Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

This species has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-12 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 0-12 km²).

Bembidion derelictus is a single-island endemic species restricted to Flores (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Caldeira Comprida in the Natural Forest Reserve of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé. The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due to habitat destruction (last sample dates from 1888). It was not sampled recently despite some intensive field work (see Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016).

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due to habitat destruction. It was not sampled recently despite some intensive field work.

The species is potentially extinct due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.

Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

The species occurred in the hyper-humid native forest of the Flores Island (Azores) dominated by Juniperus brevifolia woodland, with an altitudinal range between 562 and 870 m. This species is possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Flores was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations (Triantis et al. 2010). In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla) changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

This is a nocturnal predator species that lived in hyper-humid forest floor.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is located in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores Island). Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Park of Flores Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Ultimately, more area of pristine Juniperus brevifolia woodland is required around the lower-altitude, sheltered parts of the cloud forest zone, with greater connectivity between them. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

The species is considered extinct in the unique historical locality. It had a very small extent of occurrence (EEO = 0-4 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 0-4 km²).

Bradycellus chavesi is a single-island endemic species restricted to S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010) that is considered extinct in the Azorean arquipelago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Last record is from 1919 with the original species description.

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality, possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016).

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality, possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work.

The species is potentially extinct due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.

Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species occurred in the native forest of São Miguel Island (Azores), but it is considered extinct. Current altitudinal range is unknown.

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of São Miguel was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations (Triantis et al. 2010). In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Gunnera tinctoria, Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on soil invertebrates.

This is an univoltine species. The species was a predator with night activity that lived in hyper-humid forest floor.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size. In the last ten years and currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Gunnera tinctoria, Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on soil invertebrates. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is possibly in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of São Miguel Island). There is the need to keep the control of invasive plants and the restoration of native habitat in some areas in the Northeast part of S. Miguel. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 4-8 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 4-8 km²).

Calathus carvalhoi is a single-island endemic species restricted to Terceira (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from the Natural Reserve of Terra Brava. The species is possibly considered extinct in the original locality (Terra Chã). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4-8 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is also 4-8 km².

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality (Terra Chã, Terceira island) due to habitat destruction. However, the species was found recently in Terra Brava pristine forest.

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality (Terra Chã, Terceira island) due to habitat destruction. However, the species was found recently in Terra Brava pristine forest.

In the historical site (Terra Chã, Terceira island) the species is considered as possibly extinct. Only known with a stable subpopulation in Terra Brava pristine native forest fragment.

Only one site left at Terra Brava (Terceira) that is in pristine native forest.

The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Terra Brava. Despite the fact that Terra Brava was considerered a native forest fragment with a high value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing recent habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants with impacts in soil invertebrates.

The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation at Terra Brava, since the other subpopulation in Terra Chã is considered as possible extinct. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is consequently inferred.

The species occurs in a native forests of the Azores (Terceira Island) dominated by Ilex perado ssp. azorica, Laurus azorica and Juniperus brevifolia, with an altitudinal range between 634 and 710 m.

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

This is an univoltine species. It is a night activity predator that lives under barks of native trees and in the soil.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation. The species is considered extinct in Terra Chã (Terceira island) due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat and current Eucalyptus spp. wood & pulp plantations management. The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts, and habitat shift and alteration), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is depending on humid forests.

The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is restricted to the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-16 km²) and area of occupancy (EOO = 0-16 km²)

Calathus extensicollis is a single-island endemic species restricted to Pico (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from high elevation native forest (900-1000 m). This large bodied species is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). No precise locality was indicated in the original description, but at the indicated elevation there are the current main remnants of native forest.

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016).

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016).

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10 years ago. The historical site at 900 m of altitude is the main current area with fragments of native forest.

Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species occurred in the native forest of the Pico Island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 900 and 1000 m. This species is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015) more than 10 years ago.

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Pico was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures. Recently invasive plant species are promoting changes in habitat structure.

This is an univoltine species. It was a night activity predator that lived in the high elevation native forest.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and the lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico). It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Park of Pico Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42.5 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 36.0 km².

Calathus lundbladi is an endemic species from S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico da Vara (Tronqueira). The extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy (AOO) are probably smaller since the species is possibly considered extinct in Furnas.

The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest (Tronqueira). This is the only locality known after intensive survey in the Island (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016). The EOO of native forest is only around 4 km².

The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest (Tronqueira). This is the only localityn known after intensive survey in the Island (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016). The AOO of native forest is only around 4 km².

The complete forest is threatened by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Only one location left, since the species seems extinct in all other sites of the island due to major historical land-use changes. The current subpopulation is threatened by invasive plants that are changing habitat structure.

A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (sampled in 1989 with a large population and decreasing numbers in 2000 and 2010) (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea).

The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation.

The species occurs in the hyper-humid native forests of the Azores, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees, with an altitudinal range between 543 and 1000 m.

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing habitat structure.

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator that lives under barks of native trees and in the soil.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation. The species is considered as possibly extinct in Furnas due to major historical land use changes with clearing of original habitat. The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is dependent on humid forests.

The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (S. Miguel Natural Park). The São Miguel Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. LIFE PRIOLO project started with a restoration of degraded habitats increasing the area of pristine forest. A general monitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the subpopulation of this particular species and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-4 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 0-4 km²).

Calathus vicenteorum is an endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from high elevation native forest in Pico Alto (550 m asl). This large bodied species is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The area of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km².

The area of its remaining native habitat is now 0.09 km². Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016). This large bodied species is considered extinct.

The area of its remaining native habitat is now 0.09 km². Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016). This large bodied species is considered extinct.

A single fragment of native forest at Pico Alto currently with 0.09 km² included in a Natural Reserve that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). The species is considered extinct due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.

Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species occurred in the native forest of the Santa Maria Island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 500 and 550 m. It is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Santa Maria was greatly reduced to accomodate Cryptomeria japonica plantations (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

This is a predator species with nocturnal activity. The last specimens found in 1957 were captured associated with Calluna vulgaris (Lindroth 1960).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The most important ongoing threat to this species is Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Park of Santa Maria Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,300 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

Cedrorum azoricus is an endemic species with two subspecies, C. a. azoricus occurring in Terceira and Santa Maria islands, and C. a. caveirensis restricted to Pico island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges and Serrano 1993; Borges et al. 2010). The species is known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Biscoito da Ferraria, Serra de Santa Bárbara, Terra Brava (Terceira), Caveiro and Mistério da Prainha (Pico) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The extent of occurrence includes large areas of unsuitable habitats and the size of its remaining native habitat is now only 40 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) due to the ongoing spread of invasive species in Santa Maria (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), Terceira and Pico (Hedychium gardnerianum).

The species occurs in native forests of several islands (Terceira, Pico and Santa Maria). The AOO with native forest is around 40 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation (mainly Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) due to the ongoing spread of invasive species in Santa Maria (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), Terceira and Pico (Hedychium gardnerianum).

The species inhabits in six native isolated forest patches in three islands (Terceira, Pico, Santa Maria).

Six locations known since in the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Pico Alto (Santa Maria) site has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants that can drive the local subpopulation to extinction very fast. In recent times at least one location was lost in S. Maria island due to major changes in habitat with the removal of vegetation.

The species is particularly restricted and the subpopulation of Santa Maria is very low in number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (never sampled in Santa Maria after its description, in spite of several sampling efforts in the last ten years) (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Gaspar et al. 2011).

The species is known from four subpopulations. The subpopulation of Santa Maria is very low in number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (never sampled in Sta. Maria after its description, in spite of several sampling efforts in the last ten years) (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants.

Major land-use changes at all elevations in Santa Maria, Terceira and Pico islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in four natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. At least two of the locations will be under severe threat in the next 10 years due to the aggressive spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum.

Cedrorum azoricus has two subspecies, C. a. azoricus present in Terceira and Santa Maria islands, occurs in native forests of high altitude (altitudinal range between 500 and 1000 m) ("cloud-zone forests"; dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Ilex perado subsp. azorica and Laurus azorica), and C. a. caveirensis, restricted to Pico island, occurs also in native forests (dominated by Juniperus brevifolia) (altitudinal range between 800 and 1200 m) (Borges and Serrano 1993; Borges et al. 2010).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat .

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator that lives in the soil. In both Terceira and Pico islands it occurs mostly in sites with deep crevices in hyper-humid forest. The peak of activity in October, being an autumn breader.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Ongoing invasion of an invasive plant species (Hedychium gardnerianum) in Terceira and Pico and in addition Pittosporum undulatum in Santa Maria, are major threats since these plant species are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Terceira, Pico and Santa Maria). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

This species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Olisthopus inclavatus is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from few patches of highly modified lowland forests.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 35 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

The species occurs in several small fragments of exotic forest in a small area at low altitude. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

The species occurs in several exotic forest patchs in Santa Maria island and it is relatively widespread by the island, but highly fragmented. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, invasive plant spread and habitat fragmentation.

The species occurs in at least four isolated exotic forest patches in Santa Maria island that are under major disturbance.

Four locations known but the area decreased in the last ten years due to exotic forest removal.

The species is particularly restricted but the abundance is relatively high in some of the known sites. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants and the destruction of exotic plantations for the implementation of pastures.

The species is particularly restricted but the abundance is relatively high in some of the known subpopulations. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants and the destruction of exotic plantations for the implementation of pastures.

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Maria island promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in five small patches of exotic forest that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. More than 50% of the known subpopulations are under severe threat due to exotic forest management and eventual forest removal.

The species occurs in exotic forests (dominated by Cryptomeria japonica, Acacia spp.), semi-natural forests and in semi-natural pastures in Santa Maria island, with an altitudinal range between 150 and 300 m, being relatively widespread (Meijer et al. 2011).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator that lives in native trees and in the soil associated with plant litter.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently the modified habitats where it occurs are being highly disturbed, namely pactches of Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia spp.. Agriculture and wood & pulp productions are also a major threat. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the ongoing impact of invasive plants and future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by alien plants.

This species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Pseudanchomenus aptinoides is an endemic species present in Pico and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserves of Caveiro, Lagoa do Caiado and Mistério da Prainha in Pico island and in Furnas in S. Miguel island. After some surveys in Furnas the species was not found in the last 20 years despite some intensive search (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and is potentially considered extinct in S. Miguel.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore only 16 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

The EOO was calculated based on Pico distribution. The species continues in decline due to ongoing native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. The species is considered extinct in Furnas locality at S. Miguel due to major land-use changes and habitat destruction.

The species occurs in native forest patches included in the Natural Reserves of Caveiro, Lagoa do Caiado and Mistério da Prainha in Pico island and it is considered extinct in S. Miguel (Furnas), due to habitat destruction. The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. Despite an AOO of 16 km², the current areal area of available native forest is only 9.52 km².

The species occurs in several native forest patches in Pico, and in a location in a S. Miguel island (Furnas), but possibly extinct there.

Three locations known but the original area was larger. In one of the locations now is possibly extinct. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

The species is relatively abundant in Pico Island native forest in particular in the pristine fragment of Caveiro. In spite of several sampling efforts in the last 20 years no individuals were sampled in S. Miguel (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and consequently the subpopulation of this island is possibly considered extinct, which is inferred from major land-use changes in this locality in the last 100 years, that were maintained in the last ten years with increaing pasture development and urbanization.

The species is relatively abundant in Pico Island native forest in particular in the pristine fragment of Caveiro. In spite of several sampling efforts in the last 20 years no individuals were sampled in S. Miguel (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and consequently the subpopulation of this island is considered extinct, which is inferred from major land-use changes in this locality in the last 100 years, that were maintained in the last ten years with increasing pasture development and urbanization.

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevations in Pico and S. Miguel promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species is confirmed to occur in three natural forest fragments in Pico that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In at least half of the locations in the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. At least two of the locations will be under severe threat in the next 10 years, with only Caveiro area still having some resistance to the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum.

The species occurs in native forests dominated by montane Juniperus brevifolia woodland in Caveiro but also lavic formations dominated by Erica azorica in Mistério da Prainha, in the island of Pico, with an altitudinal range between 800 and 1200 m

Due to ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species.

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator that lives in native trees and in the soil, particularly in ravines. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016 (see Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being most abundant in summer and autumn.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum;) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is considered extinct in S. Miguel island due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat.

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico). Degraded habitats should be restored and of critical importance is the continued expansion and linking of habitat fragments as well as removal of invasive non-native species where this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

This species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Trechus terrabravensis is a single-island endemic species restricted to Terceira (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto, Pico do Galhardo, Terra Brava and Serra de Sta Bárbara.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 32 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

This species occurs in native forests included in several protected areas of Terceira island. The extent of occurrence of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) mostly caused by invasive plants, and habitat fragmentation.

This species occurs in native forests included in several protected areas of Terceira island. The AOO including only native forest is around 21 km². The area of occupancy of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) mostly caused by invasive plants, and habitat fragmentation.

The species occurs in four native forest patches included in Natural Park of the Terceira island, and two of them (Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto, Pico do Galhardo) were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years having a low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Four locations known but the last ten years we observed a spread of invasive plants changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

The species is particularly restricted but abundant in some of the localities (Gaston et al. 2006). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016) and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Gaspar et al. 2011).

The species is particularly restricted but abundant in some of the subpopulations in Terra Brava and Caldeira St. Barbara (Gaston et al. 2006). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016) and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants in Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo.

Major land-use changes at middle elevations promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in four natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations, and is very rare in two of the subpopulations (Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo).

This species occurs deep inside very humid laurel forests (native forests dominated by Laurus azorica, Ilex perado subsp. azorica and Juniperus azorica) on Terceira, with an altitudinal range between 500 and 1000 m. Several specimens were collected in leaf litter, suggesting that this is a litter species. In both Terra Brava and Caldeira da Serra de Santa Bárbara, the terrain is basaltic with a system of cracks and deep holes and the forest floor is covered by a dense carpet of mosses and ferns with little light reaching the ground (Borges et al. 2004)

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

This is an univoltine species and it is a predator that lives in the soil litter in hyperhumid conditions.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality and lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Trechus torretassoi is a single-island endemic species known from S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), and occurring historically only at Furnas and Sete Cidades volcanos.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 24 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km². The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015) due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.

The species occured in two areas now dominated by exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island (Sete Cidades and Furnas). The extent of occurrence of this species declined due to habitat degradation in the native forest, mostly caused by invasive plants, and suitable habitat has been extirpated from areas where the species once occurred (historical distribution). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

The species occured in two areas now dominated by exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island. The area of occupancy of this species declined in the last decades due to habitat degradation in the native forest, mostly caused by invasive plants, and suitable habitat has been extirpated from areas where the species once occurred (historical distribution). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

The species occured in two areas now dominated by exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island (Furnas and Sete Cidades). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

The species was historically particularly restricted and with very low number of sampled individuals. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes, from massive land-use changes in the last 100 years and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants in the last 10 years. Despite intensive collecting efforts in the past 20 years (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), no specimens have been collected since 1985 and according to Terzopoulou et al. (2015) this species is possibly extinct.

The species was particularly restricted and with very low in number of sampled individuals. A possible decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), from massive land-use changes in the last 50 years and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants. Despite intensive collecting efforts in the past 20 years, no specimens have been collected since 1985 and according to Terzopoulou et al. (2015) this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

This species occurred originally in native forest in S. Miguel island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 700 and 845 m. However, if still extant it should occur in exotic plantations of Cryptomeria japonica. It is a predator that lives in the soil associated with debris and litter.

Massive land-use changes in the last 100 years have probably led to strong declined of this species due to changes in habitat size and quality.

This is an univoltine species and it is a predator that lives in the soil associated with debris and litter. In the last record in 1985 it was sampled associated with debris in a lake shore near a Cryptomeria japonica plantation (Gillerfors 1986a).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to deforestation (Triantis et al. 2010). The species is potentially considered extinct due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The most important ongoing threat to this species is Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in Furnas and Sete Cidades. Therefore, degraded habitats in Furnas and Sete Cidades should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the ongoing threat by invasive species and future threat by climate change. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

The species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Mniophilosoma obscurum is a single-island endemic species restricted to Flores (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 13 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Flores island. The extent of occurrence is stable in the last 60 years and has a high value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Flores island. In spite for the fact that the whole nature reserve has some levels of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), part of the area is being recently invaded by two invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) with destruction of some areas.

The species occurs in a single native forest fragment in the Flores island that is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground.

Between 1940 and 1950 major land-use changes occurred in the island, the reserve has a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), but the historical site is already under strong impact of invasive plants that are decreasing the cover of Sphagnum spp., disrupting the quality of forest ground, habitat of the species.

The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Flores island. The surrounding area is protected and it is well preserved with a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline un the number of individuals.

The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Flores island. The surrounding area is protected and it is well preserved with a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground and the supopulation may be under threat.

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Flores island (Azores), dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Calluna vulgaris shrubs and Sphagnum spp. moss (Gillerfors 1986a), with an altitudinal range between 560 and 880 m.

The Habitat is stable in the last 60 years, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground.

This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on all sorts of plant tissue in Sphagnum spp. bogs.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010; Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently invasive plants Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

This species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Atlantocis gillerforsi is an endemic species present in Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserves of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Pico Galhardo and Terra Brava (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 34,000 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².

The species occurs in several islands and many natural areas, most of them currently well preserved.

The species occurs in areas of native and exotic forests of several islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). The area with native forest is around one third of the AOO. The species continues in decline due to native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation.

The species occurs in eleven native and exotic forest patches in five islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). All the locations are currently under severe invasion by plants like Hedychium gardnerianum, with major impacts on the structure of the forest floor.

Eleven locations known but the original area was larger with decreasing of habitat quality in the last 10 years due to land-use changes and invasive plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. In fact, Pico Galhardo (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria) have a low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

The species is highly abundant. However, part of the AAO is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline in the number of individuals.

The species is very abundant. However, some of the subpopulations are starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline in the number of subpopulations.

Major land-use changes at all elevations in the islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in seven natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure in more than 50% of the subpopulations, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The sites at Pico Galhardo (Terceira); Atalhada (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria) have a low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

The species occurs in native (dominated by Laurus azorica and Juniperus brevifolia) and exotic (e.g. Eucalyptus spp.) forests of several islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria), with an altitudinal range between 350 and 1000 m. This species was an inhabitant of ancient azorean laurel forests and successfully adapted itself to changed conditions of life (habitat transformation) (Israelson 1985c).

The habitat was stable during last century. However, in the last ten years invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

This species feeds mostly on fungi. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016, the adults are active all year (Borges et al. 2017b), being more abundant in summer.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently invasive plants Hydrangea macrophylla, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

This species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Calacalles azoricus is a single-island endemic species from Faial (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of Caldeira do Faial.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Faial island. The host plant is also very rare and decreasing its distribution due to invasive plants, that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest of Faial island. The AOO with native forest is around 1.9 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

The species occurs only in Caldeira do Faial in the Faial island.

The species had a larger distribution in recent past, but major reductions in the distribution of the host plant (Tolpis azorica) due to major land-use changes in the last decades decreased the number of adequate patches of habitat. The single site is being heavily impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to restricted distribution and host-plant rarity (Tolpis azorica).

The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of supoputaions is inferred due to restricted distribution and host-plant rarity (Tolpis azorica), with potential extinction of the species.

The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in the Faial island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 800 and 1000 m.

In the last 100 years, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are also decreasing the quality of the remaining habitat

This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed of plant tissues (Tolpis azorica).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius) are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, as they are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Faial). Degraded habitats should be restored in Caldeira do Faial and of critical importance is the removal of invasive non-native species where this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Calacalles droueti is an endemic species present in Flores, Faial and Pico islands, but possibly extinct in Flores (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known currently from Natural Forest Reserves of Caldeira do Faial (Faial) and Lagoa do Caiado (Pico).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

This species occurs in several areas of native forest of Faial and Pico islands. Possibly extinct in Flores. Most of the EOO includes habitats not occupied by this species that is restricted to few patches with the rare host plant (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). The extent of occurrence of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

The species occurs in several native forest patchs in Faial and Pico islands, but possibly extinct in Flores island. The area of occupancy of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

This species occurs in seven isolated native forest patches in the Faial and Pico islands. Possibly extinct in Flores.

Seven locations known but the original area was larger. Most of the sites have very few plants of Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana, and the species can easily be extinct in some sites in near future.

The species is very rare and only known from a single subpopulation in Faial island and several subpopulations in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to host-plant rarity (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). Most of the sites have very few plants of Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana, and the species can easily be extinct in some sites in near future.

The species is very rare, possibly extinct in Flores, known from a single subpopulation in Faial island and six subpopulations in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to host-plant rarity (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). Decline is due to rarity and abundance decreasing of host plant.

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevations in Pico island promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in five natural forest fragments in Pico that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Most of the small fragments are not sustainable at long-term due to the spread of invasive plants. Possibly only the Lagoa do Caiado fragment is sustainable at long-term due to its larger size and larger populations of the host plant.

The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in the Faial and Pico islands (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 600 and 1200 m.

In the last 100 years, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are also decreasing the quality of the remaining habitat. The host plant is very rare and has a declining trend (IUCN classification: Critically Endangered).

This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae are nocturnal herbivores and feed of plant tissues of Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). Other important threat is the extreme rarity of the host plant.

The species is protected by regional law (RAA 2012). Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial and Pico). It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. The conservation of the host plant is critical. Since this species occurs in relict native Azorean forests and associated also with a very rare plant, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice.

This species is not utilized.

There is insufficient information available to identify the ecosystem services for this species.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Calacalles subcarinatus is a widespread endemic species present in all islands of the Azorean archipelago (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserves of Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial (Faial); Mistério da Prainha (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Serra Sta. Bárbara and Terra Brava (Terceira); Atalhada e Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 42,600 km² and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 220 km².

The species is expanding its range to exotic trees and man made habitats.

The species is expanding its range to exotic trees and man made habitats. The species is expanding to non-native habitats.

This is a widespread species, with no threats.

Possibly is increasing distribution due to adaptation to exotic trees, namely low altitude orchards.

C. subcarinatus is a widespread and highly abundant species. The species is expanding to exotic habitats and population is increasing. We assume no impact for the population as it occurs naturally in several native and exotic patches in all islands of the archipelago.

C. subcarinatus is a widespread and highly abundant species. The species presents a stable population and occurs in several islands. We assume no impact for the subpopulations as it occurs naturally in several patches in all islands of the arquipelago.

The species occurs in several habitats and in all islands of the Azorean arquipelago, with an altitudinal range between 100 and 1200 m. C. subcarinatus inhabits the native forests dominated by native and endemic vegetation, prefering Ilex perado subsp. azorica but also occurring in Juniperus brevifolia, Frangula azorica, Vaccinium cylindraceum and Erica azorica; exotic forests (mainly plantations and forests of Pittosporum spp. and Eucalyptus spp.); in agricultural areas occurs in orchards associated with Castanea sativa.

The species is expanding to exotic trees

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed of plant tissues both during the day and night. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being most abundant in spring and summer.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010; Terzopoulou et al. 2015). However, the species seems to be adapting to other non-native trees and is expanding its range. No threats are known for this species, but possibly invasive species may create an impact in future.

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). No special measures of conservation are needed since the species also occurs in non-native plants.

The species is not utilized.

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

The area of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km², but the AOO is 8 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore also 8 km².

Caulotrupis parvus is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), where it is restricted to the highest elevations of the island (310 to 550 m asl) and to the unique native primary forest. However the species was also found recently by Meijer et al. 2011 in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon.

This species occurs in a native forest patch and in a small fragment of exotic forest in Santa Maria island. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. In addition one of the sites is an industrial Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon, which will imply a reduction of EOO to half.

There is an inferred continuing decline in AOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. In addition one of the localities is an industrial Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon.

The main native complete forest is threatened by invasive plants. The additional location is a pulp Cryptomeria japonica plantation that will be cut soon.

Only one location of native forest left, that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants that can drive this species to extinction very fast. The other location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation that will be cut soon.

The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainable subpopulation (the species occurs in a single native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity, Gaspar et al. 2011)), since the second known location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation threaten by deforestation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants, and deforestation of pulp plantation of Cryptomeria japonica.

The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainable subpopulation, since the second known location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation threatened by deforestation. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants, and deforestation of production pulp plantation of Cryptomeria japonica.

Major land-use changes at all elevations in Santa Maria island promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs in one natural forest fragment and in a small patch of exotic forest that are both isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. The subpopulation of the exotic plantation is not sustainable in the next ten years and the single native forest patch is included the Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

The species occurs in the native forests of the Azores, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures, but also found in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation. This species has an altitudinal range between 310 and 550 m.

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species.

This is an univoltine species. It feeds on dead wood.