	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M.Choisy	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.	COR
Pertusaria ficorum Zahlbr.	COR
Physcia adscendens H.Olivier	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Hampe ex Fürnr.	COR						TER	SMG
Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph.	COR							SMG
Porpidia contraponenda (Arnold) Knoph & Hertel 1984	COR			PIC	GRA		TER	SMG
Ramalina canariensis J.Steiner	COR		FAI				TER	SMG	SMR
Ramalina cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl.	COR*				GRA			SMG
Ramalina decipiens Mont. 1840	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC			TER	SMG
Ramalina requienii (De Not.) Jatta	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Ramalina siliquosa (Huds.) A.L.Sm.	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC		SJO		SMG	SMR
Roccella allorgei Abbayes	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC		SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Roccella fuciformis (L.) DC.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Roccella maderensis (J.Steiner) Follmann	COR*	FLO	FAI			SJO	TER	SMG
Roccella phycopsis Ach.	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Roccella tinctoria DC.	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Roccella tuberculata Vain.	COR*		FAI	PIC		SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Roccellographa circumscripta (Leight.) Ertz & Tehler	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Stereocaulon azoreum (Schaer.) Nyl.	COR*	FLO	FAI	PIC		SJO	TER	SMG
Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers.	COR		FAI	PIC	GRA		TER	SMG
Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel	COR		FAI				TER
Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. James 1984	COR						TER
*Usnea cornuta* Körb.	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC			TER	SMG
Usnea subflammea P.Clerc	COR*		FAI	PIC			TER
Varicellaria lactea (L.) I.Schmitt & Lumbsch	COR				GRA		TER	SMG
Variospora aurantia (Pers.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting	COR						TER	SMG
Variospora flavescens (Huds.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting	COR		FAI		GRA		TER	SMG
Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen	COR	FLO	FAI	PIC	GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr.	COR		FAI		GRA	SJO	TER	SMG	SMR

Below is an annotated, alphabetically ordered list of the 85 species reported from Corvo Island.

Species not observed in this study are marked with a ‘#’, species new to the Azores are marked with a ‘+’ and species previously known from the Azores without a specific location are marked with a ‘>’. For specimens collected in this study, the following details are provided in order: collection spot [1 to 8; cf. Table 1], location name, thallus shape, substrate, collection date and collector.

Acarospora umbilicata Bagl. 1857

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

+ Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb. 1855

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A.Massal. 1854 (Fig. 2A)

Specimen examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. 1993

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Aquacidia viridifarinosa (Coppins & P. James) Aptroot 2018 (syn. Bacidia viridifarinosa Coppins & P. James 1992)

Coppins and Aptroot (2009) recognised the species Bacidia viridifarinosa Coppins & P. James should be excluded from the genus Bacidia and assigned to the Pilocarpaceae. Aptroot et al. (2018) introduced the genus Aquacidia for this species and this is change is followed by Cannon et al. 2021c and Cannon et al. 2023c.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Lapilli, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Arnold 1869

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Zahlbr. 1926

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Bactrospora patellarioides (Nyl.) Almq. 1869

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Ficus carica, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Blastenia crenularia (With.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 (syn. Caloplaca crenularia (With.) J.R. Laundon 1984)

The genus Blastenia is currently a separate genus from Caloplaca and forms a monophyletic clade in the Teloschistaceae. The combination of Caloplaca crenularia into Blastenia was proposed by Arup et al. (2013).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd 1861

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Jatta 1892

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James 1971 (Fig. 2B)

Specimen examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Caloplaca ceracea J.R. Laundon 1992 (syn. Pyrenodesmia ceracea (J.R. Laundon) S.Y. Kondr. 2020) (Fig. 2C)

The genus Pyrenodesmia was re-introduced by Arup et al. (2013) for a group of species that was separated from Caloplaca sensu stricto. However, the genus formed a polyphyletic clade that required further study and Pyrenodesmia sensu stricto included only species that lacked anthraquinones in both apothecia and thalli. Kondratyuk et al. (2020) proposed the combination Pyrenodesmia ceracea (J. R. Laundon) S. Y. Kondr. (Basionym: Caloplaca ceracea J. R. Laundon 1992), but, since no molecular data are available for this species and no reason was given for the combination, we will use the previous name as in Aptroot et al. (2010).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Caloplaca dalmatica (A. Massal.) H. Olivier 1909

This species was first reported from Corvo by Elias et al. (2022). The specimen of Caloplaca dalmatica collected from Cais Velho in June 2009 was also preserved at the CBS Herbarium.

Specimens examined: [1] Cais Velho, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues. [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Candelariella vitellina (Ehrh.) Müll.Arg. 1894

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

+ Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg 1994

This species is widely distributed in Europe and is known to occur in mainland Portugal (Rodrigues et al. 2011). In Azores, Chrysothrix flavovirens can be confused with C. candelaris which develops a brighter yellowish thallus. Chrysothrix flavovirens was observed colonising the bark of a Metrosideros excelsa tree in Vila do Corvo. Frisch et al. (2014) indicated that Chrysothrix is not monophyletic and may become segregated after thorough revision of its species.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Circinaria calcarea (L.) A.Nordin, S.Savic & Tibell 2010 (syn. Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Körb. 1859) (Fig. 2D)

The genus Circinaria was resurrected by Nordin et al. (2010) to include segregates from Aspicilia that formed a monophyletic clade and proposed the combination of Aspicilia calcarea into the genus. This is currently still supported by several authors (Wijayawardene et al. 2022, Cannon et al. 2023a).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. 1794

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus squamulose to fruticose, on basalt wall with moss, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Cladonia stereoclada Abbayes 1946

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus squamulose to fruticose, on soil, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

#Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog 1976 (syn. Coccocarpia molybdaea Pers. 1827)

Initially reported from Corvo as Coccocarpia molybdenia by Trelease (1897) and followed by Nylander (1898) and Navás (1909). Following the work of Arvidsson (1982), who reports the species to Faial, Aptroot et al. (2010) treated Coccocarpia molybdenia as a synonym of Coccocarpia erythroxyli. The species is also known from São Miguel (Henriques 1895), Corvo and Flores (Trelease 1897), Pico (Arvidsson 1990) and São Jorge (van den Boom 2020).

Collema subflaccidum Degel. 1974

Specimen examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on soil, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A.Massal. 1852 (Fig. 2E)

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Diploicia subcanescens (Werner) Hafellner & Poelt 1979 (Fig. 2F)

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch 1988

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Dirina massiliensis Durieu & Mont. 1847

Asexual morphs described earlier at the rank forma are no longer recognised as taxonomic units (e.g. D. massiliensis f. sorediata) (Tehler et al. 2013). The sorediate morphs of Dirina species seem to be phylogenetically inseparable from their apothecial counterparts (Cannon et al. 2023b).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D.Awasthi 1970

Specimen examined: Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale 1986

This species is recorded on all the islands, except for São Jorge (Elias et al. (2022) and it is listed as least concern in IUCN Red List (Allen et al. 2020).

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [4] Central Termoeléctrica, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [7] Baldio, ponta da Ribeira da Ponte, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Flavoplaca marina (Wedd.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting 2013 (syn. Caloplaca marina (Wedd.) Zahlbr. 1921)

The genus Flavoplaca is one of the largest in the family Teloschistaceae and the combination of Lecanora marina into the genus was proposed by Arup et al. (2013).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt wall, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

+ Glaucomaria rupicola (L.) P.F. Cannon 2022 (syn. Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. 1928) (Fig. 3G)

Glaucomaria rupicola is the type species of the genus Glaucomaria, but the combination based on the basionym Lichen rupicola L. was only recently formally proposed. This species phylogenetic position and morphological characterisation are well studied (Cannon et al. 2022). Glaucomaria rupicola has a worldwide distribution (GBIF), including Portugal mainland, but was thus far unknown from the Azores. On the Island of Corvo, it grows on basaltic rocks at the summit of the Caldeirão on a sunny, exposed outcrop.

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup 2013 (syn. Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1902)

Until more information becomes available, we consider the genus Gyalolechia as defined by Arup et al. (2013) (followed by Lücking et al. (2017a), Wilk et al. (2021)) and not as proposed by Kondratyuk et al. (2014) and Kondratyuk et al. (2017). Gyalolechia flavovirescens has a worldwide distribution, but was only known in Azores from Terceira (Aptroot et al. 2010). In Corvo, it is found as saxicolous on basaltic rocks.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt wall, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Herteliana gagei (Sm.) J.R.Laundon 2005 (syn. Herteliana taylorii (Salwey) P. James 1980)

Herteliana gagei (Sm.) J.R.Laundon is the type species of the genus Herteliana in Squamarinaceae (Lücking et al. 2017b). Laundon (2005) stated that the earlier name Lichen gagei Sm. 1814 takes precedence over Biatora taylorii Salwei 1853 (which is also a provisional name) and proposed the name Herteliana gagei (Sm.) J.R.Laundon for the species. In Azores, this species is now only unknown from Graciosa Island (Aptroot et al. 2010, van den Boom 2020).

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt 1979

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Hypotrachyna cryptochlora (Vain.) D.Hawksw. & A.Crespo 2011 (syn. Parmelinopsis cryptochlora (Vain.) Elix & Hale 1987)

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale 1975

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale 1975 (Fig. 3H)

Specimen examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on basalt wall with moss, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Ingaderia vandenboomii Ertz 2023 (syn. Llimonaea sorediata Van den Boom, M.Brand & Elix 2007)

The phylogenetic study of the genus Llimonaea showed it was paraphyletic and an enlarged concept of the genus Ingaderia was proposed. As a consequence, the species Llimonaea sorediata Van den Boom, M.Brand & Elix was combined into the new genus as Ingaderia vandenboomii Ertz (Ertz and Tehler 2023). This species was only previously known from Terceira (Aptroot et al. 2010) and Pico (van den Boom 2020) Islands.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp) Arnold 1884

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Hue 1888 (Fig.3.I.)

The species can be confused with L. cenisia because both species have distributions that may overlap in some areas, as seems to be the case on Corvo Island. Both species have relatively small apothecia, but L. cenisia generally has smaller apothecia compared to L. campestris, which tends to have larger apothecia, as described in literature. In the Azores, the apothecia of L. cenisia are often lighter (e.g. pale yellow or orange), while those of L. campestris can be darker or range from yellowish to light brown, depending on the environmental and growth conditions.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lecanora cenisia Ach. 1810

See Lecanora campestris.

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. 1872

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

>Lecidea phaeops Nyl. 1858

This species was previously known from Azores without a specific location (Hafellner 1995, Aptroot et al. 2010) and is now observed in Corvo Island.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lecidella scabra (Taylor) Hertel & Leuckert 1969

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. 1803

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Lepraria lobificans Nyl. 1873

This species was first reported from Corvo by Elias et al. (2022); its is present in all the islands of the Archipelago (Table 3).

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D.Hawksw. 1974

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues; ibid., on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.) Körb. 1855

Specimen examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on basalt wall with moss, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb 2015 (syn. Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt 1965)

The first observation of this species in Corvo Island was reported by Elias et al. (2022).

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues; ibid., on basalt wall, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [7] Baldio, ponta da Ribeira da Ponte, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch 2015 (syn. Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. 1826)

Zhao et al. (2015) used the name Myriolecis to accommodate the monophyletic Lecanora dispersa species group and proposed the combination of Lecanora dispersa into the genus. Kondratyuk et al. (2019) claimed that Polyozosia A. Massal. 1855 has priority over Myriolecis Clem. 1909, but the genus and species name changes proposed were considered superfluous (Cannon et al. 2022) and, thus, we will use the name Myriolecis dispersa for this species. It has been observed in six islands in Azores (Table 3).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Myriolecis poliophaea (Wahlenb.) P.F. Cannon 2022 (syn. Lecanora poliophaea (Wahlenb.) Ach. 1810)

This species has only recently been sequenced (Kistenich et al. 2018) and combined into Myriolecis (Cannon et al. 2022). It has been observed in only two islands, Corvo and Terceira (Table 3).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

#Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A.Gillet) Zahlbr. 1932

Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A.Gillet) Zahlbr. is indicated in Aptroot et al. (2010) for Corvo. There is a specimen collected by Magnus Fries in 1965 in Corvo and identified by Arvidsson in 1991 (in Herbarium S). Magnus Fries did indeed visit Azores in 1965 (Fries 1968) to collect sediments from crater lakes. Apparently, he also collected a handful of specimens of lichens from a few of the islands (see Consortium Lichen Herbarium).

Ochrolechia parella (L.) A.Massal. 1852

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

Paralecanographa grumulosa (Dufour) Ertz & Tehler 2011 (syn. Lecanographa grumulosa (Dufour) Egea & Torrente 1994)

Paralecanographa is a single species genus created by Ertz and Tehler (2011). It is occasionaly a lichenicolous lichen, initially parasitic on thalli of Dirina and Roccella, but later developing an independent thallus (Diederich et al. 2018, Cannon et al. 2021a). In Corvo Island, P. grumulosa was observed parasitising a Rocella phycopsis specimen growing on a house with basaltic walls in the village. The species was previously known only from São Miguel (Aptroot et al. 2010) and Terceira (specimens collected by Anders Tehlers in 2010 (deposited in herbarium S)).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Rocella phycopsis, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy 1952

Specimens examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [7] Baldio, ponta da Ribeira da Ponte, thallus foliose, on basalt wall, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M.Choisy 1952

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M.Choisy 1952

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [7] Baldio, ponta da Ribeira da Ponte, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

>Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. 1787

Hafellner (1995) and, subsequently, Aptroot et al. (2010) mention the existence of the species in the Azores without specifying the island or location of its occurrence. Therefore, this constitutes the first recorded location of the species in the Azores. On the Island of Corvo, it grows on the ground, amongst grass, in a shaded area, at the summit of the Caldeirão.

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus foliose, on soil, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

>Pertusaria ficorum Zahlbr. 1914

Hafellner (2002) and, subsequently, Aptroot et al. (2010) simply mention the existence of the species in the Azores Archipelago. It is now specifically known from Corvo Island.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Physcia adscendens H.Olivier 1882

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Hampe ex Fürnr. 1839

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph. 1984 (Fig. 3J)

This species seems to be rare as it is previously only known from São Miguel (Trelease 1897, Aptroot et al. 2010). It grows on the basalt rock walls in the village.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt wall, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Porpidia contraponenda (Arnold) Knoph & Hertel 1984

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Ramalina canariensis J.Steiner 1904

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Ramalina cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl. 1870

This species was first cited for Corvo by Trelease (1897) and followed by Nylander (1898), Navás (1909) and Aptroot et al. (2010).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt wall, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Ramalina decipiens Mont. 1840

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Ramalina requienii (De Not.) Jatta 1892 (Fig. 3K)

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues. [3] Miradouro do Portão, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Ramalina siliquosa (Huds.) A.L.Sm. 1918

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

#Roccella allorgei Abbayes 1947

This species was first recorded in Corvo Island by Tehler et al. (2004) and later included in the Azores checklist by Aptroot et al. (2010).

Roccella fuciformis (L.) DC. 1805

Although Roccella fuciformis was known from several islands in Azores, it was not recorded from Corvo Island in Aptroot et al. (2010). However, a specimen of R. fuciformis collected on Corvo Island was located in the Herbarium US catalogue (US-04420189, 29 July 1984, V.A.Funk & W.G.Nelson, 6337) that precedes the present observation.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

#Roccella maderensis (J.Steiner) Follmann 1993

Tehler et al. (2004) was the first to observe this species in Corvo Island and Aptroot et al. (2010) included it in the Azores checklist.

Roccella phycopsis (Ach.) Ach. 1810

This species was first recorded in Corvo Island by Tehler et al. (2004) and later included in the Azores checklist by Aptroot et al. (2010).

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues; ibid., on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Roccella tinctoria DC. 1805

Trelease was the first to record this species in Corvo Island. Tehler et al. (2004) and Elias et al. (2022) later also observed this species in Corvo Island and it is currently known from all islands of the Archipelago (Aptroot et al. 2010). The species Roccella canariensis Darb., listed as present in Corvo by Aptroot et al. (2010), is currently synonymised with Roccella tinctoria DC. (Tehler et al. 2009). Drouet (1866) highlighted the economic importance of R. tinctoria by describing how he observed men perilously hanging from ropes over rock cliffs by the sea (in Santa Maria) collecting this lichen mainly to export to England where it was used to dye army equipment. Despite the past economic significance of Roccella lichens on Corvo, most of its residents lack familiarity with the species, pointing to a gap in local knowledge and the potential for educational outreach.

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues. [3] Miradouro do Portão, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Roccella tuberculata Vain. 1901

This species was first recorded in Corvo Island by Tehler et al. (2004) and later included in the Azores checklist by Aptroot et al. (2010).

Specimen examined: [3] Miradouro do Portão, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Roccellographa circumscripta (Leight.) Ertz & Tehler. 2011 (syn. Peterjamesia circumscripta (Leight.) Ertz & Tehler 2011)

This species was first recorded in Corvo Island by Elias et al. (2022) and it is present in all islands of the Archipelago (Table 3).

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues; ibid., on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [5] Parque fotovoltaico do Pão de Açúcar, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues. [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Stereocaulon azoreum Nyl. 1857 (previously cited as Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides)

The first reports of this species for Corvo Island were made by Trelease (1897), Nylander (1898) and Navás (1909) as Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides Tuck.. According to Lamb (1977), these earlier reports were incorrectly named Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides Tuck. and the correct name is Stereocaulon azoreum (Schaer.) Nyl. The species Stereocaulon azoreum (Schaer.) Nyl. is present in Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Presently, the species Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides is a synonym of Stereocaulon virgatum Ach., a species that occurs in the West Indies and Central America. The species S. azoreum is listed in the Azores lichen checklist by Aptroot et al. (2010) and has been recently observed in Corvo Island by Elias et al. (2022).

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. 1810

Specimen examined: [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, 26-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman 1852 (Fig. 3L)

This common species in Azores is now known from all the islands (Table 3). In Corvo, it was observed growing on the walls of basaltic stone over Parmotrema reticulatum and Leucodermia leucomelos.

Specimens examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus fruticose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues. [6] Parque eólico do Cerrado das Vacas, thallus fruticose, on basalt wall over Parmotrema reticulatum and Heterodermia leucomelos, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel. 1973

Earlier records from Azores were determined as Trapelia involuta, but Aptroot et al. (2010) checklist placed them under T. glebulosa, following Laundon (2005) synonymisation. Recently, van den Boom (2016) recorded T. glebulosa for Terceira and mentioned it was only previously known from Faial (Gabriel 2008) which refers to the specimen from Purvis and James (1993) recorded as T. involuta. The species Trapelia involuta and Trapelia glebulosa are not synonyms, but are closely related and easily confused. Morphologically, they overlap in size, but they can be separated based on TLC (Orange 2018, Orange et al. 2021). Phylogenetically, the genus is polyphyletic and a broad species concept has been in use until recently. The recent separation of Gallowayiopsis (Kondratyuk et al. 2022) and combination of T. glebulosa as Gallowayiopsis glebulosa (Sm.) S. Y. Kondr. may be premature and, until more information is available, we will follow the broader concept of Trapelia as in Orange et al. (2021). The Azorean specimens should be re-examined and their distribution in the Archipelago reassessed.

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. James 1984

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 24-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

#Usnea ceratina Ach. 1910

The earlier records of Usnea ceratina from Corvo are from Trelease (1897), Nylander (1898) and Navás (1909). The specimen colected by Trelease is currently identified as Usnea cornuta Körb. (Herbarium US) and the specimen observed by both Nylander and Navás that was collected by B.T. Carreiro could not be located. Tavares (1952) indicated U. ceratina is present in all Macaronesian islands, except Cabo Verde islands. However, both Clerc (2006) and Aptroot et al. (2010) considered this a doubtful species for Azores.

#Usnea cornuta Körb. 1865

This species was not observed in the field in the present work and is not listed as present in Corvo by Aptroot et al. (2010). The two specimens colected in Corvo by Trelease, initially identified as Usnea ceratina and Usnea hirta that are stored in the US herbarium, are currently identified as Usnea inflata (Duby) Motyka, which is a synonym of Usnea cornuta Körb. The species is added to the list of species known from Corvo until further information is available.

#Usnea hirta (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. 1780

Usnea hirta was first cited by Trelease (1897) for Corvo, while Tavares (1952) reported it from the Azores Archipelago without a specific location. Clerc (2006) indicated it is a rare species in Macaronesia and considered its presence in Azores doubtful since he did not see any specimens, but Aptroot et al. (2010) indicated its presence in Corvo. Since no specimen of Usnea hirta from Corvo could be traced and it was not observed in the field, we consider the presence of this species doubtful in Corvo Island until further evidence is gathered.

#Usnea subflammea P. Clerc 2006

Clerc (2006) described this new species Usnea subflammea P. Clerc with a type specimen from Pico (on Juniperus brevifolia) and additional specimens examined from Corvo (on Erica azorica), Faial (on Erica azorica) and Terceira (in mixed forests with mature endemic plant species such as: Juniperus brevifolia, Erica azorica, Vaccinium cylindraceum, Laurus azorica and Ilex azorica). This species is included in the Azores Lichen checklist by Aptroot et al. (2010).

Varicellaria lactea (L.) I.Schmitt & Lumbsch 2012 (syn. Pertusaria lactea (L.) Arnold 1872)

The genus Varicellaria was circumscribed by Schmitt et al. (2012) who also proposed the combination of Varicellaria lactea that is still currently in use (Cannon et al. 2021b).

Specimen examined: [8] Miradouro do Caldeirão, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Variospora aurantia (Pers.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting 2013 (syn. Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellb. 1890)

Arup et al. (2013) recognised the genus Variospora, including both lobate and crustose members and a large variation in spore morphology. Phylogenetically, Variospora is divided into two subclades, one corresponding to the former C. velana group and the other to the former C. aurantia group. Kondratyuk et al. (2017) separated the subclade from the former C. aurantia group (including V. aurantia and V. flavescens) into the new genus Klauderuiella. However, the genus Klauderuiella has not been recognised in Wijayawardene et al. (2022) and we will use Variospora as in Arup et al. (2013) until further information is available.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Variospora flavescens (Huds.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting 2013 (syn. Caloplaca flavescens (Huds.) J.R. Laundon 1984)

See Variospora aurantia.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus crustose, on basalt rock, 25-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen 1930 (see also Xanthoria ectaneoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1931)

Recently cited by Elias et al. (2022) as present in all Azorean islands, this species is very abundant on Corvo, particularly in coastal areas on basaltic rock. Lindblom and Ekman (2005) synonymised Xanthoria ectaneoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. with X. aureola (Ach.) Erichsen and Aptroot et al. (2010) followed that synonymy. Arup et al. (2013) indicated that the taxonomy of X. aureola needed further investigations. Khodosovtsev et al. (2023) phylogenetic studies used specimens of X. ectaneoides from the Canary Islands that clustered apart from X. aureola, which suggests a different species may occur in Macaronesia. Kondratyuk et al. (2024) indicated that X. aureola and X. ectaneoides can be separated, based on phylogeny and morphology, but no specimens from Azores were observed. Until the existing specimens from Azores are re-examined or new ones collected for further studies, it makes sense to continue treating them as X. aureola.

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on basalt rock, Jun-2009, A.F. Rodrigues.

Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr. 1860

This species is very common in Azores and is now only not recorded from Flores (Table 3).

Specimen examined: [2] Vila do Corvo, thallus foliose, on Metrosideros excelsa, 27-Sep-2023, A.F. Rodrigues.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank several people who contributed to improve this work: a) David Hawksworth for the discussion regarding the correct name for the species Herteliana gagei; b) Anders Tehler for information on his Roccella specimens and Roccella taxonomy; c) Eric Schuelttpelz and Ian Medeiros from NMNH Smithsonian Institute (Herbarium US) for investigating two specimens of lichens preserved in their collection and sharing their knowledge; d) Juan Carlos Zamora from CJB Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève (Herbarium G) for confirming the presence of one specimen in their collection and giving it a barcode; e) Enésima Pereira for help with the figures; and e) the reviewers and editor of the journal, who, through their well-thought-out comments have helped to clarify the text.

Author contributions

Félix Rodrigues: Research (field work, species identification), Manuscript writing

Sandra Videira: Manuscript writing, Research (historical, taxonomic)

Andre Aptroot: Research (species identification, scientific support)

Rosalina Gabriel: Conceptualisation, Resources

All the authors participated in data interpretation and manuscript revision.

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Supplementary material

Endnotes